第3章標(biāo)題PAGE8PAGE76中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯AutomationofprofessionaldevelopmentAutomationinthehistoryofprofessionaldevelopment,"industrialautomation"professionaland"control"professionaldevelopmentofthetwomainline,"industrialautomation"professionalfromthefirst"industrialenterpriseselectrified"professional.Inthe1950s,theNewChinawasjustfounded,the100-wastequestion,studytheSovietUnionestablishedsystemofhighereducation,Subdivisionprofessional.Correspondingtothecountryintheconstructionofindustrialautomationanddefense,militaryconstructioninautomaticcontrol,successivelysetupthe"electrificationofindustrialenterprises"professionaland"control"professional(atthattimeinmanyschools,"Control"professionalsecrecyisprofessional).Afterseveralformerprofessionalnameofevolution(seebelow),andgraduallydevelopintoa"biasedtowardsapplications,biasedtowardsstrong,"Automation,andthelattertomaintainprofessionalnameof"control"basicallyunchanged(intheearlydaysalsoknownasthe"automaticlearningAndremotelearning,""AutomaticControlSystem"professional),andgraduallydevelopintoa"biasedtowardstheory,biasedtowardsweak,"theautomationprofessional,andcometogetherin1995,mergedintoaunified"automatic"professional.In1998,accordingtotheMinistryofEducationannouncedthelatestprofessionalundergraduatecollegesanduniversitiesdirectory,adjusted,themergerofthenew"automated"professionalincludenotonlytheoriginal"automatic"professional(including"industrialautomation"professionaland"control"professional),Alsoincreasedthe"hydraulictransmissionandcontrolof"professional(part),"electricaltechnology"professional(part)and"aircraftguidanceandcontrolof"professional(part).Clearly,oneofChina'sautomationprofessionalhistoryofthedevelopmentofChina'shighereducationactuallyisanewdevelopmentofthecauseofamicrocosmofthehistory,butalsothehistoryofNewChinaindustrialdevelopmentofaminiature.Below"industrialautomation"professionaldevelopmentofthemainlineofthisexample,adetailedreviewofitsdevelopmentprocessinthemanyprofessionalnamechange(inrealtermsintheprofessionalcontentchanges)anditsindustrialbuildingatthetimeofthecloserelationship.FirstabrieflookattheworldandChina'sprofessionaldivisionhistory.Weknowthatnowusetheprofessionaldivisionislargelyfromthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthesecondhalfofthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturystereotypesoftheengineering,isbasicallyindustry(products)fortheobjectstothedivision,theyhavebeentheimageofpeopleKnownasthe"industryprofessionals"or"tradeassociations."Atpresenttheinternationaleducationsystemintwocategories,withBritainandtheUnitedStatesastherepresentativeoftheeducationsystemnotyetoutof"industryprofessionals"system,buthastakenthe"generalist"theroadofeducationandtheformerSovietUnionforEurope(closetotheSovietUnion)astherepresentativeTheeducationsystem,atthebeginningoftheimplementationof"professionals"education,professional-verysmall,althoughreformsrepeatedly,buttothecurrent"industryprofessionals"arestillveryobviouscharacteristics.Inthe1950s,justafterthefoundingofNewChina,acomprehensivestudyandtheSovietUnionandsub-professionalverysmall;Sincereformandopeningup,onlytoBritainandtheUnitedStatestograduallyastherepresentativeoftheeducationsystemtomovecloser,andgraduallyreducetheprofessional,theimplementationof"generalist"educationthroughanumberofprofessionalRestructuringandmerger(thetotalnumberofprofessionalsfromthemaximumof1,343kindsofgraduallyreducingthecurrent249kinds),althoughnotoutof"industryprofessionals"and"MeiMing,"butmanyofthecollegesanduniversities,mostlyonlyoneofaProfessional,ratherthanthepastmorethanaprofessional.Beforethat,China'sfirstprofessionalautomationfromtheNationalUniversityin1952whenthefirstmajorreadjustmentoftheestablishmentofprofessional-electrifiedprofessionalindustrialenterprises.Atthattime,theSovietUnionassistancetotheconstructionofChina's156largeindustrialenterprises,automationofmuch-neededelectricalengineeringandtechnicalpersonnel,andsuchprofessionalandtechnicalpersonneltraining,andthenwasveryconsistentwithChina'sindustrialconstruction.Bythe1960s,professionalnamechangedto"industrialelectricandautomation,"thelate1970swhentoresumeenrollment"ElectricIndustrialAutomation"professional.Thisisnotonlyprofessionalnamechanges,buthasitsprofoundmeaning,itreflectsChina'sindustriesfrom"electrified"stepbysteptothe"automatic"intotherealhistoryandthatpartofthedevelopmenttrendofChina'sautomationprofessionalreflectshowurgentcountriesUrgentforthecountry'seconomicconstructionservicesthatperiodofhistoryanddevelopmentofrealdirection.1993,afterfouryearsofthethirdrevisionoftheundergraduateprofessionaldirectories,theStateEducationCommissionissuedacall"systemintegrity,morescientificandreasonable,theharmonizationofnorms,"the"ordinaryprofessionaldirectoryofundergraduatecollegesanduniversities.""ElectricIndustrialAutomation"and"productionprocessautomation"mergerofthetwoprofessionalelectriciantosetupakindof"industrialautomation"professional,bythethenMinistryofIndustryMachinerycentralizedmanagementcollegesanduniversitiestosetupindustrialautomationteachingguideattheCommission,responsibleforthe"IndustrialAutomation"professionalteachingandguidingworkatthesametime,"Control"wasattributabletotheprofessionalcategoryofelectronicinformation,thethenMinistryofIndustryofelectroniccentralizedmanagementcontroltosetupcollegesanduniversitiesteachingguideattheCommission,responsibleforthe"control"Professionalteachingguideourwork.Aftertheprofessionaladjustment,furtherdefinedthe"industrialautomation"professionaland"control"professional"-bothstrongandweak,hardwareandsoftwareintoconsiderationandcontroltheoryandpracticalsystemintegration,andthemovementcontrol,processcontrolandothertargetsofcontrol"Thecommoncharacteristicswiththetrainingobjectives,butalsothebasicsetof"industrialautomation"biasedtowardsstrong,professional,biasedtowardsapplications,"Control"professionalbiasedtowardsweak,biasedtowardsthetheoryofprofessionalcharacteristicsandpatternofdivisionoflabor.1995,theStateEducationCommissionpromulgatedthe"(University)undergraduateengineeringleadingprofessionaldirectory",theelectricalcategory"industrialautomation"professionalandtheoriginalelectronicinformationsuchas"control"ofprofessionalelectronicinformationintoanewcategoryof"automatic"professional.Asthisistheleadingprofessionaldirectory,arenotenforced,coupledwithgeneral"industrialautomation"strongorweak,bothprofessional"into"aweakprofessionalcategoryofelectronicinformationisnotconducivetoprofessionaldevelopmentandthusmanySchoolsremain"industrialautomation"professionaland"control"thesituationofprofessionalco-exist.Since1996more,againcommissionedbytheMinistryofNationalEducationMinistryofIndustryandelectronicmachineryindustriesofotherpartsoftheestablishmentofthenewsession(secondsession)centralizedmanagementguidanceattheUniversityTeachingCommission,makingtheleadingprofessionalshavenotbeeneffectiveImplemented.1998,tomeetthecountry'seconomicconstructionofKuanKoujingpersonneltrainingneeds,furtherconsolidationofprofessionalandinternational"generalist"educationtrackbytheMinistryofEducationannouncedafourthrevisionofthelatest"UniversitiesUndergraduateCatalog."Sofarintheuseofthedirectory,thetotalnumberofprofessionalsfromthethirdamendmentstothe504kindsofsubstantiallyreducedto249species,theoriginaldirectoryisstrong,professionalelectricianandaweakprofessionalcategorysuchaselectronicsandinformationintocategoriesElectricpower,theunityofInformation,aformerelectricianatthesametimekindof"industrialautomation"professionalandthetypeofelectronicinformation"control"professionalformalmerger,togetherwiththe"hydraulictransmissionandcontrolof"professional(part),"Electrictechnology"professional(part)and"aircraftguidanceandcontrolof"professional(part),thecompositionofthenew(enforcement)areelectricalinformationsuchas"automatic"professional.Accordingtostatistics,sofarthecountryhasmorethan200collegesanduniversitiessetupthiskindof"automatic"professional.Ifthenameofautomationaspartoftheirprofessionalexpertise(suchas"electricalengineeringandautomation,""mechanicaldesignandmanufacturingautomation,""agriculturalmechanizationandautomation"andotherprofessionals)includedAutomationhasundoubtedlyisthelargestinChinaAprofessional.OfthecharacteristicsofChina'sautomationprofessional:RecallingChina'sprofessionalhistoryofthedevelopmentofautomation,combinedwiththecorrespondingperiodoftheconstructionofChina'snationaleconomytothedemandforautomationandautomatedthedevelopmentofthecause,itisnotdifficulttosumupfollowingprofessionalcharacteristics:(1)China'sautomationprofessionalisnotonlyarelativelylonghistory(since1952havebeenmorethan50years),andfromthefirstdayoftheestablishmentofprofessionalautomation,hasbeenaprofessionaloneofthecountriesinurgentneed,thereforethenumberofstudentshasalsobeenThelargestandmostemployerswelcometheallocationoftheprofessionalone.(2)China'sautomationisaccompaniedbyaprofessionalfromtheelectrificationofChina'sindustrialautomationstepbysteptothedevelopmentofstabledevelopment,professionaldirectionandthemaincontentfromthefirstprominentelectrified"theelectrificationofindustrialenterprises"stepbystepforthedevelopmentofboththeelectricandautomation"Industrialelectricandautomation",highlightingtheelectricalautomation"ElectricIndustrialAutomation"andprominentautomation"industrialautomation",thenthemergerofprofessionaleducationreformin1995and"control"ofprofessionalcontentintoabroader"automated"Professional.FromwhichwecanseethatChina'sautomationprofessionalAlthoughtheinitialstudyintheSovieteducationsystemestablishedunderthegeneralenvironment,butintheirdevelopmentandtheSovietUnionortheUnitedStatesandBritaindidnotcopythemode,butwithChina'snationalconditions(tomeetnationalneedsforThemaingoal)fromtheinnovationanddevelopmentof"cross-industryprofessionals,"featurestheprofessional.自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的發(fā)展自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史中，有“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)與“自動(dòng)控制”專業(yè)兩條發(fā)展主線，其中“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)最早源于“工業(yè)企業(yè)電氣化”專業(yè)。上個(gè)世紀(jì)50年代，新中國(guó)剛剛成立，百?gòu)U待興，學(xué)習(xí)蘇聯(lián)組建高等教育體制，細(xì)分專業(yè)。分別對(duì)應(yīng)著國(guó)家工業(yè)建設(shè)中的自動(dòng)化與國(guó)防、軍事建設(shè)中的自動(dòng)控制，先后建立了“工業(yè)企業(yè)電氣化”專業(yè)與“自動(dòng)控制”專業(yè)（當(dāng)時(shí)在不少學(xué)校，“自動(dòng)控制”專業(yè)是保密專業(yè)）。前者經(jīng)過多次專業(yè)名稱的演變（詳見下文），逐步發(fā)展成為“偏重應(yīng)用、偏重強(qiáng)電”的自動(dòng)化專業(yè)；而后者保持專業(yè)名稱“自動(dòng)控制”基本不變（在早期也有稱為“自動(dòng)學(xué)與遠(yuǎn)動(dòng)學(xué)”、“自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)”專業(yè)的），逐步發(fā)展成為“偏重理論、偏重弱電”的自動(dòng)化專業(yè)，并于1995年走到一起，合二為一，成為統(tǒng)一的“自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)。1998年，按照國(guó)家教育部公布的最新高等學(xué)校本科專業(yè)目錄，經(jīng)調(diào)整、合并而成的新的“自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)不僅包括了原來的“自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)（含“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)與“自動(dòng)控制”專業(yè)），還增加了“液壓傳動(dòng)與控制”專業(yè)（部分）、“電氣技術(shù)”專業(yè)（部分）與“飛行器制導(dǎo)與控制”專業(yè)（部分）。由此可見，一部我國(guó)自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的發(fā)展史，實(shí)際上是新中國(guó)高等教育事業(yè)發(fā)展史的一個(gè)縮影，同時(shí)也是新中國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展史的一個(gè)縮影。下面以“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)這條發(fā)展主線為例，詳細(xì)回顧在其發(fā)展過程中的多次專業(yè)名稱的改變（實(shí)質(zhì)是專業(yè)內(nèi)容的變化）及其與當(dāng)時(shí)我國(guó)工業(yè)建設(shè)的密切關(guān)系。首先簡(jiǎn)要回顧一下世界與中國(guó)的專業(yè)劃分歷史。我們知道，現(xiàn)在通行的專業(yè)劃分大體上是從19世紀(jì)下半葉開始到20世紀(jì)上半葉定型的，就工科來說，基本上是以行業(yè)（產(chǎn)品）為對(duì)象來劃分的，因而被人們形象地稱為“行業(yè)性的專業(yè)”或“行業(yè)公會(huì)”。目前國(guó)際上兩大類教育體制中，以英美為代表的教育體制雖未擺脫“行業(yè)性的專業(yè)”體系，但一直走的是“通才”教育之路；而以前蘇聯(lián)（歐洲接近蘇聯(lián)）為代表的教育體制，一開始實(shí)行的就是“專才”教育，專業(yè)分得很細(xì)，雖然屢經(jīng)改革，但到目前“行業(yè)性的專業(yè)”特征仍極為明顯。50年代，新中國(guó)剛成立后，全面學(xué)習(xí)蘇聯(lián)，專業(yè)分得很細(xì)；改革開放以來，才逐步向以英美為代表的教育體制靠攏，逐漸淡化專業(yè)，推行“通才”教育，通過多次的專業(yè)調(diào)整與合并（專業(yè)總數(shù)從最多時(shí)的1343種逐步減少到目前的249種），雖未擺脫“行業(yè)性的專業(yè)”的“美名”，但高校的許多系中，大多是一個(gè)系只有1個(gè)專業(yè)，而不是過去的多個(gè)專業(yè)了。前已提到，我國(guó)的自動(dòng)化專業(yè)最早源于1952年全國(guó)高校大調(diào)整時(shí)第一批設(shè)立的專業(yè)——工業(yè)企業(yè)電氣化專業(yè)。當(dāng)時(shí)，蘇聯(lián)援助我國(guó)興建156個(gè)大型工業(yè)企業(yè)，急需電氣自動(dòng)化方面的工程技術(shù)人才，而培養(yǎng)這類專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，很符合當(dāng)時(shí)以及隨后我國(guó)工業(yè)建設(shè)的需要。到了60年代，專業(yè)名稱改為“工業(yè)電氣化及自動(dòng)化”，70年代末恢復(fù)招生時(shí)又改為“工業(yè)電氣自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)。這不只是專業(yè)名稱上的變化，而是有其深刻內(nèi)涵的，它反映了我國(guó)工業(yè)從“電氣化”一步一步向“自動(dòng)化”邁進(jìn)的那段真實(shí)歷史與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，反映了我國(guó)自動(dòng)化專業(yè)如何急國(guó)家所急、為國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)服務(wù)的那段真實(shí)歷史與發(fā)展總方向。1993年，在歷經(jīng)4年之久的全國(guó)第三次本科專業(yè)目錄修訂工作后，國(guó)家教委頒布了稱之為“體系完整、比較科學(xué)合理、統(tǒng)一規(guī)范”的“普通高等學(xué)校本科專業(yè)目錄”。將“工業(yè)電氣自動(dòng)化”和“生產(chǎn)過程自動(dòng)化”兩個(gè)專業(yè)合并成立屬于電工類的“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)，并由當(dāng)時(shí)的機(jī)械工業(yè)部歸口管理成立高等學(xué)校工業(yè)自動(dòng)化教學(xué)指導(dǎo)分委員會(huì)，負(fù)責(zé)全國(guó)“工業(yè)自動(dòng)化”專業(yè)的教學(xué)