從行政形態(tài)的歷史演進(jìn)看中國行政管理體制改革

OnAdministrativeReforminChinafromthePerspectiveofHistoricalEvolvementofAdministrativeModel中國行政管理學(xué)會(huì)副會(huì)長兼秘書長高小平(研究員、博士)VicepresidentandGeneralsecretaryofCPASGaoXiaoping(Researcher,PhD)2023/9/52一、行政形態(tài)的基本走向

I.GeneralTrendofAdministrativeModel行政形態(tài)是隨著人類生產(chǎn)方式的發(fā)展而變化的AdministrativemodelchangeswiththedevelopmentofmodeofproductionSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandGeneralsecretaryofCPAS2023/9/53

農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)：政府實(shí)行家長制、家族式管理，特征是“權(quán)能行政”

Agriculturaleconomy:Patriarchaladministrationbygovernment,authority-basedadministration

工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)：政府實(shí)行規(guī)制化管理，主要依靠技術(shù)官僚的專業(yè)知識(shí)，官員個(gè)人的寫作、溝通、協(xié)調(diào)技巧和政府機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行公務(wù)的效能，特征是“技能行政”

Industrialeconomy:Regulation-basedadministrationbygovernment,relyingonknowledgeoftechnicalofficials,officials’writing,communicative,coordinatingandexecutivecapability.Expertise-basedadministration.

知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)：政府實(shí)行電子化管理，以提供公共服務(wù)為主要職能，特征是“智能行政”

Knowledge-basedeconomy:Electronicadministrationbygovernment,providingpublicservice.Smartadministration.人類生產(chǎn)方式與對(duì)應(yīng)的行政形態(tài)ModeofProductionandAdministrativeModelSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandGeneralsecretaryofCPAS比較項(xiàng)

農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)

工業(yè)社會(huì)

知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)ComparablesAgriculturalSocietyIndustrialSocietyKnowledge-basedSociety生產(chǎn)模式

手工

機(jī)器制造

信息處理、循環(huán)服務(wù)

貿(mào)易、金融、保險(xiǎn)、房地產(chǎn)ModeofProductionManualLaborManufacturingInformationProcessing,cyclicservice,trade,finance,insurance,real經(jīng)濟(jì)部門種植、養(yǎng)殖制造與建筑衛(wèi)生、教育、研究、政府

信息、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

EconomicSectorFarming,herdingManufacturing,civilconstructionHealth,education,research,government,information/computernetwork被轉(zhuǎn)化的資源

自然資源,自然力人造資源信息、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ResourcesUtilizedNaturalresources,naturalforceMan-maderesourcesInformation/computernetwork

戰(zhàn)略資源

原料

金融資本

知識(shí)

StrategicResourcesRawMaterialsFinancialCapitalKnowledge

技術(shù)技能基礎(chǔ)

工匠農(nóng)夫體力工人、技術(shù)工程師

技術(shù)科學(xué)家半熟練工人技術(shù)與專業(yè)職位TechnicalBaseCraftsmen,farmersWorkers,technicalengineersScientistssemi-skilledworkersprofessionalstaff從比較中看知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要特征MainFeaturesofKnowledge-basedEconomySeenthroughComparison

Speaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandGeneralsecretaryofCPAS)比較項(xiàng)權(quán)能行政

技能行政

智能行政ComparablesAuthority-basedAdministrationExpertise-basedAdministrationSmartAdministration生產(chǎn)方式農(nóng)耕經(jīng)濟(jì)

工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)

知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)ModeofProductionAgriculturalEconomyIndustrialEconomyKnowledge-basedEconomy組織結(jié)構(gòu)家族式金字塔式科層制扁平化OrganizationSetupFamily-basedPyramidStratificationFlatStructure管理方式家長制

行政主導(dǎo)化

民主化ModeofManagementPatriarchalAdministration-orientedDemocratic管理手段皇權(quán)至專司管理的技術(shù)官僚

信息技術(shù)高無上的權(quán)威的高度分工知識(shí)管理MeansofManagementSovereignDivisionofPoweramongManagementthroughImperialPowerTechnicalOfficialsInformationTechnology從比較中看智能行政的主要特征

MainFeaturesofSmartAdministrationSeenthroughComparisonSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS

2023/9/56當(dāng)今，人類正處于從工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)向知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期轉(zhuǎn)折Atpresent,humanbeingsareinatransitionalperiodfromindustrialeconomytoknowledge-basedeconomy行政形態(tài)正從技能型、管制型向智能型、服務(wù)型轉(zhuǎn)變

Theadministrativemodelistransformingfromexpertise-basedandcontrollingmodetoasmartandservice-orientedmodeSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS

2023/9/57二、中國行政管理體制改革的歷程

II.TheHistoryofAdministrativeReforminChinaSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS2023/9/58

中國行政管理體制

的產(chǎn)生和基本特征

Theoriginandbasicfeatures

ofpublicadministrativesysteminChina

借鑒蘇聯(lián)模式：計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)+全面管理

BorrowingfromUSSR:Commandeconomy+completecontrolSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS2023/9/59改革開放以來行政管理體制改革的基本特征Basicfeaturesofpublicadministrativereformssincetheimplementationofreformandopening-uppolicy

市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)+轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能Marketeconomy+transformationofgovernmentfunctionsSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS2023/9/510

為適應(yīng)從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制轉(zhuǎn)變的需要，1978年以來，中國在縮小政府規(guī)模、轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能和改變政府管理方式方面都相應(yīng)地實(shí)現(xiàn)了一系列的改革Tofulfilltherequirementsofthetransitionfromacommandeconomytoamarketeconomy,aseriesofreformshavebeencarriedoutinstreamlininggovernmentdepartmentsatalllevels,transforminggovernmentfunctionsandinnovatingmodeofgovernmentadministration.Speaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS2023/9/511中國政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革的主要成就MajorAchievementsofGovernmentalInstitutionalReform第一、政府越來越精簡、高效；I.GovernmentsatalllevelsaremorestreamlinedandefficientSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS2023/9/512中央政府（國務(wù)院）工作部門機(jī)構(gòu)NumberofCentralGovernmentInstitutions

(theStateCouncil)1982年100個(gè)2003年52個(gè)From100in1982to52in2003Speaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS改革開放以來國務(wù)院機(jī)構(gòu)增減情況ThechangesofthenumberofcentralgovernmentinstitutionsSpeaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS年份Year精簡比例DownsizedProportion198225%198820%199320%199847.5%20030%中央政府（國務(wù)院）工作人員編制精簡比例DownsizedProportionCentralGovernmentStaff(StateCouncil)Speaker:GaoXiaoping,VicepresidentandSecretary-generalofCPAS

年份Year編制（萬人）Staffing(10,000)19815.1019823.8319885.2819894.4919983.2020021.67中央政府（國務(wù)院）工作人員編制變化情況ChangesofCentralGovernment(StateCouncil)Staffing

Speaker:Gao