RemoteSensing&GISMichaelCarmonRemoteSensing&GISMichaelCa1AbstractGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)areanewandblossomingconcept,andcontinuetogrowincomplexityandutilitythanksinlargeparttotheproceedingandcontinualdevelopmentofRemoteSensing.RemoteSensingplaysalargeroleintheenhancementofanyGIS,andinmostcases,allowsdatatobecomemuchmorerelatableandusefulforanyone.AGISreceivesmuchofthedataforitsbuilt-inlayersfromRemoteSensingplatformssuchassatellites,radarsandairplanes.Passivesensorscontributetoimageryanddataforlandcovermapping,changedetection,snowmonitoring,thermalchangesandterrainmodeling.ActivesensorscontributeheavilytodataforextremelyaccurateterrainmodelsknownasDigitalElevationModels(DEMs).Theselargequantitiesofdatacanbegeo-referencedandintegratedintoonelargeGIS,allowingausertoaccessapowerfulamountofinformationatonetimewithrelativeease.Andasremotesensingtechnologycontinuestoincreaseinresolutionandpower,thedatabasewillenlargeandincreasethepotentialpowerofusersofaGeographicInformationSystem.AbstractGeographicInformation2OverviewWhatisaGIS?TheImportanceofRemoteSensinginGIScienceRSMethodsUsedinGISDataAcquisitionDigitalOrthophotos&SatelliteImageryRadarData:DEMsTheFutureofGISandRemoteSensingOverviewWhatisaGIS?3GISBasicsGeographicInformationSystemAllowstheviewingandanalysisofmultiplelayersofspatiallyrelatedinformationassociatedwithageographicregion/locationBothspatialandattribute(tabular)dataareintegratedThewidespreadcollectionandintegrationofimageryintoGIShasbeenmadepossiblethroughremotesensingWiththeincreasingtechnologicaldevelopmentofremotesensing,thedevelopmentofGIShassimultaneouslyacceleratedGISBasicsGeographicInformati4TheImportanceofRSLargeamountsofdataneeded,andRemoteSensingcanprovideitReducesmanualfieldworkdramaticallyAllowsretrievalofdataforregionsdifficultorimpossibletoreach:OpenoceanHazardousterrain(highmountains,extremeweatherareas,etc.)OceandepthsAtmosphereAllowsforthecollectionofmuchmoredatainashorteramountoftimeLeadstoincreasedlandcoverageANDIncreasegroundresolutionofaGISDigitalImagerygreatlyenhancesaGISDIRECTLY:ImagerycanserveasavisualaidINDIRECTLY:Canservesasasourcetoderiveinformationsuchas…Landuse/landcoverAtmosphericemissionsVegetationWaterbodiesCloudcoverChangedetection(includingseaice,coastlines,sealevels,etc.)TheImportanceofRSLargeamou5RSMethodsinGISPassiveSensors:LandsatTMAVHRRSpotMODISIKONOSQuickbirdPassiveSystems:AirPhotography(DOs)ActiveSensors:RadarDEMsRSMethodsinGISPassiveSenso6CoarserResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedLANDSATThematicMapperGoodforregionalcoverage30mMSresolution15mpanchromaticresolutionMostCommonUse:LandCover/LandUseMappingMODIS36spectralbandsMostCommonUses:Cloud/AerosolPropertiesOceanColorAtmosphericWaterVaporSea/AtmosphericTemperaturesCoarserResolutionSatelliteS7HigherResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedQuickbird2.5mmultispectralresolution61cm(~2ft.)panchromaticresolutionIKONOS4mvisible/infraredresolution1mpanchromaticresolutionMOSTCOMMONUSESFORHIGHRESOLUTION:AccurateBaseMapsInfrastructureMappingDisasterAssessment(SmallerScale)HigherResolutionSatelliteSe8Howdataisextracted:Layerssuchasroads(yellow)andrivers(blue)canbeeasilyseenfromair/satellitephotosThisinformationisdigitized(seenextslide),separatedintolayers,andintegratedintoaGISHowdataisextracted:Layerss9DigitizingDataMANUALMapisfixedtodigitizertableControlPointsaredigitizedFeatureBoundariesaredigitizedinstreamorpointmodeThelayerisproofedandeditedThelayeristransformed/registeredtoaknownsystemAUTOMATEDSCANNERSDigitizingdoneautomaticallybyascannerThereisarangeofscannerqualitiesMostutilizethereflection/transmissionoflighttorecorddata“Thresholding”allowsforthedeterminationofbothlineandpointfeaturesfromahardcopymapEditingstillrequiredDIRECTDATAENTRYCoordinateGeometryisused,withGPSplayingavitalroleThisinvolvesdirectlyenteringincoordinatesmeasuredinthefieldThesecoordinatescanthenbetaggedwithattributedataThisdatathisthendownloadedtoacomputerandincorporatedintoaGISDigitizingDataMANUAL10AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotographisanaerialphotographthathasbeencorrectedtoremovedistortionscausedby:CameraopticsTiltElevationdifferencesDigitalConversion(“Registration”)MustbeconvertedtodigitalformatbeforeintegrationintoaGISPhotographissplitintomanypixelsDistortionateachpointmustbecalculatedAphotographisconsideredregisteredwheneachpixelhasitsexactposition(geographically)placedwiththeabovedistortionshavingbeentakenintoaccountTheseregisteredairphotoscanthenbeusedtoextractdataorasabasemapforaGIS(orboth)AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotogr11RadarData:DEMsActivesensorsprovidethemostthorough,accurateandintricatemodeloftopographyRadarcanreachplacesnearlyimpossibletosurveymanuallyInterferometricSyntheticApertureRadarTwopassesofaradarsatelliteareusedAnyphasedifferenceofreturnedechoesyieldsinformationabouttheanglefromwhichtheechowasreturnedAllowsfortopographicinformationtobederivedhispixelheightandphiisphasedifference:RadarData:DEMsActivesensors12Thisimagewascreatedbyoverlayinga1mresolutionDOonaDEMofthesamearea(bothutilizethesameprojection)Source:/maps/digitalelevation.php#GISThisimagewascreatedbyover13ApplicationsChangeDetectionDisasterAssessmentHurricaneKatrina&Rita2019TsunamiAtmosphericModelingaerosolsairpollutionclimatechangeOceantopographycurrentsApplicationsChangeDetection14FutureofGIS&RS:WorldviewILaunchedinSeptember2019Provides?mresolutionimages(Houston,TXabove)ImagessuchastheoneabovewillbecomeincreasinglycommonandwillprovidemoreaccuratedataforaGISAltitude:496kmOrbitType:Sun-SynchronousSwathwidthatnadir:17.6kmOrbitTime:94.6minutesPanchromaticImageryMoreWorldviewIImagesFutureofGIS&RS:Worldview15IssuesofRemoteSensing&GISintheFutureUserinterfacescontinuetobecomemorestandardizedAnincreasednumberofRSplatformsisleadingtomoreaccurateandmoreeasilyacquirabledataGeospatialLaw&PrivacyIssuesbecomingmoreofanissueasresolutionincreaseswhohasarighttobelookingatpicturesofone’shomein?mresolution?GISisbecomingmoregloballyacceptedIncreasingresolutionsofRSplatformshasleadtoincreasingamountsofdatacanthelargeamountofdatabehandledandstoredefficiently?canthisdatabeincorporatedintoaGISthatisnotoverwhelm