ChemicalDefenseMedicineKaiXiao(肖凱),PhD,ProfessorDepartmentofChemicalDefenseMedicine,FacultyofTropicalMedicine&PublicHealth,SMMUChemicalDefenseMedicineKai1Chapter1IntroductionChapter1Introduction2WhatareChemicalAgents?

Chemicalwarfareagentsmean“chemicals(whethergaseous,liquid,orsolid)withhightoxicityareusedinwarstokillandwoundpeople,animalsorplantsonalargescale”.

Substancethatisintendedforuseinmilitaryoperationstokill,seriouslyinjureorincapacitatepeoplebecauseofitsphysiologicaleffects.Excludedfromthisdefinitionareriotcontrolagents,herbicides,smoke,andflame.NATOHANDBOOK

Theyarebrieflycalled“chemicalagents”.WhatareChemicalAgents?Che3

防化醫(yī)學(chemicaldefensemedicine)是軍事醫(yī)學的重要組成部分，核心是軍事毒理學(militarytoxicology)化學戰(zhàn)劑中毒的毒理學和預防、診斷及救治戰(zhàn)劑對食物、水源染毒的偵檢、消毒等衛(wèi)生學中毒傷員的洗消等防化衛(wèi)生勤務保障

防化醫(yī)學防化醫(yī)學(chemicaldefensemed41.Whybotherlearningthiscourse?1.Whybotherlearningthisco51.1歷史上的化學戰(zhàn)與現(xiàn)存的威脅—

Chemicalwarfarewillnotbecomehistory1.1.1古代的化學戰(zhàn)最早的記錄可追溯到黃帝與蚩尤大戰(zhàn)。公元前2000年以前，古印度用毒瀝青和硫磺來使得守衛(wèi)者窒息死亡，從而削弱城市的防衛(wèi)。1.1歷史上的化學戰(zhàn)與現(xiàn)存的威脅—1.1.1古代的化學戰(zhàn)6《春秋公羊傳》：莊公17年（公元前677年），齊軍占領遂地，“遂人共以藥投其所飲水中，多殺之”。“遷延之役”：襄公14年（公元前559年），晉國聯(lián)合魯、鄭等諸侯國，大舉攻秦，當聯(lián)軍要渡過秦國涇河時，“秦人毒涇上流，師人多死”。北魏文帝時（公元452-471）濟陰王討伐庫莫奚，“乃為毒酒，賊既逼，棄營而走。賊至竟飲，毒作。王以輕騎縱擊，俘獲萬計”。諸葛亮:化學戰(zhàn)的高手，

incendiaryagents

orflamematerials《春秋公羊傳》：莊公17年（公元前677年），齊軍占領遂地，7

423BC,伯羅奔尼撒半島戰(zhàn)爭中斯巴達攻陷雅典，使用了煤、硫磺、瀝青等燃燒的毒煙.

Greekfire(公元700年)

15和16世紀:Venice使用毒劑加入炮彈或進行投毒.423BC,伯羅奔尼撒半島戰(zhàn)爭中斯巴達攻陷雅典，使用8Thebirthofmoderninorganicchemistryduringthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesandthefloweringoforganicchemistryinGermanyduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesgeneratedarenewedinterestinchemicalsasmilitaryweapons.1.1.2現(xiàn)代的化學戰(zhàn)Thefirstlarge-scaleuseofchemicalagentswasinWWIbyGermany,nearYpres,Belgium,intheafternoonof15April,1915.Thebirthofmoderninorganic9

Fritz

Haber(哈伯,1868~1934)Winnerof1918NobelPrizeinchemistryforthesynthesisofammoniafromitselements.RegardedasthefatherofmodernchemicalwarfareasheorganizedanddirectedthefirstlargescalereleaseofchlorinegasatYpres.FritzHaber(哈伯,1868~1934)10防化醫(yī)學概論課件11

6,000鋼瓶,168tCl2

Smokewall50feethigh,4mileslong,

Lasting5min

15,000poisoned

800killed

5,000capturedWind:2m/s6,000鋼瓶,168tCl2Wind:2m/12Thelarge-scalechemicalattackinWWIconductedbyGermanyThelarge-scalechemicalattac13Althoughthisattackcausedprobablynomorethan800deaths,itwaspsychologically

devastatingtothe15,000Alliedtroops,whopromptlyretreated.TheGermans,however,wereunpreparedtotakeadvantageofthisvictory,andchlorineanditssuccessorsweredoomedtoplayatactical,ratherthanastrategicrole,duringthewar.

Althoughthisattackcausedpr14ChemicalagentsaremostheavilyusedinWWI:

45kindsofagentsused

atotalof1,130,000tonsused

atotalof1,300,000casualtiesclaimedChemicalagentsaremostheav15WWIchemicalwarcasualties(Total1,300,000)countriescasualties%fatalGermany200,0004.5France190,0004.2Britain189,0004.2US73,0002.0Russia475,00011.8Kurds5,000100?WWIchemicalwarcasualties(T16nameFirstusetypeXylylbromide1914Lachrymatory,toxicChlorine1915Corrosive.LungIrritantPhosgene1915pulmonary,toxicBenzylbromide1915LachrymatoryChloromethylchloroformate1915Irritant-Eyes,skin,lungsTrichloromethylchloroformate1916Severeirritant,causesburnsChloropicrin1916Irritant,lachrymatory,toxicStannicchloride1916Severeirritant,causesburnsEthyliodoacetate1916Lachrymatory,toxicBromoacetone1916Lachrymatory,irritantBromomethylethylketone1916Lachrymatory,irritantAcrolein1916Lachrymatory,toxicHydrogencyanide(Prussicacid)1916Toxic,ChemicalAsphyxiantHydrogensulfide1916Irritant,toxicDiphenylchloroarsine1917Irritant/Sternutatorya-Chlorotoluene(Benzylchloride)1917Irritant,lachrymatoryMustardgas1917Vesicant,lungirritantBis(chloromethyl)ether1918Irritant,canblurvisionEthyldichloroarsine1918VesicantN-Ethylcarbazole1918IrritantGasesusedinWWInameFirstusetypeXylylbromide17So,WorldWarIwascalledtheChemists’war---usheredinthebeginningofthemoderneraofchemicalwarfare.TheGermanside:FritzHarber(andseveralfutureNobellaureates),chlorine,maskTheFrenchcounterpart:VictorGrignard(phosgene,detectionofmustard)So,WorldWarIwascalled18WorldWarⅡ(1939~1945)：二戰(zhàn)時歐洲戰(zhàn)場上并未使用毒劑。但日軍在我國13個省78個地區(qū)使用毒劑1600多次二十多萬人傷亡。德國法西斯在奧斯威辛集中營使用氫氰酸殺害了250多萬猶太人.朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(1950~1953)：美軍使用7種毒劑百余次，1951年5月6日美軍光氣炸彈使1379人中毒，死亡480人.也門內戰(zhàn)(1963~1967)：埃及介入也門內戰(zhàn)，使用VX、光氣等毒劑炸彈40多次，造成1400多人死亡，900多人嚴重中毒.越南戰(zhàn)爭(1962~1970)：美國使用CS7000噸，植物殺傷劑12萬噸，用毒700余次，使130多萬人中毒，對農業(yè)生產造成嚴重危害.WorldWarⅡ(1939~1945)：二戰(zhàn)時歐洲戰(zhàn)19越南侵略柬埔寨、老撾：1981.9.14在柬埔寨、老撾使用第三代化學戰(zhàn)劑“黃雨”，造成2萬多人死亡.蘇軍入侵阿富汗：1979年使用梭曼，1986年8月在赫拉特省使用新型全氟毒劑炸彈，受害者出現(xiàn)頭暈、嘔吐等失能癥狀，持續(xù)時間2天，嚴重者肺水腫死亡.兩伊戰(zhàn)爭(1980~1988)：伊拉克使用化學武器240多次，造成伊朗5萬多人死亡。伊朗于1987年4月首次使用芥子氣報復伊拉克的化學襲擊.海灣戰(zhàn)爭中化學武器的威懾作用.敘利亞化武疑云:2012-2013.越南侵略柬埔寨、老撾：1981.9.14在柬埔寨、老撾使用第20

VietnamvictimsfromdefoliantsVietnamvictimsfromdefolia212013年8月21日在敘利亞大馬士革東部郊區(qū)Ghouta的發(fā)生化學武器攻擊事件，造成包括幾百名兒童在內的一千多人死亡，引起國際社會的強烈關注和譴責2013年8月21日在敘利亞大馬士革東部郊區(qū)Ghouta的發(fā)22Debateconcerningtheethicsofchemicalwarfarehasbeenenduringsinceitsbirth.Thetwotypicalideas:1.Inhumaneandagainsttherulesofwarfare2.Chemistryshouldbeusedtolessenthesufferingsofcombatants1.1.3Ethic

debateDebateconcerningtheethicso231812,theBritishadmiraltyrejectedarequesttouseburning,sulfur-ladenshipsasapreludetomarinelandingsinFranceas,

"againsttherulesofwarfare".

Forty-twoyearslater,theBritishWarOfficesimilarlycondemned

SirLyonPlayfair’sproposaltousecyanide-filledshellstobreakthesiegeofSebastopolduringtheCrimeanWar,arguingthattousecyanidewas"inhumaneandasbadaspoisoningtheenemy'swatersupply."

1812,theBritishadmiraltyr24SirLyonretorted,"There'snosensetothisobjection.Itisconsideredalegitimatemodeofwarfaretofillshellswithmoltenmetalthatscattersupontheenemyandproducesthemostfrightfulmodesofdeath.Whyapoisonousvaporthatwouldkillmenwithoutsufferingistobeconsideredillegitimateisincomprehensibletome.However,nodoubtintimechemistrywillbeusedtolessenthesufferingsofcombatants."SirLyonretorted,"There'sno25Upontheseethicdebate,ConventionontheProhibitionofChemicalWeaponsdevelopment,production,stockpilinganduseofchemicalweaponsandontheirDestruction(ChemicalWeaponsConvention,

CWC,

化學武器公約)hascomealongwaybeforeitentersintoforce.1.2ConventionUpontheseethicdebate,Conve261.EachStatePartytothisConventionundertakesneverunderanycircumstances:a)Todevelop,produce,otherwiseacquire,stockpileorretainchemicalweapons,ortransfer,directlyorindirectly,chemicalweaponstoanyone;b)Tousechemicalweapons;c)Toengageinanymilitarypreparationstousechemicalweapons;d)Toassist,encourageorinduce,inanyway,anyonetoengageinanyactivityprohibitedtoaStatePartyunderthisConvention.

2.EachStatePartyundertakestodestroychemicalweaponsitownsorpossesses,orthatarelocatedinanyplaceunderitsjurisdictionorcontrol,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConvention.GENERALOBLIGATIONS1.EachStatePartytothisCo273.EachStatePartyundertakestodestroyallchemicalweaponsitabandonedontheterritoryofanotherStateParty,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConvention.4.EachStatePartyundertakestodestroyanychemicalweaponsproductionfacilitiesitownsorpossesses,orthatarelocatedinanyplaceunderitsjurisdictionorcontrol,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConvention.5.EachStatePartyundertakesnottouseriotcontrolagentsasamethodofwarfare.3.EachStatePartyundertakes28Schedule1–Havefew,ifany,legitimateuses.Thesemayonlybeproducedorusedforresearch,medical,pharmaceuticalorprotectivepurposes(nerveagents,ricin,…).Anyproductionover100gmustbenotifiedtotheOPCW,astockpileofnomorethanonetonne.Schedule2–Havenolarge-scaleindustrialuses,butmayhavelegitimatesmall-scaleuses(dimethylmethylphosphonateandthiodiglycol).Schedule3–Havelegitimatelarge-scaleindustrialuses(phosgene,HCNandchloropicrin).TheOPCWmustbenotifiedof,andmayinspect,anyplantproducingmorethan30tonnesperyear.Chemicalsthataretoxicenoughtobeusedaschemicalweapons,orthatmaybeusedtomanufacturesuchchemicals,aredividedintothreegroups:Schedule1–Havefew,ifany,29宣布本國有無化學武器及遺留遺棄在他國的化學武器、生產設施和其他包括實驗室、試驗場；接受專門設立的聯(lián)合國官方機構OPCW核查；銷毀遺留在他國的化學武器;控暴劑（刺激劑）不能用于戰(zhàn)爭中。公約的一般性義務中國印記：日本遺棄在華化學武器得以妥善解決宣布本國有無化學武器及遺留遺棄在他國的化學武器、生產設施和其30《公約》把可能用作化學武器或可能用于生產化學武器的有毒化學品和前體分列在三個附表里.附表1：曾經用作過化學武器并且/或者沒有或幾乎沒有和平用途的化學品，對《公約》構成最直接的威脅。

附表2：主要是附表1化學品的前體，大部分有某種工業(yè)用途。

附表3：有大量商業(yè)化生產的化學品，但曾用作過化學戰(zhàn)劑并且也可以作為附表1或附表2化學品的前體。

*

特定有機化學品的生產設施《公約》把可能用作化學武器或可能用于生產化學武器311675,TheStrasbourgAgreement,thefirstinternationalagreementlimitingtheuseofCW(poisonbullets).1874,TheBrusselsConventionontheLawandCustomsofWar,prohibitedtheemploymentofpoisonorpoisonedweapons,andtheuseofarms,projectilesormaterialtocauseunnecessarysuffering.1899,ConferenceinTheHagueleadedtoanagreementprohibitingtheuseofprojectilesfilledwithpoisongas.1915,Firstlarge-scaleuseofchemicalagentsinWWI.TheroadtoConvention(painstaking)1675,TheStrasbourgAgreement32

HagueDeclarationsof1899and1907DidNotPreventUseofChemicalWeaponsinWorldWarITearGasin1914ChlorineandPhosgenein1915Mustardin1917Cl2

HagueDeclarationsof1899an331925,TheGenevaProtocolconcluded.Thistreatybanstheuseofbothbacteriologicalandchemicalweaponsbutisnotenoughtostopcountriesfromproducing,usingandstockpilingchemicalweaponsthereafter.(USAandJapanrejected)1972,inGeneva,BiologicalandToxinWeaponsConventionconcluded,butnoverificationmechanism;andcommittedtocontinuenegotiationsonCWaswell.1984-1989,IraqusedchemicalweaponsagainstIrananditsownKurdishcitizensinthetownofHalabja.1992,ThenegotiatorsinGenevaagreedonthetextoftheChemicalWeaponsConvention.1925,TheGenevaProtocolconc34ChemicalWeaponsAfterWorldWarI1919inRussia1923-1926inMorocco1937-1945inManchuria1925GenevaProtocol(allowedreservations)1935-1940inAbyssiniaCWCnegotiations1972-19921997CWCentryintoforce(possessorstatesdeclarestockpiles)1983-1988,Iran-IraqWar2013inSyria1963-1975VietnamWar1994-1995AumShinrikyo(Tokyosubway)1963-1967inYemen19192013BWC1972NPT1968ChemicalWeaponsAfterWorldW35公約于1993.1.13在巴黎47屆聯(lián)大開放供簽署。

1997.4.29，公約生效并成為具有約束力的國際法，當時的締約國有87個。中國

1996.12.30日批準，1997.4.25遞交申請.我國政府和人民一貫主張禁止使用大規(guī)模殺傷性武器，恪守《公約》.禁化武組織(theOrganizationfortheProhibitionofChemicalWeapons,OPCW)在海牙開始運作；視察從1997年6月開始。公約于1993.1.13在巴黎47屆聯(lián)大開放供簽署。禁化362016

TheCWC:aninternationalregimewith191memberstates,coveringabove98%oftheworld'spopulation,98%ofitslandmass,and99%ofitschemicalindustry.Green:membersYellow:signedyetnotratifiedRed:neithersignednoracceded2016

TheCWC:aninternational37SignatoryStateswhichhavenotyetratifiedthe

ChemicalWeaponsConvention:No.StateSignature1Israel13/01/1993Statesthathaveneithersignednoraccededto

theChemicalWeaponsConvention：No.State1Angola2DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea3Egypt4SouthSudanSignatoryStateswhichhaveno3863,956(90%)oftheworld'sdeclaredstockpileof72,525metrictonnesofchemicalagenthavebeenverifiablydestroyed.(Asat31/05/2015)4.97(57.32%)ofthe8.67millionchemicalmunitionsandcontainerscoveredbytheCWChavebeenverifiablydestroyed.(Asat31/05/2015)Theyaresupposedtobedestroyedby2007,thenextendedto2012….63,956(90%)oftheworld'sde39國家宣布數(shù)（附表1,噸）銷毀數(shù)（噸）銷毀百分比阿爾巴尼亞1515100%利比亞26.34526.345100%韓國601601100%印度10441044100%美國*27,77224,923.70290%俄羅斯39,97533,763.68488.48%敘利亞§1,328.041>1301.480>98%擁有化學武器國家銷毀進展（指附表1中的化學毒劑，截止2015.5.31）*美國附表2與3中的化學武器已經銷毀完畢；§敘利亞的化武數(shù)量中包括附表2中的化學武器國家宣布數(shù)（附表1,噸）銷毀數(shù)（噸）銷毀百分比阿爾巴尼亞140防化醫(yī)學概論課件411998年禁化武組織首批指定實驗室(中國、美國、芬蘭、荷蘭、瑞士、瑞典、韓國）2006開始參加禁化武組織指定實驗室水平測試，2007年9月成為禁化武組織指定實驗室1998年禁化武組織首批指定實驗室(中國、美國、芬蘭、荷蘭、42蘇聯(lián)和東歐等社會主義國家解體，使西方失去了化學軍備競賽對手；對付第三世界的化學武器擴散、恐怖活動反而成了美國政府的主要考慮；第三世界通過海灣戰(zhàn)爭也認識到化學武器并非真正的“窮人的原子彈”。簽約原因及背景蘇聯(lián)和東歐等社會主義國家解體，使西方失去了化學軍備競賽對手；43公約并未徹底消除化學武器的威脅化學武器要多年才能全部銷毀，這些年世界風云如何變幻還很難說；光氣、HCN這些雙用途毒劑是工業(yè)原料不可能銷毀；目前公開承認有化學武器的只有7個締約國（某一締約國、阿爾巴尼亞、印度、利比亞、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦、美國、敘利亞）。公約允許進行化學防護準備

締約國有權從事防護手段的研究、發(fā)展、生產、獲取、轉讓和使用，并準許為此目的而保留1噸以下毒劑。

1.3Worldsecurityisnotguaranteed—Currentthreats1.3.1LimitationoftheConvention公約并未徹底消除化學武器的威脅1.3Worldsecu44局部沖突中“隱蔽的化學戰(zhàn)”是主要作戰(zhàn)形式非戰(zhàn)爭使用(東京地鐵)化工企業(yè)在戰(zhàn)爭中遭襲擊(不使用化學武器的化學戰(zhàn))伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭最終雖未使用化學武器，但化學戰(zhàn)效應貫穿了戰(zhàn)爭的全過程——未來高技術局部戰(zhàn)爭的縮影簽約后化學戰(zhàn)的形式不能忽視和低估化學戰(zhàn)的威脅局部沖突中“隱蔽的化學戰(zhàn)”是主要作戰(zhàn)形式簽約后化學戰(zhàn)的形式45USA（1996年公布的資料）猶他州武庫1138488件武器13616噸糜爛/神經性毒劑阿肯色州武庫123093件武器3850噸芥子氣/神經性毒劑科羅拉多州武庫78萬件武器2611噸芥子氣；俄勒岡州武庫22萬件武器3717噸芥子氣/神經性毒劑亞拉巴馬州武庫66萬件武器2253噸芥子氣/神經性毒劑馬里蘭州武庫1818件武器1624噸芥子氣印第安納州武庫1690件武器1629噸VX夏威夷州武庫29萬件武器1134噸芥子氣/神經性毒劑肯塔基州武庫101764件武器523噸芥子氣/神經性毒劑USA（1996年公布的資料）猶他州武庫1138446防化醫(yī)學概論課件47RussiaNerveagents(Vx,sarin,soman)etal.32000tonnes;Blisteragents(mustardgas,lewisiteandtheirmixture)8000tonnes;SuperlethalagentsasA-230,A-232and33,binarychemcialagentshavenotbeenincludedintheConvention.Thebiggestandmostadvancedchemicalarsenalintheworld:RussiaNerveagents(Vx,sarin,48Possessmustardgasandnerveagents,thearmyequippedwithriot-controlagentsTaiwanPossessmustardgasandnerve49化學障礙--運用化學地雷，通過炮兵、航空兵發(fā)射和投擲化學雷、彈，形成染毒地區(qū)化學障礙--運用化學地雷，通過炮兵、航空兵發(fā)射和投擲化學雷、50不完全統(tǒng)計：日本第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間生產了518萬枚化學彈藥，日本戰(zhàn)敗后，分別遺棄在我國的安徽、河北、黑龍江、江蘇、吉林、遼寧、陜西、浙江和內蒙古等18個確切地點和6個可疑地點，未處理的仍有200萬枚化學彈藥。AbandonedCWinChinabyJapan不完全統(tǒng)計：日本第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間生產了518萬枚化學彈藥，51防化醫(yī)學概論課件521991年河北石家莊發(fā)現(xiàn)的毒氣彈2001年到現(xiàn)在，齊齊哈爾市已發(fā)現(xiàn)炮彈近千枚，其中毒氣彈28枚。長沙等處也發(fā)現(xiàn)毒氣彈哈爾巴嶺1991年河北石家莊發(fā)現(xiàn)的毒氣彈2001年到現(xiàn)在，齊齊哈爾538.4事件8.4事件54ChemicalaccidentsHappenUnexpectedlyScatterrapidlyHardtopreventandrescueCauseenvironmentalpollutionChemicalaccidentsHappenUnexp55防化醫(yī)學概論課件56IndiaBopaer,methylisocyanate(MIC)leakagein1984,320,000poisoned,80,000severelypoisoned,3,150killeddirectly,50,000blindness,1,500,000affected)IndiaBopaer,methylisocyanat57Shangrao(上饒),Jiangxi,Chemicalaccidentin1991609poisoned,39killedShangrao(上饒),Jiangxi,Chemic582005,3月29日，江蘇淮安，氯氣泄露，死29人，住院350,10000轉移

2005,3月29日，江蘇淮安，氯氣泄露，死29人，住院59

Theemergingnewagentsandpotentialagents,esp.thosebetweentraditionalchemicalagentsandbiologicalagentsNewchallengesandthreatsbotulinumtoxinA(BTXA,肉毒毒素A)*SEB(StaphyloccucalenterotoxinB,葡萄球腸毒素SEB)Mycotoxin(真菌毒素)Aflatoxin(黃曲霉毒素)*

Ricin(derivedfromRicinuscommunis,蓖麻毒素)**weaponizedTheemergingnewagentsand60marinetoxinscanalsobeusedaspotentialagents:Saxitoxin(石房蛤毒素,STX)Tetradotoxin(河豚毒素,TTX)Palytoxin(巖沙海葵毒素,PTX)Maitotoxin(刺尾魚毒素,MTX)TTXpufferlikefishesmarinetoxinscanalsobeused61Palythoatuberculosa(producePTX)PTXPalythoatuberculosa(produce62Gambierdiscustoxicus

(崗比毒甲藻),akindofdinoflagellattesSurgeonfishMTXGambierdiscustoxicus(崗比毒甲藻),631994.6.27，MatsumotoCitysarinattack.1995.3.20，Tokyosubwaysarinattack.VXandequipmentforphosgeneandHCNreleasewerefoundintheTokyo

subwayafterthesarinattackon3.20.1999,nerveagentsthreatsduringWorldExpoinYunnanProvince,China.ChemicalterrorismBio-chemicalagentsattackinterrorismhasbecomeareality1994.6.27，MatsumotoCitysarin64RobberyofgamblinghouseusingHCNinRuichang,JiangxiProvince,7died,including2robbers.USanthrax

panicin2001after“9.11”.2007-2008,suicidebombersdrivingtrucksriggedwithtanksofchlorinegasinIraq.Ricinwasalsousedasaterrorismtoolthereafter.Incapacitatingtechnology.Robberyofgamblinghouseusin652.ClassificationofChemicalAgents2.ClassificationofChemical66毒理作用分類神經性毒劑

(nerveagents)

sarin、soman、tabun、VX

糜爛性毒劑

(blisteragents,vesicants)

mustardgas、lewisite全身中毒性毒劑

(systemicagents,cyanides)

HCN(hydrocyanicacid)、ClCN(cyanogenschloride)

失能性毒劑

(incapacitatingagents)

BZ、LSD

窒息性毒劑

(chokingagents,pulmonaryagents)phosgene、diphosgene

其它刺激劑

(irritantagents,riot–controlagents)CN、DM、CS、CR植物殺傷劑

(anti-plantagents)

2,4-D、2,4,5-T毒理作用分類神經性毒劑

(nerveagents)sar67持久性分類暫時性毒劑(non-persistentagents)

sarin、phosgene、HCN

等；持久性毒劑(persistentagents)

mustardgas、VX

等；半持久性毒劑(semi-persistentagents)

soman、tabun、diphosgene

等。*

中等揮發(fā)度毒劑

(intermediatevolatilityagents，IVA)

持久性分類暫時性毒劑(non-persistentagen683.Chemicalweapons3.Chemicalweapons69primarychemicalweaponspoison-arrowfrogsStrychnosnux-vomica(馬錢子)primarychemicalweaponspoison70chemicalagentsweaponizationModernchemicalweapons3.1ChemicalweaponarsenalschemicalagentsweaponizationMo7172爆炸型化學武器施放時利用彈體中的炸藥爆炸的能量將毒劑分散為戰(zhàn)斗狀態(tài)；多用于殺傷性、遲滯性襲擊。72爆炸型化學武器施放時利用彈體中的炸藥爆炸的能量將毒劑分散73熱分散型化學武器施放時利用彈體中助燃劑產生的熱能固體毒劑加熱蒸發(fā)成毒煙；多半用于擾亂性襲擊。73熱分散型化學武器施放時利用彈體中助燃劑產生的熱能固體毒劑74布灑型化學武器施放時利用壓力將毒劑從容器中噴出，在空氣阻力撞擊下使毒劑分散成戰(zhàn)斗狀態(tài)；多使用于殺傷及遲滯性襲擊。74布灑型化學武器施放時利用壓力將毒劑從容器中噴出，在空氣阻SovietchemicalweaponscanistersfromastockpileinAlbaniaAnAmericanMC-1gasbombSovietchemicalweaponscanist75Theprinciplefortheuseofbinaryweapons

二元化學武器

Theprinciplefortheuseofb76TheprinciplefortheuseofbinaryweaponsM687型155毫米二元沙林炮彈

Theprinciplefortheuseofb773.2Characteristicsoftheeffectsofchemicalweapons毒性殺傷作用時間長

局限影響大

中毒途徑多殺傷范圍廣

3.2Characteristicsoftheeff783.3HazardformsofchemicalagentsTheagentscanpresentahazardonthefieldinthefollowingforms:

vapor

aerosol

airborneparticles

liquid3.3Hazardformsofchemicala79初生云再生云液滴初生云再生云液滴802023/9/3水文氣象條件

作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響

毒劑本身的理化性質

戰(zhàn)況影響

3.4Factorsthataffecttheuseofchemicalagents2023/8/3水文氣象條件作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響毒劑812023/9/382水文氣象條件風向風速氣溫垂直穩(wěn)定度雨、雪、霧、潮流、風浪在5m/s以內才能緩慢刮向敵方縱深并保持初生云濃度提高殺傷效應。在20℃左右，保證液態(tài)毒劑的汽化率。逆溫2023/8/382水文氣象條件風向風速氣溫垂直822023/9/383水文氣象條件

作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響

毒劑本身的理化性質

戰(zhàn)況影響

2023/8/383水文氣象條件作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響832023/9/384水文氣象條件

作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響

毒劑本身的理化性質

戰(zhàn)況影響

2023/8/384水文氣象條件作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響842023/9/385水文氣象條件

作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響

毒劑本身的理化性質

戰(zhàn)況影響

2023/8/385水文氣象條件作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的地形、地物影響853.5Exposureandabsorption

Exposure(contactwithagent)doesnotnecessarilyleadtoabsorption(penetrationofepithelialbarrier)

Twotypesofeffectsfromexposureandabsorption

local:

effectsareatthesiteofcontact

systemic:absorptionandsubsequentsystemicdistributionproduceeffectsatsitesdistantfromcontactsites3.5ExposureandabsorptionE86Routes

ofexposureandabsorption

absorptionthroughskin(percutaneousabsorption)

absorptionthroughlungs(inhalationalabsorption)

absorptionthrougheyes(ocularabsorption)

absorptionthroughthegut(enternalabsorption)

absorptionbyinjection

(parenteralabsorption)intravenousabsorption

intramuscularabsorptionRoutesofexposureandabsorpt874.Severalterms4.Severalterms8889染毒濃度：mg/L、mg/m3染毒密度：mg/cm2、mg/m2毒害劑量：mg·min/m3、mg/kg毒害劑量級：LC、LCt50、LD、LD50

化學戰(zhàn)劑的計量89染毒濃度：mg/L、mg/m3化學戰(zhàn)劑的計量89Toxicityofliquidagents

ED50:effectivedosefor50%ofexposedindividuals

ID50:

incapacitatingdosefor50%ofexposedindividuals

LD50:lethaldosefor50%ofexposedindividualsToxicityofliquidagentsED5090Toxicityofvaporsorgases

ECt50:effectiveCtfor50%ofexposedindividuals

ICt50:

incapacitatingCtfor50%ofexposedindividuals

LCt50:lethalCtfor50%ofexposedindividualsToxicityofvaporsorgasesE911mg/m3

8min=8mg﹒min/m38mg/m3

1min=8mg﹒min/m34mg/m3

2min=8mg﹒min/m32mg/m3

4min=8mg﹒min/m3TheCtconcept:concentrationtimeHarber’srule:foragivenpoisonousgas,Ct=k1mg/m38min=8mg﹒min/m3T9293毒劑的種類和毒性毒性的濃度和劑量（毒害劑量）中毒途徑中毒次數(shù)和混合中毒機體機能狀態(tài)影響毒劑損傷作用的因素93毒劑的種類和毒性