第第頁2023屆北京市豐臺區(qū)高三下學期一模英語試題（解析版+原卷版，無聽力部分）北京市豐臺區(qū)2022—2023學年度第二學期綜合練習(一)

高三英語

本試卷共12頁，100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦?wù)必將答案答在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

筆試(共三部分100分)

第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)

第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

Ithadbeenaninterestingsoccermatch.Jerrywassoabsorbedinitthateveryone____1____hispassionforsports.Healsodevelopeda____2____attitudetowardsacquiringsuchasocceruniform.Whateverhedesires,heaskshisparentstopurchaseitinasplitofseconds.

“Mom,Iwantasocceruniform,hebeggedhismother.

“OK,”saidhismother,“butyouneedtohave___3___.”

Thedayspassedby,buthegotno___4___fromhisparents.Hisdreamseemedtocollapse.However,Jerrynevergaveuphisidea.Hekeptthinkinghowtoachieveitasearlyaspossible.Asparklingideastruckhismind.Hecould___5___oneofhisT-shirts,butwhatifhismothersawandscolded(責備)Thoughanxious,hefinallymadeuphismind.

HedrewacirclewiththehelpofabowlandmodifiedthesoccerimageontotheT-shirt.Healsotook___6___toavoidthespreadofcolorontotheothersideofit.Itwasaremarkablepieceofwork.

“Jerry!Whatareyoudoing”hismothersuddenlyappeared.

“Imaynotgettheuniform,butIcantrytopainttheimageonmyT-shirt,Ithought.”Hewas___7___tofacehismother.Butoutofhisexpectation,hismother____8____himforhisworkignoringthemistake.ShedidnotmindtheT-shirtinthepresenceoftheideaofpainting.

“It’sOK,”saidMom.

“Ifwehadfulfilledyoureverywant,yourinborn____9____wouldhavebeenhidden.Youwouldn’thavethoughtofotheralternativeingettingtheuniform.Thataddstoyour_____10_____toachieveyourgoal,”shesaid.

“Thankyou,Mom.”Heranplayfully.

1.A.controlledB.sensedC.supportedD.expected

2.A.thirstyB.realisticC.cautiousD.selfish

3.A.confidenceB.motivationC.inspirationD.patience

4.A.decisionB.responseC.judgmentD.recognition

5.A.purchaseB.exchangeC.paintD.sew

6.A.interestB.energyC.courageD.care

7.A.eagerB.surprisedC.afraidD.relieved

8.A.appreciatedB.blamedC.rewardedD.thanked

9.A.tasteB.fondnessC.talentD.fear

10.A.willpowerB.honestyC.responsibilityD.tolerance

【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.D7.C8.A9.C10.A

【解析】

【導語】本位為一篇記敘文。講述了Jerry喜歡足球比賽，因此想要得到一件足球服，但是媽媽答應(yīng)他后，很長時間都沒有兌現(xiàn)，因此他就在一件T恤上畫畫來設(shè)計自己的足球服。被媽媽發(fā)現(xiàn)了，媽媽夸獎了他為此付出的努力。

【1題詳解】

考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他如此沉浸于比賽，以至于每個人都感受到了他對運動的熱愛。A.controlled控制；B.sensed感受到；C.supported支持；D.expected期望。根據(jù)前文“Jerrywassoabsorbedinit”可知，Jerry如此沉浸于這次比賽，因此周圍的人都感受到了他對運動的熱愛，故選B。

【2題詳解】

考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他也渴望得到一件足球服。A.thirsty渴望的；B.realistic現(xiàn)實的，真實的；C.cautious謹慎的，小心的；D.selfish自私的。根據(jù)前文“hispassionforsports”可知，他熱愛運動，因此他對得到一件足球服產(chǎn)生了渴望的態(tài)度，故選A。

【3題詳解】

考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她媽媽說道：“好的，但是你需要有耐心”。A.confidence信心；B.motivation動力；C.inspiration靈感，鼓勵；D.patience耐心。根據(jù)前文“Whateverhedesires,heaskshisparentstopurchaseitinasplitofseconds.”可知，無論他想要什么，都會讓父母馬上給他買，故此處他媽媽答應(yīng)給他買球服，但要求他要有耐心，故選D。

【4題詳解】

考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：但是幾天過去了，他的父母沒有任何回應(yīng)。A.decision決定；B.response回應(yīng)；C.judgement評論，判斷；D.recognition辨認，識別。根據(jù)后文“Hisdreamseemedtocollapse.”可知，他的夢想似乎要破滅了，故此處表示沒有從父母那里得到任何回應(yīng)，故選B。

【5題詳解】

考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他可以在他的一件T恤上畫，畫出一件球服，但是他又擔心媽媽看到會責備他。A.purchase購買；B.exchange交換；C.paint畫畫；D.sew縫。根據(jù)后文““Imaynotgettheuniform,butIcantrytopainttheimageonmyT-shirt,Ithought.””的提示可知，此處表示他可以自己在一件T恤上作畫，故選C。

【6題詳解】

考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他也很小心地避免顏色染到另一面。A.interest興趣；B.energy能量；C.courage勇氣；D.care小心，護理。根據(jù)空后“toavoidthespreadofcolorontotheothersideofit.”可知，此處指他很小心地作畫，故選D。

【7題詳解】

考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他不敢面對他的媽媽。A.eager渴望的；B.surprised驚訝的；C.afraid害怕的；D.relieved如釋重負的。根據(jù)前文“Hecould___5___oneofhisT-shirts,butwhatifhismothersawandscolded(責備)”可知，他擔心他的母親會責備他，故此處表示他害怕面對他的母親，故選C。

【8題詳解】

考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：但是出乎意料的是，他的母親獎勵了他，且沒有在意這個錯誤。A.appreciated欣賞，感謝；B.blamed責備；C.rewarded獎勵，獎賞；D.thanked感謝。根據(jù)后文“ShedidnotmindtheT-shirtinthepresenceoftheideaofpainting.”可知，她很欣賞兒子在T恤上畫畫的這個想法，故選A。

【9題詳解】

考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：如果我們完全滿足了你想要的一切，你內(nèi)在的天賦就會被埋沒。A.taste品嘗；B.fondness喜歡；C.talent天賦；D.fear害怕。根據(jù)空后的“wouldhavebeenhidden”可知，此處指天賦會被埋沒，故選C。

【10題詳解】

考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這也就增加了你實現(xiàn)目標的毅力。A.willpower毅力，意志力；B.honesty誠實；C.responsibility責任；D.tolerance耐心，忍耐力。根據(jù)前文“Youwouldn’thavethoughtofotheralternativeingettingtheuniform.”可知，此處指這些事就增加了實現(xiàn)目標的毅力，故選A。

第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)

A

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。

WangwasbornandgrewupinAmerica,butshe____11____(build)solidtieswithChineseculturesinceshewasalittlegirl.Sheisnowridinganewtrend:mixingandmatchingmodernclotheswithtraditionalHandress,orhanfu.Shehasbeenpostingvideosof____12____(she)dressedinhanfuontheInternet,whichhasattractedmanyfansonChineselifestyle.“Ilovehanfu.I’vemademanyvideos,____13____(aim)tohelpmorepeoplelearnaboutit,”WangtoldBeijingReview.

【答案】11.hasbuilt

12.herself

13.aiming

【解析】

【導語】本文為一篇說明文。講述了出生在米國的王女士從小就喜歡中國文化，她經(jīng)常上傳自己穿著漢服的視頻，她說她喜歡漢服，想要更多的人了解它。

【11題詳解】

考查時態(tài)。句意：王女士出生并長在米國，但是從她是個小女孩的時候，她就和中國文化產(chǎn)生了牢固的聯(lián)系。此處主語為she，build為謂語動詞，主語she與build之間為主動關(guān)系，且根據(jù)后文的時間狀語從句sinceshewasalittlegirl可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，故填hasbuilt。

【12題詳解】

考查代詞。句意：她一直在網(wǎng)上上傳她穿著漢服的視頻，這吸引了很多喜歡中國生活方式的人。此處of是介詞，后跟賓語，且主語為she，此處意為“她自己”，故應(yīng)用反身代詞herself作賓語，故填herself。

【13題詳解】

考查現(xiàn)在分詞。句意：我錄了很多視頻，是為了幫助更多的人了解它。根據(jù)句子分析可知，此處作狀語，aim與主語I之間為主動關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，故填aiming。

B

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。

Engineersinventedanewdevicetoproducesolarelectricityatnight.Solarpanelstransformsunlightintoenergy,sothey____14____(traditional)workonlyduringdaylighthours.Thisdevice,however____15____(use)athermoelectricgenerator,whichcreatesenergyfromdifferencesintemperature.Inthiscase,cooleveningairisaslightlydifferenttemperaturethanthesolarcellinthepanel.Thatbecomesenergy,_____16_____istransformedintoelectricity.Thedevicecouldbehelpfulinareas_____17_____(locate)farfromapowergrid(電網(wǎng)).

【答案】14.traditionally

15.uses16.which

17.located

【解析】

【導語】本文為一篇說明文。講述了工程師發(fā)明了一種在夜間也能生產(chǎn)太陽能電力的設(shè)備。

【14題詳解】

考查副詞。句意：太陽能電板將陽光轉(zhuǎn)化為能量，因此它們只能傳統(tǒng)地在白天的時候發(fā)揮作用。根據(jù)句子分析可知，此處作狀語，修飾動詞work，故應(yīng)用副詞“traditionally傳統(tǒng)地”修飾，故填traditionally。

【15題詳解】

考查時態(tài)。句意：然而，這一設(shè)備使用了一個熱電發(fā)電機，利用溫差產(chǎn)生能量。此處thisdevice作主語，為單數(shù)，與謂語動詞use之間為主動關(guān)系，且根據(jù)后文的creates可知，此處陳述客觀事實，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時，故填uses。

【16題詳解】

考查非限制性定語從句。句意：這就變成了能量，再轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。此處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為energy，指物，定語從句中缺少主語，故應(yīng)用which引導，故填which。

【17題詳解】

考查非謂語動詞。句意：這一設(shè)備對那些離電網(wǎng)很遠的地區(qū)來說，是很有幫助的。此處作定語，修飾areas，areas與locate之間為被動關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用過去分詞作后置定語，故填located。

C

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。

Astudyshowedhowmuchdogslovetheirowners.Intheexperiment,the-researchersfirst/measuredhowmanytears____18____(produce)bydogswhentheywerejustspendingtimeathomewiththeirowners.Theteamthenrepeatedtheexperiment,thistimewithdogsthatwerereunitedwiththeirowners____19____beingapartforfivehours.Theresultsshoweddogsonlyshedtearsduringthereunions.Theteamnowwantstofindout____20____dogshaveasimilaremotionalresponsewhenreunitedwithotherdogs.

【答案】18.wereproduced

19.after20.whether##if

【解析】

【導語】這是一篇說明文。一項研究顯示狗狗有多愛它們的主人。在實驗中，研究人員首先測量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的時候會流出多少眼淚。然后，研究小組重復了這個實驗，這次是在分別5小時后與主人團聚的狗。結(jié)果顯示，狗只在團聚時流淚。研究小組現(xiàn)在想知道，當狗和其他狗團聚時，是否會有類似的情緒反應(yīng)

【18題詳解】

考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：在實驗中，研究人員首先測量了狗狗在家里和主人在一起的時候會流出多少眼淚。根據(jù)“theywere”可知，主句為一般過去時，主語tears與謂語produce為被動關(guān)系。故填wereproduced。

【19題詳解】

考查介詞。句意：然后，研究小組重復了這個實驗，這次是在分別5小時后與主人團聚的狗。根據(jù)句意可知，空處填介詞after。故填after。

【20題詳解】

考查連接詞。句意：研究小組現(xiàn)在想知道，當狗和其他狗團聚時，是否會有類似的情緒反應(yīng)。findout后接賓語從句，根據(jù)句意可知，表示“是否”，用連接詞whether或者if。故填whether/if。

第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)

第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。

A

Givealittlesunshine!

TheCouncilonAging(COA)runsatelephonefriendshipprojectcalledtheSunshineCallProgram,matchingover-60swithafriendlyvolunteerforadailychatoverthephone.Theaimissimple-tohelpeasethelonelinessandrepairsocialnetworks.

Sheila,77,aretiredteacher,livedalone.ShehasbeenreceivingcallsfromRianne,avolunteer,forovertwomonths.“TalkingtoRianneissomethingIreallylookforwardto—abreathoffreshair.Wetalkabouteverything—theatre,herwork,bookswe’veread…Listeningtosomeoneelse’slifeenrichesyouandgivesyousomethingpositivetofocuson.”“Atthebeginning,Ihadnoexpectationofhowthephonecallswouldgo,butit’swonderfulthatit’sledtoagenuinefriendship.Riannehelpsmealot…”

Areyoureadytoaddalittlesunshinetoasenior’slife

TheSunshineCallPrograminitiallylinksavolunteerwithanisolated(獨居的)seniorforadailycall.Whencomfortable,thevolunteerintroducesasecondseniortothecall.Thenanother,untiltherearefourseniorstoonevolunteeronwhatisessentiallyaconferencecall.Withouthavingtoleavethehouse,youwillhelptheseniorsmeetandmakenewfriends.Theywillthenexchangephonenumberstochatontheirownandreducetheirisolation.

Whatarethevolunteerqualifications

VolunteersmusthaveaccesstotheInternetandbewillingtobetrainedontheuseofachatapp.COAwillprovideallsuppliesrequiredtomakethecalls.Besides,volunteersmustagreetoparticipateinmonthlymeetingswithothervolunteersandguestspeakers.AllvolunteersmustbewillingtoprovidearecentCriminalRecordCheck,thecostofwhichwillbebornebyCOA.Andthemostimportantvolunteerqualificationisasenseofcaringandadesiretohelpseniorsinthecommunity!

IfyouwishtovolunteerwithourSunshineCallprogram,neverhesitate!JustCLICKHEREtofillouttheapplicationform.

21.WhydoesthepassagementionSheila’sexperience

A.Toshowherloneliness

B.Toshareasweetmemory.

C.TostressthevalueofCoA

D.TopraiseRianne’skindness.

22.Oneoftheresponsibilitiesofvolunteersis

A.makingweeklycallstoseniors

B.visitingseniorsduringholidays

C.introducingnewfriendstoseniors

D.teachingseniorstousesmartphones

23.Ifyouwanttobeavolunteer,whatareyourequiredtodo

A.Learntheuseofachatapp.

B.Prepareacomputerbyyourself.

C.Offeraletterofrecommendation.

D.Haverelevantworkingexperience.

24.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage

A.ToinformthereadersofCOA.

B.ToinviteseniorstosignupforCOA

C.TointroducevolunteerworkinCOA.

D.ToadvertisefornewvolunteersforCOA.

【答案】21.C22.C23.A24.D

【解析】

【導語】本文為一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹了COA建立的一個“陽光電話項目”的活動，結(jié)構(gòu)的志愿者與60歲以上的老年人電話連線，為他們減輕孤獨感，并宣傳招募志愿者。

【21題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)表格中第三段““Atthebeginning,Ihadnoexpectationofhowthephonecallswouldgo,butit’swonderfulthatit’sledtoagenuinefriendship.Riannehelpsmealot…”(起初，我沒預(yù)料到電話會打得怎么樣，但它卻給我?guī)砹艘欢握嬲挠颜x。Rianne幫助了我很多。)”可知，文章提到Sheila的經(jīng)歷是為了說明COA的志愿者幫助了她很多，故其目的在于強調(diào)COA的價值，故選C。

【22題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Areyoureadytoaddalittlesunshinetoasenior’slife部分“Withouthavingtoleavethehouse,youwillhelptheseniorsmeetandmakenewfriends.Theywillthenexchangephonenumberstochatontheirownandreducetheirisolation.(不用離開家，你就可以幫助老年人們見面，幫助他們交朋友。他們?nèi)缓罂梢越粨Q電話號碼，自己聊天，減輕孤獨感。)”可知，志愿者的職責之一就是給老年人介紹新的朋友，從而減輕他們的孤獨感，故選C。

【23題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Whatarethevolunteerqualifications部分中“VolunteersmusthaveaccesstotheInternetandbewillingtobetrainedontheuseofachatapp.(志愿者必須可以使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且愿意接受關(guān)于聊天軟件使用的培訓。)”可知，如果你想要當志愿者，你需要學會聊天軟件的使用，故選A。

【24題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“IfyouwishtovolunteerwithourSunshineCallprogram,neverhesitate!JustCLICKHEREtofillouttheapplicationform.(如果你想要在我們的陽光電話項目中當志愿者，那就不要猶豫！點擊此處，填寫申請表。)”可推知，本篇文章的目的在于為招募志愿者做廣告，故選D。

B

ThiswasthefirstcommunicationthathadcomefromherauntinJessie’slifetime.

“Ithinkyouraunthasforgivenmeatlast,”herfathersaidashepassedtheletteracrossthetable.

Jessielookedfirstattheautograph(簽名).Itseemedstrangetoseeherownnamethere.Therewasalikenessbetweenheraunt’sautographandherown,ahintofthesamedecisivenessandprecision.IfJessiehadbeeneducatedfiftyyearsearlier,shemighthavewrittenhernameinjustthatmanner.

“You’reverylikeherinsomeways,”herfathersaid,asshestillstaredattheautograph.

“IshouldthinkyoumustalmosthaveforgottenwhatAuntJessiewaslike,dear,”shesaid.“Howmanyyearsisitsinceyoulastsawher”

“Morethanforty,”herfathersaid.“Wedisagreed.Weinvariablydisagreed.Jessiealwayspridedherselfonbeingsomodern.ShereadDarwinandthingslikethat.Altogetherbeyondme,Iadmit.”

“Andsoitseemsthatshewantstoseeme.”Jessiestraightenedhershouldersandliftedherhead.Shewasexcitedatthethoughtofmeetingthismythicalauntwhomshehadsooftenheardabout.Sometimesshehadwonderedifthepersonalityofthisremarkablerelativehadnotbeenafigment(虛構(gòu))ofherfather’simagination.

Butthisletterofhersthatnowlayonthebreakfasttablewasadmirableincharacter.Therewassomethingofintoleranceexpressedinitstone.Itwasjustlikewhatherfatherhadtoldher.

Mr.Deanecameoutofhispastmemorieswithasigh.

“Yes,yes;shewantstoseeyou,mydear,”hesaid.“I’veheardshehassetupaschoolandhelpedmanyyoungsters.Ithinkyouhadbetteracceptthisinvitationtostaywithher.Ifshetookafancytoyou,youcouldgetabettereducation…”

Hesighedagain,andJessieknewthatforthehundredthtimehewasregrettinghisownpastweakness...

25.HowwastherelationshipbetweenJessie’sfatherandheraunt

A.Itremainedverycloseovertheyears.

B.Itwasbrokenwhentheywereyoung.

C.Itgottenserduetoamisunderstanding.

D.Itwasuneasyfortheirfinancialdifferences.

26.Fromthepassage,weknowJessiewas.

A.eagertomeetheraunt.

B.cautiousaboutheraunt’sinvitation

C.angrywithherauntforignoringherfamily.

D.puzzledbyheraunt’ssuddeninterestinher

27.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage

A.Jessie’sauntpromisedtoofferherbettereducation.

B.Jessie’saunt’spersonalityseemedtochangealot.

C.Jessieandherauntweredifferentinpersonality.

D.Jessie’sfatherfeltsorryforwhathehaddone.

【答案】25.B26.A27.D

【解析】

【導語】本文為一篇記敘文。講述了的姑姑與父親因為分歧，多年未見面。父親收到了姑姑的來信，父親很悔恨，并打算將送到姑姑那里去接受好的教育。

【25題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“ThiswasthefirstcommunicationthathadcomefromherauntinJessie’slifetime.(這是Jessie生命中第一次與姑姑的聯(lián)系。)”以及文章第六段““Morethanforty,”herfathersaid.“Wedisagreed.Weinvariablydisagreed.(父親說道：“四十多年了。我們有分歧，我們總是有分歧”。)”可知，的父親和姑姑已經(jīng)四十多年沒見面了，故他們的關(guān)系在年輕的時候就破裂了，故選B。

【26題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第五段“Shewasexcitedatthethoughtofmeetingthismythicalauntwhomshehadsooftenheardabout.(一想到能見到這個她經(jīng)常聽說的神奇的姑姑，她就激動不已。)”可知，Jessie很渴望見到姑姑，故選A。

【27題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Hesighedagain,andJessieknewthatforthehundredthtimehewasregrettinghisownpastweakness...(父親再次嘆氣，dJessie知道，父親已經(jīng)為自己過去的軟弱后悔了幾百次了……)”可知，的父親為之前的軟弱感到悔恨，因此父親是為之前的所做的事情感動后悔，故選D。

C

Manypeoplewouldanswerthequestionofwhatmakesushumanbyinsistingthatweareculturalbeings.Thereisnodoubtthatweare.Butonedefinitionofcultureisthetotalityoftraditionsacquiredinacommunitybysociallearningfromotherindividuals,andmanyanimalspecieshavetraditions.Canwethensaythatsomeanimalsareculturalbeingstoo

Oneapproachtostudycultureinanimalsistheso-calledMethodofExclusion(排除),inwhichscientistsinvestigatebehavioralvariationsacrosspopulationsofonespecies.Inafamousstudy,scientistslearnedthatchimpanzee(黑猩猩)behaviorsweresociallypassedonastheywerepresentatsomesitesbutnotatothers,despitehavingsameecologicalsettings.Forexample,chimpanzeesinTaiNationalParkinIvoryCoastarewell-knownfortheirnut-crackingskills.ChimpanzeesinGombenationalpartinTanzania,ontheotherhand,donotcracknuts,althoughnutsexistintheirenvironmenttoo.

However,whenapplyingtheMethodofExclusion,onehastobeverycareful.Thereareotherfactorsthatcouldalsoexplainthepatternofbehavioralevaluation.Forexample,someofthechimpanzeetechniquesscientistsevaluatedoccurinonlyoneofthethreesubspecies.Soit’squitepossiblethatthesebehaviorsalsohaveaninnatecomponent.Thiswouldmeanthatonechimpanzeesubspeciesusesanewtechniquenotoutofculturaltradition,butbecausethebehaviorisfixedtospecificgenes.AnotherfactorthathastobeexcludedisofcoursetheenvironmentChimpanzeesinMahaledonotfishalgae(水藻),simplybecausealgaedoesnotexistthere.

Butwhenweexcludeallthevariationsthatcanbeexplainedbygenesorenvironment,westillfindthatanimalsdoshowculturalvariations.DoesthatmeanthereisnorealdifferencebetweenthemandusafterallNotexactly:Thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanandanimalculture.Onlyhumanscanbuildculturallyonwhatgenerationsbeforeushavelearned.Thisiscalled“cumulativeculture”.Wedon’thavetokeepreinventingthewheel.Thisiscalledthe“ratchet(棘輪)effect”.Likearatchetthatcanbeturnedforwardbutnotback,people’sculturaltechniquesevolve.

Itislikelythatbehaviorsweseetodayinchimpanzeeculturescouldbeinventedoverandoveragainbyindividualanimalsthemselves.Incontrast,achildborntodaywouldnotbeabletoinventacomputerwithouttheknowledgeofmanypastgenerations.

28WhydoestheauthormentiontheexampleofthechimpanzeesintwoparksinParagraph2

A.Toprovethatculturedoesexistinanimals.

BTojustifytheuniquenessoftheresearchmethod.

C.Tocomparehowchimpanzeesbehaveindifferentparks.

D.Tostresstheimportanceofenvironmentinstudyingculture.

29Whatdoestheunderlinedword“innate”inParagraph3probablymean

A.Advanced.B.Inborn.C.Adaptive.D.Intelligent.

30.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage

A.Cumulativecultureiswhatsetshumansapartfromanimals.

B.Culureinanimalsisasworthytobevaluedashumanculture.

C.Animalsdon’thavetheabilitytoinventbehaviorsinacommunity.

D.The“ratcheteffect”decidesifhumanscanbuildonpastexperiences.

【答案】28.A29.B30.A

【解析】

【導語】這是一篇議論文，文章主要圍繞“動物是否也像人類一樣是有文化的生物”而展開論述。

【28題詳解】

推理判斷題。第二段中“Inafamousstudy,scientistslearnedthatchimpanzee(黑猩猩)behaviorsweresociallypassedonastheywerepresentatsomesitesbutnotatothers,despitehavingsameecologicalsettings.(在一項著名的研究中，科學家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，黑猩猩的行為在某些地方會被社會傳遞，而在其他地方則不會，盡管它們的生態(tài)環(huán)境相同)”提到，黑猩猩的行為在某些地方會被社會傳遞，接著下文“Forexample,chimpanzeesinTaiNationalParkinIvoryCoastarewell-knownfortheirnut-crackingskills.ChimpanzeesinGombenationalpartinTanzania,ontheotherhand,donotcracknuts,althoughnutsexistintheirenvironmenttoo.(例如，象牙海岸泰國家公園的黑猩猩以其破解堅果的技能而聞名。另一方面，坦桑尼亞貢貝國家地區(qū)的黑猩猩不咬堅果，盡管堅果在他們的環(huán)境中也存在)”通過舉例證實上述觀點，即動物中也存在文化，故選A。

【29題詳解】

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Thiswouldmeanthatonechimpanzeesubspeciesusesanewtechniquenotoutofculturaltradition,butbecausethebehaviorisfixedtospecificgenes.(這意味著一個黑猩猩亞種使用一種新技術(shù)不是出于文化傳統(tǒng)，而是因為這種行為固定于特定的基因)”可知，黑猩猩的行為可能是由于其特定的基因，即是因為先天因素，故畫線詞所在句意為“所以很有可能這些行為也有先天因素”，innate意為“先天的”，故選B。

【30題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanandanimalculture.Onlyhumanscanbuildculturallyonwhatgenerationsbeforeushavelearned.Thisiscalled‘cumulativeculture’.(人類文化和動物文化之間有根本的區(qū)別。只有人類才能在前人的基礎(chǔ)上建立文化。這就是所謂的‘累積文化’)”可知，累積文化將人類與動物區(qū)分開來。故選A。

D

WhenElinorLobelwas16,a“smart”insulin(胰島素)pumpwasattachedtoherbody.PoweredbyAI,ittracksherglucoselevelsandadministerstherightdoseofinsulinattherighttimetokeepherhealthy.ItisoneofthenewwaysthatdataandAIcanhelpimprovelives.

Booksthatcriticizethedarksideofdataareplentiful.Theygenerallysuggestthereismuchmoretofearthanfeteinthealgorithmic(算法的)age.

Buttheintellectualtidemaybeturning.OneofthemostpersuasivesupportersofamorebalancedviewisElinorLobel’smother,Orly,alawprofessor.InTheEqualityMachinesheacknowledgesAI’scapacitytoproduceharmfulresults.Butsheshowshow,intherighthands,itcanalsobeusedtofightinequalityanddiscrimination.

Aprincipleofprivacyrulesis“minimization”:collectandkeepaslittleinformationaspossible,especiallyinareassuchasraceandgender.MsLobelflipsthescript,showinghowinhiring,payandthelegalsystem,knowingsuchcharacteristicsleadstofaireroutcomes.

MsLobel’scalltousemore,notless,personalinformationchallengesdata-privacyorthodoxy(正統(tǒng)觀念).Butsheinsiststhat“trackingdifferencesiskeytodetectingunfairness.”Sheadvocatesglooseningofprivacyrulestoprovidemoretransparency(透明)overalgorithmicdecisions.

Theproblemswithalgorithmicformulae(公式)aretackledindepthinEscapefromModelLandbyEricaThompsonoftheSchoolofEconomics.ThesestatisticalmodelsarethebackboneofbigdataandAL.Yetaperfectmodelwillalwaysbebeyondreach.“Allmodelsarewrong,”runsawisesaying.“Someareuseful.”

MsThompsonfocusesonachallengeshecallstheHawkmothEffect.InthebetterknownButterflyEffect,aserviceablemodel,Vinthepredictionofclimatechange,becomeslessreliableovertimebecauseofthecomplexityofwhatitissimulating(模擬),orbecauseofinaccuraciesintheoriginaldata.IntheHawkmothEffect,bycontrast,themodelitselfisflawed;itmightfailtotakefullaccountoftheinterplaybetweenhumidity,windandtemperature.

Theauthorcallsondatageekstoimprovetheirsolutionstoreal-worldissues,notmerelyrefinetheirformulae—inotherwords,toescapefrommodelland.“Wedonotneedtohavethebestpossibleanswer,”shewrites,“onlyareasonableone.”

Boththesebooksexhibitahealthyrealismaboutdata,algorithmsandtheirlimitations.Bothrecognizethatmakingprogressinvolvesacceptinglimitations,whetherinlaworcoding.AsMsLobelputsit:“It’salwaysbettertolightacandlethantocursethedarkness.”

31.MsLobelintendstoconveythat

Aminimisationisagoodprivacyruletogoby

Balgorithmsarecurrentlychallengedbydataprivacy

C.employingmorepersonaldatashouldbeencouraged

D.identifyingalgorithms’problemsleadstobetteroutcomes

32.Whatcanwelearnabout“HawkmothEffect”

A.ItdevelopsfromButterflyEffect.

B.Itemphasizesaccuracyoforiginaldata.

C.Itenjoyspopularityinclimateresearchfield.

D.Itismentionedtoshowthemodelcanbefaulty.

33.Whichofthefollowingdoesthewriterprobablyagree

A.Usingalgorithmstodetectdifferencesishard.

B.Theapplicationofdataandalgorithmsislimited.

C.Thereliabilityofdatashouldbeattachedimportanceto.

D.Improvingalgorithmsinvolvesacceptingitsimperfection.

34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage

A.TheAlgorithm’sProspectB.TheAlgorithm’sMercy

C.TheAlgorithm’sComplexityD.TheAlgorithm’sRecognition

【答案】31.C32.D33.D34.B

【解析】

【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了在這個數(shù)據(jù)時代，人們總是對算法存有恐懼，但是科學家們卻持有不同的觀點。

【31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“MsLobel’scalltousemore,notless,personalinformationchallengesdata-privacyorthodoxy(正統(tǒng)觀念).Butsheinsiststhat“trackingdifferencesiskeytodetectingunfairness.”Sheadvocatesglooseningofprivacyrulestoprovidemoretransparency(透明)overalgorithmicdecisions.(Lobel女士呼吁更多而不是更少地使用個人信息，這挑戰(zhàn)了數(shù)據(jù)隱私的正統(tǒng)觀念。但她堅持認為，“追蹤差異是發(fā)現(xiàn)不公平的關(guān)鍵?！彼鲝埛潘呻[私規(guī)則，為算法決策提供更多的透明度。)”可知，她想表達的是鼓勵更多地使用個人信息。故選C。

【32題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第七段“MsThompsonfocusesonachallengeshecallstheHawkmothEffect.InthebetterknownButterflyEffect,aserviceablemodel,Vinthepredictionofclimatechange,becomeslessreliableovertimebecauseofthecomplexityofwhatitissimulating(模擬),orbecauseofinaccuraciesintheoriginaldata.IntheHawkmothEffect,bycontrast,themodelitselfisflawed;itmightfailtotakefullaccountoftheinterplaybetweenhumidity,windandtemperature.(湯普森女士專注于一個她稱之為“霍克蛾效應(yīng)”的挑戰(zhàn)。在更廣為人知的蝴蝶效應(yīng)中，一個可用的氣候變化預(yù)測模型隨著時間的推移變得不那么可靠，因為它所模擬的內(nèi)容很復雜，或者因為原始數(shù)據(jù)不準確。相比之下，在“霍克蛾效應(yīng)”中，模型本身就有缺陷；它可能沒有充分考慮到濕度、風和溫度之間的相互作用。)”可知，文中提到“霍克蛾效應(yīng)”是為了表明模型本身是有缺陷的。故選D。

【33題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Boththesebooksexhibitahealthyrealismaboutdata,algorithmsandtheirlimitations.Bothrecognizethatmakingprogressinvolvesacceptinglimitations,whetherinlaworcoding.(這兩本書都展示了關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)、算法及其局限性的健康現(xiàn)實主義。雙方都認識到，取得進步需要接受限制，無論是在法律上還是在編碼上。)”可知，兩人都贊同想要改進算法就得接受其不完美的方面。故選D。

【34題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Booksthatcriticizethedarksideofdataareplentiful.Theygenerallysuggestthereismuchmoretofearthanfeteinthealgorithmic(算法的)age.(批評數(shù)據(jù)陰暗面的書籍比比皆是。他們普遍認為，在算法時代，恐懼遠比狂歡更可怕。)”可知，人們對于算法還是帶有恐懼心理；而根據(jù)第三段“Buttheintellectualtidemaybeturning.OneofthemostpersuasivesupportersofamorebalancedviewisElinorLobel’smother,Orly,alawprofessor.InTheEqualityMachinesheacknowledgesAI’scapacitytoproduceharmfulresults.Butsheshowshow,intherighthands,itcanalsobeusedtofightinequalityanddiscrimination.(但思想潮流可能正在轉(zhuǎn)變。更平衡的觀點最有說服力的支持者之一是埃莉諾·洛貝爾的母親Orly，她是一名法學教授。在《平等機器》一書中，她承認人工智能有能力產(chǎn)生有害的結(jié)果。但她展示了它在正確的人手中如何用來對抗不平等和歧視。)”可知，文章主要介紹的是算法給人類帶來的好的一面。所以“TheAlgorithm’sMercy(算法的仁慈)”作為文章標題最為合適。故選B。

第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，共10分)

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

Expressivewritingorjournalingisonewaytohelpyouhealfromtrauma(創(chuàng)傷).___35___.Itcanhelpyouprocesswhatyou’vebeenthroughandassistyouasyouenvisionapathforward.

Whydoesawritinginterventionwork___36___Infact,narratingthestoryofanongoinganxiety“freesup”cognitiveresources.Whenyouwritedowntheemotionsassociatedwithatraumaticexperience,youmaybechangingthewayitisorganizedinthebrain.Youarethenabletodetachfromtheemotion,makingiteasierforyoutotalkaboutandprocesstheevent.

However,formostpeople,thethoughtofacknowledgingemotionsandadmittingthatthere’ssomethingwrongwithusisdifficult.Thisisbecauseexpressingemotionscanbringupfeelingsofguiltandshame.___37___Thatiswhatsetsjournalingapart.Thisisbetweenyouandyourjournal—youdon’thavetoshareitwithanyoneunless,ofcourse,youchooseto.

Ifyou’reinterestedintryingoutwritingasatoolforhealing,startyourwritingbysettingatimerfortenminutes.___38___Thinkofoneobjectinyourhomethatsignifiesamomentforyou.Seeitinfullcolor.Feeltheweightofit.Useallyoursenses.Now,writeaboutthatobjectandseehowlargeitsmeaningcanbecome.

___39___Howyouhealfromtraumacanbedifferentfrompersontopersonaswell.Italldependsonwhatworksbestforyou.Remember,onesizedoesnotfitall.Writingmaynotworkforeveryone,butyouwon’tknowifyoudon’ttry.

A.Despitethat,expressivewritingremainsanaccessibletool.

B.Ofcourse,expressivewritingishardlyapanacea(靈丹妙藥).

C.Also,seekinghelpforemotionalstressisoftenseenasasignofweakness.

D.Itmayseemabnormalthatwritingab