供學習參考供學習參考一.賓語從句objectclause：一.定義definition：在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。二.連接詞connections：that:Ithinkthatyoucanpasstheexam.Whether/if:Idon’tknowwhatthewordmeans.“Wh〞:Idon’tknowwhatthewordmeans.Idon’tknowwherehefoundthebook.只用whether的情況：與ornot連用：Idon’tknowwhetherit’srainingornot.與動詞不定式連用：Hedoesn’tknowwhethertoaccepttheinvitation.連接詞前有介詞時：Itdependsonwhetherheiscoming.三.時態(tài)tenses:主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定（各種時態(tài)均可）Shewantstoknowwhathehasdonefortheexam.主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應的過去的時態(tài)。1〕Shesaidthatshewasastudent.2〕ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.3〕Shesaidthatshehadfinishedherhomeworkalready.如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.二.定語從句Attributiveclause：定義：在復合句中修飾名詞、代詞的從句叫定語從句先行詞指人who/that先行詞指物which/that定語從句一般緊跟被修飾的名詞或代詞〔即先行詞〕后關系代詞代替先行詞在句子中擔當成分，所以從句中不可再出現(xiàn)其他代替先行詞的代詞翻譯方法 “….的〞Eg.Yesterdayweboughtabookwhichisreallyhardtounderstand.ThestudentswhoarefromMapleLeafSchoollikelearningEnglish.Whom:先行詞指人，那么代替先行詞在定語從句中充當賓語〔包括介詞的賓語〕,與who的區(qū)別是如果前面帶介詞那么必須用whomThisistheteacherwhom\whowelikebest.Idon’tliketheboytowhomyouaretalking.Whose:指人或物，作定語，表示“…的〃eg:Harryistheboywhosemotherisourmathteacher.關系代詞只能that的特殊情況:.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾時：Thisisthefirstgiftthatmyparentsboughtme..先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時:ThisisthemostexcitingfilmthatIhaveeverseen..先行詞是不定代詞something,anything等時.e.g.Isthereanythingthatyouwantinthisshop.先行詞是人和物時，用that.e.g.Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntousall..先行詞被all,little,theonly,thevery（就是，正是）,thelast等詞修飾時，只能用thate.g.ThisisthelastplacethatIwanttovisit..特殊疑問句以who或which開頭，只能用that引導.Whoisthegirlthatismakingaspeechontheplatform?當關系代詞前使用介詞時：物+介詞+which; 人+介詞+whom當關系代詞前使用介詞時：e.g.1.ThisisthetrainbywhichwewenttoBeijing.2.Thisistheteachertowhommymotheristalking.三.狀語從句：Adverbialclauses定義：在復合句中由從句表示的狀語稱作狀語從句，它可以用來修飾謂語〔包括非謂語動詞〕、定語或狀語，或是整個句子。狀語從句一般分為八大類時間狀語從句地點狀語從句原因狀語從句目的狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句條件狀語從句方式狀語從句讓步狀語從句.時間狀語從句When---當……時候,通常指某一特定的時間點，主句與從句的動作同時發(fā)生。WhenIopenedthewindow,Isawhimcomeup.When---正在 的時候，突然…。通常主句是進行時或 beaboutto時，在翻譯的時候，when可以譯成沒想到或突然。Iwaswalkingalongthestreet,whenImethim.When當從句是進行時，主句是一般時，往往表示不滿。SomeoneknockedatthedoorwhenIwashavingbreakfast.When=afterWhenthechildrenhadgonetobed,shebegantoprepareherlessons.While…在……期間，往往指一段時間。WhilewewereinAmerica,wesawhimtwice.While---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。Wearecleaningtheclassroomwhiletheyareplayingthefootball.As--—一邊 一邊，隨著Shewasdoingherhomeworkasshewaslisteningtothemusic.As---當……時，指一個動作緊接著一個動作發(fā)生，從句通常用進行時。AsIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.Themoment---一……就…… =assoonas,immediately,---DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?---Yes,IgaveherthemomentIsawher.Not…until---直至1」 才Hedidn'tleavetheofficeuntilhefinishedthework.Before---在 之前Thepassengersshouldarriveattheairportanhourbeforetheflightdeparts.After---在 之后Thecustomerlefttheticketcounterafterhehadaquarrelwiththeticketagent.Since…自從……，通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時IhaveneverbeenthereagainsinceIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.Itisjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.Assoonas---一……就……Jackwenttoschoolassoonashegotwell.Nosoonerthan---一……就……nosooner…than…用于句首要求倒裝Hardly…when...Scarcely…when…Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayagain.Once---一但 就 Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.Everytime,eachtime每次whenever每當Eachtimehecametotown,hewouldvisitourschool..條件狀語從句引導狀語從句的連接詞有:If如果,unless除非,aslongas只要,As(so)faras---據(jù) 所知，incase萬一,providedthat假設,onconditionthat假設是，以…為條件If---如果Ifyoudon'thurryup,youwillmisstheplane.Unless---如果不，除非=ifnotWecan'tgetthereontimeunlesswebooktheearliestflightAslongas---只要Wewillsucceedaslongaswekeepontrying.As(so)faras---據(jù) 所知AsfarasIknow,hespeaksEnglishverywell.Incase---假使，如果Theplanecannottakeoffincaseitrains.Providedthat如果,有時省略thatTheplanewillbeingoodconditionprovidedthatitistakencareofcarefully.Onconditionthat---條件是…Hesaidthathewouldcometothemeetingonconditionthatnooneaskedhimtospeak.注:主從句的動作發(fā)生在將來時，那么主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。Ifhearrivestomorrow,Iwillbewaitingforhimattheairport..地點狀語從句地點狀語從句只有兩個連詞:Where,whereverWhere---在……地方Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wherever---無論哪里Whereveryouare,Iwillberighttherewaitingforyou..原因狀語從句because,as,since,nowthat,和consideringthat,seeingthat這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因,但在語氣上一個比一個弱.Because---因為,通常從句放在主句后.MrSmithwasveryupsetbecausehecouldn'tfindhisluggage.As---因為，通常放在句首Asheishonestandmodest,allhisfriendslikehim.Since-既然因語氣較弱,常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因)Sinceeverybodyhascome,wecansetoff.Nowthat---既然Nowthatyouarehere,youcanjoinus.consideringthat---顧及至UConsideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquiteagoodjob.seeingthat---由于Seeing(that)quiteafewpeoplewereabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff..結(jié)果狀語從句引導結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：that,sothat,so…that…such...thatSo…that一太……以至于so后面應用形容詞或副詞，有時省略so只用thatBoeing747issolargethatpeopleliketocallitjetbomb噴氣炸彈.Sothat---因而，以便，為了有時so可以省去Speaklouderpleasesothatthepeopleatthebackcanhearyou.Such…that…---太 以至于用法與so…that相同，但such后面應用名詞。Theforeignvisitorwassuchafastspeakerthatnobodycouldunderstandhim..目的狀語從句引導目的狀語從句的主要連詞有:that,sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,lest(So)that---以便，從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，如：can,could,may,might,should等Let'stakethefrontseats(so)thatwemayseemoreclearly.inorderthat---為了，與sothat相同從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，如：can,could,may,might,should等Schoolwasclosedearlyinorderthatthechildrenmightgohomeaheadofthestorm.forfearthat一生怕；為了防止(某事發(fā)生)Hetookthenamedownforfearthatheshouldforgetit.incase---萬一Youshouldbringadictionaryincaseyouneedit.Lest---以防萬一Themandecidedtotellhisbossthefactlesthewouldbeangrywithhim..讓步狀語從句引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：Although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,nomatter,however,whatever,while,whether.Although,though---雖然although和though可以互換，但although常放在句首。Though可以用于倒裝。Althoughitwasraining,theplanemanagedtotakeoff.Thoughhedidhisbest,hedidn'tsucceed.As---盡管as引導讓步狀語從句時，句子通常倒裝。可與though互換。Busyasheis,henevermis