被動語態(tài)（一）簡介在英語中，語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，表示主語和謂語的關系。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)（activevoice）表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)（passivevoice）表示主語是動作的承受者。如：Saddamisbeingtried.薩達姆正在接受審判。TheIraqigovernmentistryingSaddam.伊拉克政府正在審判薩達姆。Moreandmorepeopleusecomputersnow.（主動語態(tài)）Computersaremoreandmorewidelyusednow.（被動語態(tài)）Englishisspokenallovertheworld.（被動語態(tài)）（二） 英漢兩種語言在表達被動方式上的差異漢語表達被動語態(tài)非常簡單明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等詞來表示，如“被捕”、“被殺”、“受到凌辱”等。而英語表達被動的方式也不復雜，用“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”表示。其中助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化，而這正是英語被動語態(tài)的難點。（三） 被動語態(tài)的構成被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。這里要強調一定是及物動詞的過去分詞，因為不及物動詞不能帶賓語，也就不可能有被動語態(tài)。英語主動語態(tài)有16個時態(tài)；被動語態(tài)常用的有8個，以give為例說明如下：時態(tài)動詞形式一般現(xiàn)在時Am/is/aregiven一般過去時Was/weregiven一般將來時Shall/willbegiven現(xiàn)在進行時Am/is/arebeinggiven過去進行時Was/werebeinggiven過去將來時Should/wouldbegiven現(xiàn)在完成時Has/havebeengiven過去完成時Hadbeengiven被動語態(tài)的疑問句是將第一個助動詞移到主語之前、句末用問號；否定式是在第一個助動詞后加not或never等其他否定詞、句末用句號。如：“Duringtheinterview,wereyouaskedquestionsinEnglish?”“No,Iwasn'taskedquestionsinEnglish.”“面試的時候，用英語問你問題了嗎？”“沒有，沒有用英語問我問題?！盩heoriginoftheuniversewillprobablyneverbeexplained.宇宙的起源大概永遠也不會被解釋清楚。Istherestaurantbeingdecorated?那家餐館正在裝修嗎？Therestaurantisnotbeingdecorated.Inthefacttherestauranthasneverbeendecorated。那家餐館沒有在裝修。實際上，那家餐館從來沒有裝修過。（四）被動語態(tài)的用法1、不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者。換個說法，有一件事情不知道是誰干的或者不想說出是誰干的，這時就用被動語態(tài)。例如：IfeltalittlienervouswhenIwasbeinginterviewed.我接受面試的時候，有點緊張。ThesefightersareimportedfromRussia.這些戰(zhàn)斗機是從俄國進口的。Thatplacehasbeenturnedintoaswimmingpool.那個地方已被變成游泳池。2、說話或發(fā)表意見時，為了顯得客觀公正，也常用被動語態(tài)He'ssaid/believed/reportedtobeintheU據(jù)說/據(jù)信/據(jù)報道他在美國。還有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：Itissaidthat??.據(jù)說Itisreportedthat??.據(jù)報道Itishopedthat??.希望Itisbelievedthat??.人們相信Itisannouncedthat??.據(jù)宣布itis（well）knownthat??.眾所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat??.已經決定Itissupposedthat??.人們認為Itissuggestedthat??.有人建議Itmustberememberedthat??.務必記住Itistakenforgrantedthat??.被視為當然（五） 主動句變被動句的注意事項一是時態(tài)不能改變；二是變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，謂語動詞要和被動語態(tài)的主語在人稱、數(shù)上保持一致。還要作如下變動：把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語；主動語態(tài)的主語放在by的后面，組成介詞短語，再把這個介詞短語放在被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必要強調時，by短語可以省略。例如：Theywillopenanewsupermarkettheresoon.他們很快將在那里開辦個新超市。Anewsupermarketwillbeopenedtheresoon.一個新超市不久將在那里開辦。ThedoctorgavetwolecturesinEnglish.那位醫(yī)生用英語講了兩次課。TwolecturesweregivenbythedoctorinEnglish.由那位醫(yī)生用英語講了兩次課。Somebodyhaswarnedustobecarefulofrats.有人警告我們要當心老鼠。Wehavebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats.我們受到警告，要當心老鼠。如果主動語態(tài)有兩個賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語），變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，可將其中任何一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不變。但較常見的是將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。Thereportersaskedthepresidentsomequestions.記者們問了總統(tǒng)一些問題。Thepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.（變間接賓語為主語）Somequestionswereaskedthepresidentbythereporters.（變直接賓語為主語）Wehavegivenhimajob.我們已給了他一個工作。Hehasbeengivenajob.（變間接賓語為主語）Ajobhasbeengiven（to）him.（變直接賓語為主語）（六） 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)句中含有情態(tài)動詞時，其被動語態(tài)的結構是：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞：Thetimetablecanbechangedanytime.時間表隨時可以改變。Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.這本書不允許帶出閱覽室。Thisdictionarymustbetakengoodcareof.這本詞典必須保管好。七）不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞1、不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，因為它們沒有賓語。2、 表示狀態(tài)而不是動作的及物動詞，如breakout,belongto,cost,deserve,fit,have（有、使），hold（盛下、裝下），lack,resemble,suit,takepartin,takeplace,want,wish等動詞不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。例如：EverybodywantedDoristobethemanager.大家都想讓多里斯來當經理.Welikeeverybodytosaywhattheythink.我們喜歡讓人人都說出他們的看法。Doyouwishmetostay？你希望我留下嗎？Willyouhelpme（to）dothework?你可以幫助我做干活嗎？Thewarbrokeoutin1937.戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)在1937年。Thiscarbelongstome.這車是屬于我的。Hehasagoodjob.他有個好工作。（不說Agoodjobishadbyhim.）Theyhavealargehouse.他們有所大房子。I'llhavehimcomeearly.我要讓他早來。ThoughIlikethedress,itdoesn'tfitme.盡管我喜歡那件連衣裙，但穿著不合適。（不說Thoughthedressislikedbyme,I'mnotfittedbythedress.）Welackmanpoweratthemoment.我們現(xiàn)在缺少人手。（不說Manpowerislackedbyusatthemoment.）Mycomputercostmesevenhundredandninetydollars.我花了790美元買這臺計算機。Sheresemblesherfather.她像她父親。（不說herfatherisresembledbyher.）3、 短語動詞中有些用于被動結構，有些不可以。但沒有規(guī)律可循，只能個別掌握：IwasverywelllookedafterwhenIwasworkingthere.我在那里工作的時候，得到很好的照顧。Anoverpassisbeingputupatthecornerofthestreet.在那條街的拐角處正在建起一個過街天橋。Everybodyagreedwithme.大家都同意我的意見。（不能說Iwasagreedwithbyeverybody.）Iwalkedintothehouse.我走進房子。（不能說Thehousewaswalkedinto.）Ibrokeintothehouse.我破門而入那棟房子。（卻可以說Thehousewasbrokenintobyme.）4、 反身代詞和eachother,oneanother作賓語時不能變?yōu)楸粍?。例如：Theyacknowledgedthemselvestobedefeated.他們承認他們自己被擊敗了。Shepraisedherself.她自我表揚。Heruinedhimself.他毀了自己。5、 下列及物動詞有特殊的賓語，也不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)：Thepoliceofficershoutedhisloudesttostopthecar.警官用最大的聲音喊叫，想叫住那輛車。Thefamousactressbreathedherlast.那位著名的女影星咽氣了。Shenoddedherapproval.她點頭同意。Ismiledmythanks.我微笑致謝。Hewishestobesomebody.他想成個人物。Heenjoystakingpictures.他喜歡攝影。Keepsilence,please.請保持安靜。Theyusuallytakeawalkaftersupper.他們通常晚飯后散步。（八）關于被動語態(tài)的幾點說明1、有些動詞形式上是主動，意義上是被動。例如:SchoolbeginsinSeptember.學校九月份開學。Thelibrarydoesn'topenonSunday.圖書館星期天不開放。Themachinerunswell.這臺機器容易操作。Mypenwriteswell.我的鋼筆好使。Theclothwasheswell.這料子耐洗。Thedictionarysellswell.這詞典銷路很好。Thebookhardlysells.這書買不出去。Thedoorwillnotshut/lock.門關/鎖不上。AmItoblame?我該受責備嗎？Thehouseistolet.房子要出租。Thestoryisinterestingtoread.這故事讀起來很有趣。Thefilmisworthseeing.這片子值得一看。Yourshirtneedswashing.你的襯衫該洗了。2、 make,see,watch,hear,notice,feel等使役動詞和感官動詞的賓語后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補。但在被動語態(tài)中，不定式符號to必須補上。例如：Theymadehimgo.他們讓他去。Hewasmadetogo.他被要求去了。Iheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends.我聽見他向他的朋友說再見。Hewasheardtosaygood-byetohisfriends.有人聽到他向他的朋友說再見。3、 除助動詞be外，動詞get有時也可跟過去分詞構成被動語態(tài)，是比較口語化的一種被動語態(tài)。這種結構中很少用by短語。例如:Igotlostinthehugemarket.在那個巨大的市場中我迷失了方向。Youmightgetkilled/hurt.你會送命/受傷的。IntheendthisstorygottranslatedintoEnglish.這故事最后被譯成了英文。Hiscargotdamagedinaroadaccident.他的車在交通事故中被毀了。4、 “have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型也表達了一種被動的意思。如：I'llhavethebikerepairedinn我一會就把自行車修好。Ihadmywalletstolen/lostlastSundaywhenIwasshopping.上星期天買東西的時候我的錢夾被盜。Hegothislegbrokenwhenplayingfootball.踢足球的時候他把腿弄斷了。Iboughtthesebooksatadiscountandhadtwohundreddollarssaved.我打折買了這些書，省了兩百美元。5、 在need,want,require后面，主動的-ing形式表達被動的意思：Mywatchneedscleaning.(=?needstobecleaned)我的表需要清洗。Yourgardenneedswatering.(=?tobewatered)你的花園需要澆水。Doesyoursuitrequirepressing,sir?先生，您的衣服要燙嗎？Thecarwantsservicing.這汽車要檢修。(九)練習1、將下列句子變成被動語態(tài)：[主要步驟是：把原句的賓語變成主語(代詞賓格要變成主格)；把原句的謂語動詞變成被動形式(注意：時態(tài)不變，新謂語動詞與新主語要一致，疑問句要注意助動詞的轉換)。復合句中如有可能主句和從句都要變成被動語態(tài)。]Hegavemeapresent.Iwasgivenapresentbyhim.Mysistermadethesoup.Thesoupwasmadebymysister.Theworkerscouldnotfindthemanageranywhereinthefactory.Themanagercouldnotbefoundanywhereinthefactorybytheworkers.Thearmyengineersandsoldiershavebuiltabridgeovertheriver.Abridgehasbeenbuiltovertheriverbythearmyengineersandsoldiers.Thepolicewillsurelyarrestthethieves.Thethieveswillsurelybearrestedbythepolice.Mybrotherwillrepairmybikeforme.Mybikewillberepairedbymybrother.Youmustcleanyourwatchonceayear.Yourwatchmustbecleanedonceayear.Ididn'ttellyouXiaoWangcoulddothejob.Youwerenottold(that)thejobcouldbedonebyXiaoWang.Icannotfindmydictionary.Someonehastakenit.Mydictionarycannotbefound.Ithasbeentakenbysomeone.Shecannotfindherbag.Someonemusthavetakenit.Herbagcannotbefound.Itmusthavebeentakenbysomeone.Thepupilsaskedtheteachertotellastory.Theteacherwasaskedbythepupilstotellastory.TheAssociationaskedMr.Greentomakeaspeech.Mr.GreenwasaskedbytheAssociationtomakeaspeech.Thegovernmentissendinghimabroad.Heisbeingsentabroadbythegovernment.Hetoldmetowaithereforhim.Iwastoldtowaithereforhim.Mr.Hopkinshasfoundhiswallet.Mr.Hopkins'wallethasbeenfound.Theworkersthemselvesinventedthenewmachine.Thenewmachinewasinventedbytheworkersthemselves.Theysetupthishospitalin1950.Thishospitalwassetupin1950.Tombrokethewindow.ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.Didyouwritetheletter?Wastheletterwrittenbyyou?TheydonotmakethiskindofwatchesinBeijing.ThiskindofwatchesarenotmadeinBeijing.PeoplecallhimLittleOldMan.HeiscalledLittleOldMan.Johnansweredallthequestions.AllthequestionswereansweredbyJohn.Thefarmerwasploughingthefield.Thefieldwasbeingploughedbythefarmer.PeoplespeakEnglishinalmostallthecountriesoftheworld.Englishisspokeninalmostallthecountriesoftheworld.Thewindblewthecloudsaway.Thecloudswereblownawaybythewind.Weshallpainttheroom.Theroomwillbepainted.MustIdoalltheexercisesonmyown?Mustalltheexercisesbedone?IamgoingtoringTomup.Tomisgoingtoberungup.Everyoneexpectsthathewillwin.Itisexpectedthathewillwin.Heisexpectedtowin.Didyoufinishyourcompositioninclass?Wasyourcompositionfinishedinclass?Doyouwashyourclothesveryoften?Areyourclotheswashedveryoften?Havetheypaidyouthemoney?Haveyoubeenpaidthemoney?Hasthemoneybeenpaidtoyou?Mr.WanggaveusanEnglishlesson.WeweregivenanEnglishlessonbyMr.Wang.AnEnglishlessonwasgiventousbyMr.Wang.Hetoldhisbrotherthenews.Hisbrotherwastoldthenews.2、將下列句子變成主動語態(tài)：Whatwereyoutoldtodo?Whatdidtheytellyoutodo?Theyweremadetolearnthepoembyheart.Theprofessormadethemlearnthepoembyheart.Thehousewasbeingcleanedwhilethedinnerwasbeingcooked.Hewascleaningthehousewhileshewascookingthedinner.Itmusthavebeendonebyanartist.Anartistmusthavedoneit.Thebusinesshasbeentakenoverbyhiscompetitors.Hiscompetitorshavetakenoverthebusiness.Suchcustomsshouldbedoneawaywith.Weshoulddoawaywithsuchcustoms.Whyhaven'tthelettersbeenwritten?Whyhaven'tyouwrittentheletters?Itmustbedoneatonce.Youmustdoitatonce.Ioughttohavebeentoldsooner.Yououghttohavetoldmesooner.Iwasn'ttoldthathehadbeendismissed.Theydidn'ttellmethattheyhaddismissedhim.3、用被動語態(tài)翻譯以下句子(做翻譯時，首先要看用什么句型和結構，再看用什么謂語動詞，然后看用什么時態(tài)。這些是漢譯英的關鍵。)沒有人強迫你去做那項工作。Youarenotforced/compelledtodothework.2）這個班由布朗先生教英語。TheclassistaughtEnglishbyMr.Brown.3）那棵大樹被風刮倒了。Thatbigtreewasblowndownbythewind.4）這間教室靠兩個火爐取暖。Thisclassroomisheatedbytwostoves.5）這篇文章是湯姆寫的嗎？WasthearticlewrittenbyTom?6）你會得到老師們的幫助。Youwillbehelpedbytheteachers