牛津英語單元詞匯詳解選擇性必修二Unit1ThemassmediaWordlistsSupportivesentences1.critical/?kr?t?kl/adj.批評(píng)的，批判性的；關(guān)鍵的；危急的(2)【原句背誦】Thetwonewsreportsandthearticlebelowencourageyoutobeacriticalnewsreader.Beacriticalnewsreader!【拓展】criticalofsb/sth批評(píng)的；批判性的；挑剔的acriticalcomment/report批判性的評(píng)論╱報(bào)道acriticalfactorintheelectioncampaign競選活動(dòng)的關(guān)鍵因素acriticalmomentinourcountry’shistory我國歷史上的危急關(guān)頭criticallyadv.危急地；嚴(yán)重地；批評(píng)地criticn.批評(píng)家；評(píng)論家；愛挑剔的人criticizevt.批評(píng)；評(píng)論；非難vi.批評(píng)；評(píng)論；苛求criticismn.批評(píng)；批判；考證；苛求Tom’sparentswerehighlycriticaloftheschool.湯姆的父母對(duì)學(xué)校提出了強(qiáng)烈的批評(píng)。Reducinglevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisofcriticalimportance.減少大氣中的二氧化碳含量極其重要。Thefinaldecisioniscriticaltoourfuture.最終決定對(duì)我們的未來至關(guān)重要。Studentsshouldbeencouragedtodevelopcriticalthinkinginsteadofacceptingopinionswithoutquestioningthem.應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)判斷力，而非不加質(zhì)疑地接受各種觀點(diǎn)?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021全國甲卷）AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulationhasdroppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinosa“criticallyendangered”status.根據(jù)世界野生動(dòng)物基金會(huì)(WorldWildlifeFund)的數(shù)據(jù)，全球黑犀牛數(shù)量已降至5500頭，使犀牛處于“極度瀕危”狀態(tài)。（2015湖北卷）Dartmoorhas1,000orsoponies,whoplayacriticalroleincreatingthediversityofspeciesinthisarea.達(dá)特穆爾有大約1000匹小馬，它們?cè)趧?chuàng)造該地區(qū)物種的多樣性方面發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。（2011北京卷）Inthebroadsense,criticalthinkingisfocused,organizedthinking–theabilitytoseeclearlytheirrelationshipsamongideas.從廣義上講，批判性思維是專注的、有組織的思維——能清楚地辨別觀點(diǎn)之間關(guān)系的能力。2.trap/tr?p/vt.使落入險(xiǎn)境；卡住，絆住n.陷阱，羅網(wǎng)；圈套；困境，牢籠(2)【原句背誦】Thefire,whichisthoughttohavestartedfromthe8thfloor,spreadquicklythroughthetowerblockonSundaynight,leavingpeopleontheupperfloorstrapped.【拓展】trapsb(intosth/intodoingsth)使陷入圈套；使中計(jì)；使上當(dāng)setatrap設(shè)陷阱fallintoatrap落入陷阱【誤區(qū)】trap的過去式和過去分詞，要雙寫字母p。Someofthevillagersbecametrappedbytherisingfloodwater.幾個(gè)村民被上漲的洪水困住了。Thelocalswereencouragedtotrapandkillmicetostopthespreadofthevirus.當(dāng)?shù)厝吮还膭?lì)用捕捉器捕殺老鼠以阻止病毒的傳播。Thegovernmenthasfoundthatit’scaughtinatrapofitsownmaking.政府已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)其陷入了自己造成的困境中。Shehadsetatrapforhimandhehadwalkedstraightintoit.她給他設(shè)下圈套，他就徑直鉆了進(jìn)去?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?019天津卷）Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.我們?cè)谧约旱膶I(yè)領(lǐng)域取得成功，然后陷入其中。（2016北京卷）Teenagersclimbeddozensofflightsofstairstodeliverwaterandfoodtoelderlypeopletrappedinpowerlesshigh-risebuildings.青少年爬上幾十層樓梯，給被困在停電的高層建筑中的老人送去水和食物。（2015湖北卷）Theponyhadactuallybeentrappedbetweentworocks.Thefarmerfreedhim,andhebegantorunhappilyaroundagain.小馬實(shí)際上被困在了兩塊巖石之間。農(nóng)夫把它放了，它又高興地到處跑起來。3.release/r??li?s/vt.發(fā)布；釋放；松開；發(fā)泄n.釋放；發(fā)行；排放，泄漏(2)【原句背誦】Fearsgrewthatthenumberofdeathscouldreach5,accordingtofiguresreleasedbyemergencyservices.【拓展】releasesb/sth(fromsth)釋放；放出；放走releasesb(fromsth)免除，解除（某人的職責(zé)、責(zé)任、合同等）；解雇therelease(ofsb)(fromsth)釋放；獲釋thelatestnewreleases最新發(fā)行的產(chǎn)品thereleaseofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere二氧化碳向大氣層的排放asenseofreleaseaftertheexam考試后的解脫感Firefighterstooktwohourstoreleasethedriverfromthewreckage.消防隊(duì)員花了兩個(gè)小時(shí)將司機(jī)從汽車殘骸中救出來。Themedianotreleasinganymoredetailsyet.媒體還不準(zhǔn)備發(fā)布更多詳情。Sheburstintotears,releasingallherpent-up（壓抑的）emotions.她放聲大哭，釋放出長期壓抑的情感。ThenewsoftwareisplannedforreleaseinApril.新軟件計(jì)劃四月份發(fā)行。Ourtherapeuticstyleoffersreleasefromstoredtensions,traumas,andgrief.我們的治療方式意在解除蓄積的壓力、創(chuàng)傷和悲痛?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?020江蘇卷）May7:TheStateCouncilreleasedGuidelinesonConductingCovid-19PreventionandControlonanOngoingBasis.5月7日：國務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于做好新冠肺炎疫情持續(xù)防控工作的指導(dǎo)意見》。（2015福建卷）Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittleorlargereleasefromthejailofyourmindandyou’llbeonyourway.三思而后行。當(dāng)你這樣做的時(shí)候，你可能會(huì)感到自己從思想的牢籠中解放出來，你就可以繼續(xù)前進(jìn)了。（2012上海卷）Scientistshavelongknownthatinthefightorflightreactiontostress，animportantroleisplayedbycertainhormones(激素)releasedbythebody.科學(xué)家們?cè)缇椭?，在?duì)抗或逃避壓力的反應(yīng)中，身體釋放的某些激素起著重要作用。4.ambulance/??mbj?l?ns/n.救護(hù)車(2)【原句背誦】Fireenginesandambulances,calledat9:30p.m.,reachedthescenewithin15minutes.5.extend/?k?stend/vi.&vt.延伸（距離）；擴(kuò)大；延長；伸展(2)【原句背誦】Bythistime,thefirehadextendedtothe15thfloor.【拓展】toextendafence/road/house擴(kuò)建護(hù)欄╱公路╱房子toextendadeadline/visa延長最后期限╱簽證toextendaropebetweentwoposts在兩根柱子間拉根繩子toextendaninvitation發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)extensiveadj.廣泛的；大量的；廣闊的extensionn.拓展；延伸；接發(fā)；（醫(yī)學(xué)）牽引；（計(jì)算機(jī)）拓展名；（邏輯）外延Thereareplanstoextendtheno-smokingarea.現(xiàn)已有擴(kuò)大無煙區(qū)的計(jì)劃。Carefulmaintenancecanextendthelifeofyourcar.精心保養(yǎng)可延長汽車壽命。ThecompanyplanstoextenditsoperationsintoEuropeandAfrica.公司打算將業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到歐洲和非洲。Theservicealsoextendstowrappinganddeliveringgifts.這項(xiàng)服務(wù)還包括包裝及遞送禮物。Thisyeartheyhaveintroducedthreenewproductstoextendtheirrange.今年他們已引入了3種新產(chǎn)品以擴(kuò)大他們的范圍?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?016北京卷）However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.然而，現(xiàn)在他們正在延長青春期，在這期間，許多學(xué)生并沒有肩負(fù)起成人的責(zé)任。（2015湖南卷）WhentheinspectorextendedhishandtogreetGlenn’smother,heslippedonthefreshlyoiledsurface.當(dāng)督察伸出手去和格倫的母親打招呼時(shí)，他在剛涂過油的地面上滑倒了。6.construction/k?n?str?k?n/n.建筑，建造；建造物(2)【原句背誦】Thereisconcernthattheconstructioncompanythatbuiltthetowerblockhadnotfollowedfiresafetyrules.【拓展】in/underconstruction在建造中；正在施工之中intheconstructionof建筑constructiontechnology施工技術(shù)，建筑技術(shù)；建筑施工；建筑工藝學(xué)economicconstruction經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)infrastructureconstruction基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)constructv.建造，修建（某物，尤指建筑物，公路，機(jī)器）；組成，創(chuàng)建；形成（觀念，理論）n.構(gòu)想，概念；編造，杜撰；建造物，構(gòu)筑物【反義詞】destructionn.破壞，毀壞；摧毀WorkhasbegunontheconstructionofthenewairportinXiong’an.雄安新機(jī)場的建設(shè)已經(jīng)開工。Thenewofficesarestillunderconstruction(=beingbuilt).新辦公樓尚在修建中。Thesummerhousewasasimplewoodenconstruction.那座避暑別墅是簡單的木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?012全國卷II）Thewholeconstructionofoursocietydependsonmutual（相互的）trust,notdistrust.整個(gè)社會(huì)的建設(shè)依賴于相互信任，而不是懷疑。（2010四川卷）ReportingtotheDirector，youwillhelpsetupandrunthetechnicalandscientificsupportservicesofournewlaboratoriesnowunderconstruction.向署長報(bào)告，你將協(xié)助建立和管理我們正在建設(shè)的新實(shí)驗(yàn)室的技術(shù)和科學(xué)支持服務(wù)。7.dozen/?d?zn/n.許多；（一）打；十來個(gè)(2)dozensof很多，許多(2)【原句背誦】Thefirehasalsoleftdozensofpeopleinjured,5ofwhomareinacriticalcondition.【拓展】bythedozen成打地；按打計(jì)算twodozeneggs兩打雞蛋threedozenredroses三打紅玫瑰severaldozen/afewdozenpeople數(shù)十╱幾十個(gè)人【比較】twodozeneggs和twodozenoftheeggs【誤區(qū)1】具體數(shù)字修飾dozen時(shí)，它要用單數(shù)形式。如：threedozenyears【誤區(qū)2】特別詞匯表示具體數(shù)字的還有：score二十；decade十年；fortnight兩星期；十四天anniversary一周年；hundred一百Thecompanyemploysnomorethanacoupleofdozenpeople.這個(gè)公司頂多雇用了幾十個(gè)人。ThestorminJulythisyeardestroyeddozensofhomesandbuildings.今年7月份的暴雨毀壞了許多房屋和建筑物。TomhasbeentotheGreatWalldozensoftimes.湯姆去過長城很多次。Eggsaresoldbythedozeninthemall.超市雞蛋按打出售。【鏈接高考】（2020浙江卷）TodothisIhavesearchedthroughdozensofplaystofindtheonesthatIthinkbestshowthepowerandpurposeoftheshortplay.為了做到這一點(diǎn)，我搜索了幾十個(gè)劇本，目的是找到那些最能展示短劇的力量和目的的劇本。（2020天津卷）It’salmostimpossibletolearnaboutonehistoricalperiodwithouthavingdozensofquestionsaboutrelatedconcepts.要了解一個(gè)歷史時(shí)期而不對(duì)相關(guān)概念提出幾十個(gè)問題幾乎是不可能的。（2015上海卷）Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focusingonhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies.他們每年舉辦30到40場研討會(huì)，主要針對(duì)企業(yè)和政府機(jī)構(gòu)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注6種不同的戲劇。8.minor/?ma?n?(r)/adj.輕微的，次要的(2)【原句背誦】LisaMayer,29,isamongtheluckyoneswhoonlysufferedminorinjuries.【拓展】aminorroad小路minorinjuries輕傷toundergominorsurgery做小手術(shù)minorityn.少數(shù)；少數(shù)派；少數(shù)民族【反義詞】majoradj.主要的；重要的；主修的Theremaybesomeminorchangestotheschedule.時(shí)間安排也許會(huì)有些小小的變動(dòng)。SheisknowninItalyforanumberofminorrolesinfilms.她因擔(dān)任電影中一些配角而聞名意大利。Everydayofourlivesweencountermajorandminorstressesofonekindoranother.生活中的每一天，我們會(huì)遇到或大或小的這樣那樣的壓力。9.bath/bɑ?θ/n.洗澡，洗??；浴缸，浴盆(2)10.scream/skri?m/vi.&vt.尖叫；高聲喊；發(fā)出大而尖的聲音n.尖叫，尖銳刺耳的聲音(2)11.bark/bɑ?k/vi.（狗）吠叫vt.厲聲發(fā)令n.（狗）吠聲；短促響亮的人聲；樹皮(2)12.choke/t???k/vt.&vi.（使）窒息；（使）哽咽，（尤指感情激動(dòng)而）說不出話來(2)【原句背誦】Sherecalled,“IwasabouttohaveabathwhenIheardpeoplescreaminganddogsbarking.Ilookedoutsideandthesmokewaschokingme.Itwaslikeanawfuldream.”【拓展】take/haveabath洗澡；沖涼；淋浴scream(out)(in/withsth)（因傷痛、害怕、激動(dòng)等）尖叫scream(sth)(out)(atsb)/(out)(forsth/sb)（向某人或?yàn)槟呈拢└呗暫?，大聲叫chokesthback強(qiáng)忍??；抑制；克制tochokebacktears/anger/sobs強(qiáng)忍住眼淚╱憤怒╱哭泣c(diǎn)hokesthdown硬咽；硬吞chokesthoff阻止；制止；限制；打斷；停止；終止chokeout/chokeoutsth（因感情激動(dòng)而）哽咽著說，哽咽地說出某事chokeup（因感情激動(dòng)而）哽咽【誤區(qū)】bath作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“洗澡；給……洗澡”，同bathe。Thekidswerescreamingwithexcitement.孩子們興奮地喊叫著。Someonewasscreamingforhelp.有人在喊救命。Sheletoutascreamofpain.她疼得大叫一聲。Verysmalltoyscanchokeababy.很小的玩具可使嬰兒窒息。Shealmostchokedtodeathinthethickfumes.她幾乎被濃煙嗆死。Highhousingestatepriceshavechokedoffdemand.高昂的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格制約了需求。Herscreamsweresuddenlychokedoff.她的尖叫聲戛然而止。Hechokedoutareply.他哽咽著回答。Theauthorchokedupwhenshebegantotalkabouthermother.作者談起母親時(shí)，便哽咽著說不出話來。It’syourturntobath/bathethebaby.輪到你給嬰兒洗澡了。Themoonbathedthecountrysideinasilverlight.月光下的鄉(xiāng)村沐浴在一片銀輝之中。【鏈接高考】（2017全國卷I）Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.我給了房主一段貓頭鷹雛鳥饑餓的叫聲。（2011江蘇卷）Theaudienceandtheplayersfrombothteamsstartedscreaming,“Shay,runtofirst!”NeverinhislifehadShayeverrunthatfarbutmadeittofirstbase,wide-eyedandshocked.觀眾和兩隊(duì)的球員開始尖叫，“夏伊，跑到第一壘!”在他的一生中，夏伊從來沒有跑過那么遠(yuǎn)的距離，但跑到了第一壘，他睜大眼睛，震驚不已。13.department/d??pɑ?tm?nt/n.部門，局，系 (2)14.cigarette/?s?ɡ??ret/n.香煙(2)15.carpet/?kɑ?p?t/n.地毯；覆蓋地面的一層厚東西(2)16.automatic/???t??m?t?k/adj.自動(dòng)的；無意識(shí)的，不假思索的(2)【原句背誦】MrPeterson,headofthefiredepartment,confirmsthatadroppedcigaretteendonacarpetofthe8thfloorstartedthefireandthattheautomaticfirealarmsdidnotgooffquicklyenoughtopreventthedisaster.【拓展】acarpetofsnow一層厚厚的雪afullyautomaticdriverlesstrain全自動(dòng)無人駕駛火車automaticallyadv.自動(dòng)地；機(jī)械地；無意識(shí)地automatismn.自動(dòng)；無意識(shí)行為automationn.自動(dòng)化；自動(dòng)操作automatevt.使自動(dòng)化，使自動(dòng)操作vi.自動(dòng)化，自動(dòng)操作【熟詞生義】carpet作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“把地毯鋪在……上；厚厚地鋪上”。Moderntrainshaveautomaticdoors.現(xiàn)代火車都有自動(dòng)門。Alloftheautomaticbodyfunctions,evenbreathing,areaffected.所有無意識(shí)的身體功能，甚至呼吸，都受到影響。Breathingisanautomaticfunctionofthebody.呼吸是一種無意識(shí)的身體功能。Thehallwascarpetedinblue.大廳鋪上了藍(lán)色的地毯。Theforestfloorwascarpetedwithwildflowers.森林的地面上開滿了野花?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?018天津卷）Mostarealsoequippedwithautomaticfirealarmsystemsconsistingofheatdetectors,smokedetectorsandsprinklers.大多數(shù)還配備了自動(dòng)火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，包括熱探測器、煙霧探測器和噴水裝置。（2014浙江卷）AtGoogle’soffice,anentireflooriscarpetedinglass.在谷歌的辦公室，整塊地板都鋪著玻璃。（2020浙江卷）Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactiontoincreasedtraffic:justwidentheroads,saysMarkPoch.馬克·波奇說，在過去，人們往往會(huì)對(duì)日益增長的交通做出自然反應(yīng)：拓寬道路。（2017天津卷）“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.“道路交通法的改變將允許全自動(dòng)駕駛，”多布林特說。17.investigate/?n?vest?ɡe?t/vt.&vi.偵查，調(diào)查；研究(2)【原句背誦】Ateamiscurrentlyinvestigatingtheaccidentfurther.【拓展】investigationn.調(diào)查；調(diào)查研究Thepolicearestillinvestigatingtheaccident.警方還在調(diào)查這場事故。Weshouldnotjumptoconclusions.Let’sinvestigatefirst.我們不應(yīng)該草率下結(jié)論。讓我們先調(diào)查。Thepolicehavecompletedtheirinvestigationsintotheaccident.警察已完成對(duì)這次事故的調(diào)查。Sheisstillunderinvestigation.她仍在接受調(diào)查?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?016安徽卷）Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway—thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，幼兒通過這種方式學(xué)習(xí)的不僅僅是物質(zhì)世界——他們用類似的方法研究人類心理和語言規(guī)則。（2013江蘇卷）Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.他特別想研究的是魚龍?jiān)谝粌|五千萬年的時(shí)間里是如何適應(yīng)減壓問題的。18.comeabout發(fā)生(3)【原句背誦】Werelyonnewstolearnaboutwhatishappeningintheworldaroundus.However,weusuallyfindthatreportsonthesameeventscontaindifferentorevencontradictoryinformation.Howdothesedifferencescomeabout?【拓展】comeacrossv.偶遇；無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)；講得清楚明白；[口]給人…印象comeback回來；記起；恢復(fù)原狀，重新流行comedown下來，降落；流傳下來；倒塌；落泊，失勢comeonv.快點(diǎn)；開始；要求；上演；跟著來；突然產(chǎn)生comeout出現(xiàn)；出版；結(jié)果是comeoutofv.由...產(chǎn)生；從...出來comeup走近；發(fā)生；開始；上升；發(fā)芽；被提出comeupwith提出；想出；趕上Howdidthisunhappystateofaffairscomeabout?這種不幸的情況是怎么發(fā)生的呢？Thepeaceagreementcameaboutthroughintensepressurebytheinternationalcommunity.該和平協(xié)議是在國際社會(huì)的強(qiáng)大壓力下產(chǎn)生的。Theexpectedboostinbusinesspromotionhasnotcomeabout.人們所期待的商業(yè)促銷并未實(shí)現(xiàn)。Theprofessorspokeforalongtimebuthismeaningdidn’treallycomeacross.教授講了很久，但并沒有人真正理解他的意思。Whenishernewnovelcomingout?她的新小說何時(shí)出版？Shecameupwithanewideaforincreasingsales.她想出了增加銷售量的一個(gè)新招兒?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?016江蘇卷）Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.謝莉-安是一個(gè)笑容燦爛的小女人。她有一種并非偶然產(chǎn)生的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)精神。（2020全國卷II）Shetryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.她試圖為海貍鼠的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)標(biāo)簽，以表明它是環(huán)保的。（2015湖北卷）Manypeopleareworkinghardtopreservetheseponies,andtryingtocomeupwithplanstofindasustainable(可持續(xù)的)futureforoneofDartmoor’smostfinancially-troubledelements.許多人都在努力保護(hù)這些矮種馬，并試圖為達(dá)特穆爾省最困難的一個(gè)地區(qū)制定可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來計(jì)劃。19.journalist/?d???n?l?st/n.新聞?dòng)浾?，新聞工作?3)20.priority/pra???r?ti/n.優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，首要事情；優(yōu)先權(quán)，重點(diǎn)(3)【原句背誦】Itisadvisabletorememberthatjournalistsmayhavedifferentpriorities,whichwouldinfluencehowtheyreportanevent.【拓展】journaln.日?qǐng)?bào)，雜志；日記；分類賬journalismn.新聞業(yè)，新聞工作；報(bào)章雜志prioradj.（時(shí)間、順序等）先前的；優(yōu)先的priorto…在前面的prioritizev.按優(yōu)先順序列出，確定(任務(wù))優(yōu)先順序；優(yōu)先處理，優(yōu)先考慮Thereisnodoubtthatshehasthemakingsofasuccessfuljournalist.毫無疑問，她具備成為一名成功記者的素質(zhì)。Educationisatoppriority.教育是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。Ourfirstpriorityistoimprovestandards.我們的頭等大事是提高水平。ThesearchforanewvaccineforCOVID-19viruseswilltakepriorityoverallothermedicalresearch.在所有醫(yī)學(xué)研究中，新冠病毒疫苗的研究將占據(jù)首位?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?016江蘇卷）SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.由于最貧窮的人不可能彌補(bǔ)與厄爾尼諾有關(guān)的災(zāi)害造成的損失，減少他們的損失成為優(yōu)先考慮的事情。（2011湖南卷）Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(優(yōu)先)forconservationpurpose.既然我們知道森林象和草原象是兩種不同的動(dòng)物，出于保護(hù)的目的，森林象應(yīng)該成為優(yōu)先考慮的目標(biāo)。21.contradict/?k?ntr??d?kt/vt.相矛盾，相反；反駁，駁斥(3)22.factual/?f?kt?u?l/adj.事實(shí)的，真實(shí)的(3)【原句背誦】Evenifnewsreportsarewrittenfrombasicallythesameperspective,theymaycontradicteachotherintermsoffactualdetails,aseventsintherealworldareusuallycomplicatedandconstantlychanging.【拓展】contradictionn.矛盾；否認(rèn)；反駁contradictoryadj.矛盾的；反對(duì)的；反駁的；抗辯的n.對(duì)立物；矛盾因素Thetwostoriescontradicteachother.這兩種說法相互抵觸。Thisnewstudy’sfindingswouldseemtocontradictthiscurve.新的研究結(jié)果似乎與這一曲線所闡述的原理相抵觸。Hiscommentsappearedtocontradictremarksmadeearlierinthedaybythechairman.他的評(píng)論好像在反駁主席當(dāng)天早些時(shí)候的言論。Wecannotcondemn（判刑）himwithoutfactualevidence.我們不能在沒有真憑實(shí)據(jù)的情況下就認(rèn)為他有罪。Hispublicspeechesareindirectcontradictiontohispersonallifestyle.他的公開言論與他本人的生活方式恰恰相反。Wearefacedwithtwoapparentlycontradictorystatements.我們面前這兩種說法顯然是矛盾的。23.instance/??nst?ns/n.例子，事例(3)forinstance例如，比如(3)24.differ/?d?f?(r)/vi.相異；意見相左(3)【原句背誦】Forinstance,thenumbersofdeathsdifferinthetwonewsreportsontheHendersonTowerfire.【拓展】inthefirstinstance第一；首先differfrom和……不同differin不同在；在…方面存在不同differ(withsb)(about/on/oversth)意見相左；持不同看法；不同意bedifferentfrom和……不同differencen.差異；差別；不同Thereporthighlightsanumberofinstancesofinjustice.這篇報(bào)道重點(diǎn)列舉了一些不公正的實(shí)例。Forinstance,somepeoplebelievethatwearingglassestoosoonweakenstheeyes.例如，有些人認(rèn)為戴眼鏡也會(huì)慢慢使視力變差。Inthefirstinstance,notify（通知）thepoliceandthencontactyourinsurancecompany.首先是報(bào)警，然后與保險(xiǎn)公司聯(lián)系。Ideasonchildcaremaydifferconsiderablybetweentheparents.在撫育兒童方面父母的觀點(diǎn)可能迥然不同。Medicalopiniondiffersastohowtotreatthedisease.如何治療這種疾病，醫(yī)學(xué)界有不同的看法?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021全國甲卷）Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.由于影響很小，這可能表明我們的創(chuàng)造性思維對(duì)完全安靜和85分貝的背景噪音的反應(yīng)并沒有太大的差異。（2021新高考I卷）Parisiansaredifferentfromyouandme.Theyneverlooklazyoruntidy.巴黎人跟你我不一樣。他們看上去很勤快、整潔。（2019天津卷）Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.例如，大多數(shù)食物網(wǎng)都是由許多薄弱環(huán)節(jié)組成的，而不是由幾個(gè)牢固的環(huán)節(jié)組成的。25.conclusion/k?n?klu??n/n.結(jié)論，推論；結(jié)束，結(jié)果；簽訂，達(dá)成(3)26.false/f??ls/adj.錯(cuò)誤的，不真實(shí)的；非天生的；假的，偽造的；不真誠的(3)【原句背誦】Whenwecomeacrosssuchfactualdifferences,weshouldnotrushtotheconclusionthatoneofthenewsreportsgivesfalseinformation.【拓展】reach/arriveat/cometoa/theconclusion得出結(jié)論；達(dá)成協(xié)議drawa/theconclusion得出結(jié)論；推斷bringtoaconclusionvt.結(jié)束（使終止）；談定（買賣等）jump/leapto(the)conclusion(that)匆忙下結(jié)論；貿(mào)然斷定rushtoaconclusion匆忙下結(jié)論inconclusioninconclusion總之；最后concludevt.推斷；決定，作結(jié)論；結(jié)束vi.推斷；斷定；決定afalseargument/assumption/belief錯(cuò)誤的論據(jù)╱假設(shè)╱信念togiveafalseimpressionofwealth給人以富有的假象Attheconclusionoftheprogramme,Iaskedthechildreniftheyhadanyquestionstheywantedtoaskme.節(jié)目結(jié)束時(shí)我問孩子們是否有要問我的問題。Ittookthejury（陪審團(tuán)）sometimetoreachtheconclusionthatthechargedwasguilty.陪審團(tuán)花了很長時(shí)間才得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為被告人有罪。Inconclusion,walkingisacheap,safe,enjoyable,andreadilyavailableformofexercise.綜上所述，散步是一種廉價(jià)、安全、有趣而又隨時(shí)可以開展的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式。Heconcludedfromtheirremarksthattheywerenotinfavouroftheplan.他從他們的話語中推斷出他們不贊同此項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。Predictionsofanearlyimprovementinthehousingmarketprovedfalse.認(rèn)為房屋市場很快就有好轉(zhuǎn)的預(yù)測結(jié)果證明是錯(cuò)誤的。Shegavefalseinformationtotheinsurancecompany.她向保險(xiǎn)公司提供了虛假的資料?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?019全國卷I）Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.在分析他的研究和其他研究時(shí)，普林斯坦得出了另一個(gè)結(jié)論：討人喜歡不僅與積極的生活結(jié)果有關(guān)，而且也對(duì)這些結(jié)果負(fù)責(zé)。（2011湖南卷）ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)古代大象和現(xiàn)代大象的研究得出了一個(gè)意想不到的結(jié)論：非洲大象可以分為兩個(gè)不同的物種。（2018天津卷）Falsefirealarmsareillegalandmayleadtoimprisonment.虛報(bào)火警是違法的，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致監(jiān)禁。27.bringsthtolight揭露，披露(3)【原句背誦】Newsreportswrittenatdifferentstagesofaneventcouldcontaindifferentinformationasnewfactsarebroughttolight.【拓展】bringabout引起；[航]使掉頭bringforward提出；提前；結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)bringup提出；教育；養(yǎng)育；嘔出；[航]（船等）停下bringin引進(jìn)；生產(chǎn)；增加bringout出版，生產(chǎn)；使顯示；說出bringback拿回來；使…恢復(fù)；使…回憶起來bringdown降低；打倒，打死；擊落bringintoeffect實(shí)施；實(shí)行；使生效bringanendtovt.結(jié)束，使完結(jié)【誤區(qū)】cometolight常作用不及物動(dòng)詞詞組。Thesefactshaveonlyjustbeenbroughttolight.這些事實(shí)剛剛才被披露出來。Theaimofgrammaticalresearchistobringtolighttheinnerconnectionbetweentheformandthecontentoftheexpression.語法研究的目的在于揭示語言的表達(dá)形式與表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容的之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。Thepoliticianwantstobringtolightimportantissuesthataffectthecommunity.政客想要將那些影響社區(qū)的重要問題揭露出來。NewfactsaboutancientEgypthaverecentlycometolight.關(guān)于古代埃及的新事實(shí)最近被發(fā)現(xiàn)?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?020天津卷）Ifapopularmagazineyouwantisn’tofferedandthelibrarykeepsalistofsuchrequests,theymaybringitinwhenenoughinterestisshown.如果你想要的流行雜志沒有提供，而圖書館有一份這樣的要求清單，當(dāng)你表現(xiàn)出足夠的興趣時(shí)，他們可能會(huì)把雜志拿來。（2020全國卷II）Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海貍鼠).一些生態(tài)學(xué)家和時(shí)尚愛好者正試圖恢復(fù)海貍鼠皮草的市場。（2015陜西卷）Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.咖啡豆的生產(chǎn)是一個(gè)巨大的、有利可圖的行業(yè)，但不幸的是，全日照生產(chǎn)正在接管這個(gè)行業(yè)，并帶來了很多損害。28.minimum/?m?n?m?m/n.最小值，最少量adj.最低的，最小的(3)29.maximum/?m?ks?m?m/n.最大量，最大限度adj.最高的，最多的(3)【原句背誦】Supposeemergencyservices’estimatesofthenumberofdeathsvarybetween5and9.Journalistsmaychoosetopresenttheminimum,themaximumorsomethinginbetweenintheirnewsreports.【拓展】aminimumcharge/price最低收費(fèi)╱價(jià)格theminimumageforretirement退休的最低年齡themaximumspeed/temperature/volume最快速度；最高氣溫；最大音量minimizevt.使減到最少；小看，極度輕視vi.最小化maximizev.（使）增加到最大限度；充分利用；找到……的最高值；最大化Theworkwasdonewiththeminimumamountofeffort.做這項(xiàng)工作沒費(fèi)什么勁。You’retalkingoverathousanddollarsminimumforonecourse.你們?cè)谟懻撘婚T課程至少一千美元。Temperatureswillfalltoaminimumof10degrees.氣溫會(huì)降到最低點(diǎn)10度。Underplanninglawthemaximumheightforafenceis6feet.根據(jù)規(guī)定，柵欄的最高高度為6英尺。Ineedthemaximumamountofinformationyoucangiveme.我需要你所能給我的最大的信息量。Thejobwillrequireyoutouseallyourskillstothemaximum.這項(xiàng)工作要求你最大限度地發(fā)揮你的技能?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?018全國卷I）MorningorAfternoon,thisbiketouristheperfecttourforD.C.newcomersandlocalslookingtoexperienceWashington,D.C.inahealthywaywithminimumeffort.無論上午還是下午，自行車騎行是新來者和當(dāng)?shù)厝讼Ｍ砸环N健康的不費(fèi)力的方式來體驗(yàn)華盛頓特區(qū)。（2015天津卷）Minimumquiethoursinallcampusresidencesare11:00pmto8:00amSundaythroughThursday.所有校園公寓的最安靜時(shí)間是周日到周四晚上11點(diǎn)到早上8點(diǎn)。（2012湖北卷）Girlswithbrothersshowtheirdifferencestoamaximumdegreebybeingmorefemininethangirlswithsisters.有兄弟的女孩比有姐妹的女孩更女性化，這最大程度上體現(xiàn)了她們的差異。30.sum/s?m/vt.總結(jié)，概括n.金額，款項(xiàng)；總和，總數(shù)；全部(3)sumup總結(jié)，概括(3)31.accurate/??kj?r?t/adj.正確無誤的；精確的(3)【原句背誦】Tosumup,itiswisetoreadnewsreportswrittenfromvariousperspectivesandatdifferentstages,whichbringsusamoreaccurateunderstandingofasituation.【拓展】alargesumofmoney一大筆錢asix-figuresum一筆六位數(shù)的款項(xiàng)insum總之；總而言之a(chǎn)naccuratedescription/account/calculation準(zhǔn)確的描述╱敘述╱計(jì)算accurateinformation/data正確無誤的情報(bào)╱資料accuratelyadv.精確地；準(zhǔn)確地accuracyn.精確度；準(zhǔn)確性【誤區(qū)】注意形容詞accurate到名詞accuracy的詞形變化！Tosumup,therearethreemainwaysoftacklingtheproblem.概括起來說，主要有三種方法解決這個(gè)問題。CanIjustsumupwhatwe’veagreedsofar?我可否就目前已經(jīng)達(dá)成的共識(shí)作個(gè)概括？Thesumofalltheanglesofatriangleis180degrees.三角形的角度之和是180度。Thedriverwasfinedthesumof￡200duetooverspeed.司機(jī)因超速被罰款200英鎊。Werequiregrammarandspellingtobeaccurate.我們要求語法與拼寫正確無誤。Policehavestressedthatthisisthemostaccuratedescriptionofthekillertodate.警方已強(qiáng)調(diào)這是到目前為止對(duì)殺人犯最精確的描述。Itwillbemanyyearsbeforeanyonecanpredictahurricane’sbehaviourwithmuchaccuracy.要準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測颶風(fēng)的線路尚需時(shí)日。【鏈接高考】（2019全國卷III）Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.如果猴子觸摸屏幕的左側(cè)，它們將得到七滴水或果汁作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；如果他們選擇圓圈，他們將得到數(shù)字的總和——在這個(gè)例子中是17。（2021新高考I卷）Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.醫(yī)生可能利用這種準(zhǔn)確理解他人感受的能力來找到最好的幫助病人的方法，而騙子可能利用這種能力來控制潛在的受害者。（2016上海卷）Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflectionoftheoriginal.簡化本將由第三方檢查，如果它準(zhǔn)確地反映了原件，就會(huì)獲得一個(gè)風(fēng)箏標(biāo)志。32.committed/k??m?t?d/adj.盡心盡力的；承諾過的 (3)【參考詞條36】becommittedto致力于；承諾過(3)【原句背誦】Thoughjournalistsarecommittedtopresentingthetruth,itisbettertouseourownjudgementthanrelyentirelyonnewsreports.【拓展】acommittedmemberoftheteam忠于職守的隊(duì)員commitvt.犯罪；把……交托給；指派……作戰(zhàn)；使……承擔(dān)義務(wù)；vi.忠于（某個(gè)人、機(jī)構(gòu)等）；承諾commitsb/oneself(tosth/todoingsth)承諾，保證（做某事、遵守協(xié)議或遵從安排等）commitment/k??m?tm?nt/n.獻(xiàn)身，投入；承諾，許諾；花費(fèi)【誤區(qū)】在becommittedto和commit…to…中，to是介詞，其后要接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式。Theyarecommittedsocialists.他們是堅(jiān)定的社會(huì)主義者。Thegovernmentiscommittedtoreforminghealthcare.政府承諾要改革衛(wèi)生保健制度。IwouldadvisepeopletothinkverycarefullyaboutcommittingthemselvestoworkingSundays.我會(huì)建議人們認(rèn)真考慮答應(yīng)周日工作?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?013北京卷）TheschoolsthatIvisitinNottinghamarefullofexperiencedstaffcommittedtogivingourchildrenacaringandinspiringlearningenvironment.我在諾丁漢訪問的學(xué)校都有經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的工作人員，致力于給孩子們一個(gè)充滿愛心和鼓舞人心的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。（2017天津卷）Themostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.最尷尬的郵件錯(cuò)誤通常是在憤怒時(shí)犯的。33.discrimination/d??skr?m??ne??n/n.辨別力，識(shí)別力；歧視，區(qū)別對(duì)待(3)【原句背誦】Withgreatdiscrimination,everyoneofushasthepotentialtobeacriticalnewsreader.【拓展】tolearndiscriminationbetweenrightandwrong學(xué)會(huì)分辨是非finediscriminations細(xì)微區(qū)別age/racial/sex/sexualdiscrimination(=becauseofsb’sage,raceorsex)年齡╱種族╱性別歧視discriminationagainsttheelderly歧視老人discriminatevt.歧視；區(qū)別；辨別vi.區(qū)別；辨別discriminate(betweenAandB)discriminateAfromB區(qū)別；辨別；區(qū)分【誤區(qū)】多關(guān)注該詞作“鑒賞力；辨別力”時(shí)的用法！Heshowedgreatdiscriminationinhischoiceoffriends.他在擇友方面頗具慧眼。Theycookedwithoutskillandatewithoutdiscrimination.他們做飯沒廚藝，吃飯沒品味。Recentmeasureshavenoteliminated（消除）discriminationinemployment.最近的舉措還未能根除就業(yè)歧視。Heisincapableofdiscriminatingbetweenagoodideaandaterribleone.他不能辨別好主意和壞主意?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021全國甲卷）Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.減少對(duì)婦女的歧視。34.curiosity/?kj??ri??s?ti/n.好奇心，求知欲；奇物，珍品(5)【原句背誦】Secondly,youmusthaveanaturalcuriosityaboutthingsthatarehappening,eventhoughtheymayappeartobe(4)minormatters.【拓展】curiosity(aboutsth)/(todosth)好奇心；求知欲outofcuriosity出于好奇心intellectualcuriosity求知欲arouseone’scuriosity激發(fā)好奇心curiousadj.好奇的；有求知欲的becuriousaboutsth/todosth求知欲強(qiáng)的；好奇的【誤區(qū)】關(guān)注形容詞curious到名詞curiosity的詞形變化！Childrenshowcuriosityabouteverything.兒童對(duì)一切事物都顯露出好奇心。Theletterwasn’taddressedtomebutIopeneditoutofcuriosity.那封信不是寫給我的，然而我卻出于好奇把它拆開了。TheLouvreMuseumisfullofhistoricalcuriosities.羅浮宮藏有許多珍奇歷史文物。SincethelaunchofTianwenIProbe,peoplehavebecomemorecuriousaboutwhatisontheMars.自從“天問一號(hào)”探測器發(fā)射以來，人們更加好奇火星上有什么。EveryonewascuriousastowhyMarkwasleaving.馬克為什么要離去，大家都感到好奇。Tomissuchacuriousboy,alwaysaskingquestions.湯姆是求知欲很強(qiáng)的孩子，總是愛提問?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021浙江卷）Hewasthrilledtobedoingthecomedythathealwaysfeltheshoulddo,butevenduringhislastfewyears,healwayshadasenseofcuriosity,wonderingwhatnewroleorchallengemightbejustaroundthecorner.他很高興能出演這部他一直認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該出演的喜劇，但即使是在他生命的最后幾年，他一直懷有好奇心，期待新的角色或即將到來的挑戰(zhàn)。（2020天津卷）Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.我們得強(qiáng)迫自己喚醒好奇心和不滿足，讓它們保持清醒的狀態(tài)。（2020天津卷）LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿足地問：“為什么?”為什么?為什么?”35.journalism/?d???n?l?z?m/n.新聞業(yè)，新聞工作(5)【原句背誦】AccordingtoNoamChomsky,“Thedutyofjournalistsistotellthetruth.Journalismmeansyougobacktotheactualfacts,youlookatthedocuments,youdiscoverwhattherecordis,andyoureportitthatway.”Hebeganacareerinjournalism,workingfortheNewYorkTimes.他開始從事新聞事業(yè)，供職于《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》。36.commitment/k??m?tm?nt/n.獻(xiàn)身，投入；承諾，許諾；花費(fèi)(5)【參考詞條32】【原句背誦】To(8)sumup,beingagoodjournalistrequireswritingskills,curiosityandcommitmenttofindingthetruth.Goodluck!【拓展】acommitmenttosb/sth/todoingsth承諾；許諾；保證makeacommitmenttodosth承諾做某事commitmenttosb/sth（對(duì)工作或某活動(dòng)）獻(xiàn)身，奉獻(xiàn)，投入Thecompany’scommitmenttoprovidingqualityatareasonablepricehasbeenvitaltoitssuccess.這家公司保證供貨質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉的承諾對(duì)它的成功起了決定性的作用。Thegovernmenthasmadeacommitmenttopublicservices.政府對(duì)公共服務(wù)事業(yè)做出承諾。Wemadeacommitme