The

shaded

areas

of

the

map

indicate

ESCAP

members

and

associate

members.The

Economic

and

Social

Commission

for

Asia

and

the

Pacific

(ESCAP)

is

the

most

inclusiveintergovernmental

platform

in

the

Asia-Pacific

region.

The

Commission

promotes

cooperation

amongits

53

Member

States

and

nine

associate

members

in

pursuit

of

solutions

to

sustainable

developmentchallenges.ESCAPisoneofthefiveregionalcommissionsoftheUnitedNations.The

ESCAP

Secretariat

supports

inclusive,

resilient

and

sustainable

development

in

the

region

bygenerating

action-oriented

knowledge,

and

by

providing

technical

assistance

and

capacity-buildingservices

in

support

of

national

development

objectives,

regional

agreements

and

the

implementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.The

Association

of

Southeast

Asian

Nations

(ASEAN)

was

established

on

8

August

1967.

The

MemberStatesare

BruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,theLaoPeoples’DemocraticRepublic,Malaysia,Myanmar,

thePhilippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.OneVision,OneIdentity,

OneCommunity.ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAll.GeneralinformationonASEANappearsonlineattheASEANwebsite:Copyright?UnitedNations2023AllrightsreservedThe

designations

employed

and

the

presentation

of

the

material

in

the

report

do

not

imply

theexpression

of

any

opinion

whatsoever

on

the

part

of

the

Secretariat

of

the

United

Nations

concerningthe

legal

status

of

any

country,

territory,

city

or

area

or

of

its

authorities,

or

concerning

the

delimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.TheUnitedNationsbearsnoresponsibilityfortheavailabilityorfunctionalityofURLs.Opinions,

figures

and

estimates

set

forth

in

this

publication

are

the

responsibility

of

the

authors

andshouldnotnecessarilybeconsideredasreflectingtheviewsorcarryingtheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.

Any

errors

are

the

responsibility

of

the

authors.

Mention

of

firm

names

and

commercialproductsdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.Thisreporthasbeenissuedwithoutformalediting.Chapter

1

L

IntroductionDigital

and

Sustainable

Trade

FacilitationintheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2023Based

on

the

United

Nations

Global

Survey

on

Digital

andSustainable

Trade

FacilitationDigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023iChapter

1

L

IntroductionFOREWORDThe

lingering

aftermath

of

the

COVID-19

crisis

continues

to

impede

global

trade;

this

challenge

isexacerbated

by

geopolitical

conflicts

that

cause

supply

chain

disruptions

and

heightened

inflation,increasing

trade

costs

and

uncertainties.

The

findings

of

this

report

highlight

the

efforts

made

by

theASEAN

Member

States

(AMS)

in

simplifying

and

digitalizing

trade

procedures,

acknowledging

the

crucialrole

played

by

trade

facilitation

in

reducing

vulnerabilities

in

global

supply

chains

and

mitigating

overalltradecosts.The

outcomes

of

the

latest

United

Nations

Global

Survey

on

Digital

and

Sustainable

Trade

Facilitation

ofthe

Association

of

Southeast

Asian

Nations

(ASEAN)

Member

States

reveal

substantial

and

ongoingadvancements

in

the

adoption

of

an

extensive

array

of

trade

facilitation

measures

that

surpass

therequirements

set

by

the

World

Trade

Organization

Trade

Facilitation

Agreement.

Notably,

the

surveyencompasses

numerous

advanced

measures

pioneered

by

ASEAN

as

part

of

its

commitment

toimplementtheASEANSingleWindowAgreement(ASW).As

the

ASEAN

digital

transformation

agenda

progresses

into

its

next

phase,

expediting

the

digitalizationoftradeprocesses

remains

anutmostpriority.

Thisreport

underscoresthefactthattheimplementationofdigital

trade

facilitation

measures

by

the

AMS

has

enabled

them

to

surpass

regional

averages

in

Asia

andthe

Pacific.

This

success

can

be

attributed

to

collective

efforts

through

initiatives

like

the

ASW,

whichreflect

continuous

advancements.

With

such

progress,

the

AMS

that

have

not

joined

the

FrameworkAgreement

on

Facilitation

of

Cross-border

Paperless

Trade

in

Asia

and

the

Pacific

may

explore

thepossibility

of

accession

and

subsequently

leverage

the

UN

treaty

to

promote

its

digital

solutions

to

otherAsianandPacificcountriesandaddresscapacitygapswithinthebloc.In

the

pursuit

of

strengthening

competitiveness

in

global

trade,

the

AMS

should

prioritize

theenhancement

of

sustainable

practices

for

small

and

medium-sized

enterprises

and

other

vulnerablegroups

and

sectors.

Furthermore,

the

acknowledgment

by

the

AMS

of

the

need

to

become

a

leadingdigital

community

underscores

the

importance

of

fostering

the

adoption

of

emerging

technologies

andinnovationininternationaltradeproceduresthroughenhancedregionalcooperation.We

hope

the

insights

provided

in

this

report

and

the

interactive

database

available

at

willprove

useful

in

this

regard,

paving

the

way

for

further

simplified,

cost-effective,

resilient,

and

sustainabletradepractices.Armida

Salsiah

AlisjahbanaDr.

Kao

Kim

HournExecutiveSecretaryofESCAPSecretary-GeneralofASEANii

DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023Chapter

1

L

IntroductionACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe

ASEAN

report

is

part

of

a

global

survey

effort

on

the

implementation

of

trade

facilitation

andpaperless

trade

measures,

undertaken

jointly

by

the

five

United

Nations

Regional

Commissions

for

Africa(ECA),

Europe

(ECE),

Asia

and

the

Pacific

(ESCAP),

Latin

America

and

the

Caribbean

(ECLAC)

and

WestAsia(ESCWA)aswellastheUnitedNationsConferenceonTrade

andDevelopment(UNCTAD).The

report

was

jointly

prepared

by

ESCAP

and

the

ASEAN

Secretariat.

Silvère

Dernouh,

MatthieuLevasseur

and

Chorthip

Utoktham,

under

the

guidance

of

Soo

Hyun

Kim

and

the

overall

supervision

ofYann

Duval,

all

from

the

Trade,

Investment

and

Innovation

Division

(TIID)

of

ESCAP,

provided

the

dataanalysis

for

ASEAN

Member

States,

collected

as

part

of

the

United

Nations

Global

Survey

on

Digital

andSustainable

Trade

Facilitation

2023.

Cuong

Ba

Tran

of

the

Trade

Facilitation

Division

of

the

ASEANSecretariat

provided

an

analysis

of

recent

ASEAN

Customs

Integration,

ASEAN

Customs

Transit

System(ACTS),

ASEAN

Single

Window

(ASW),

and

Trade

Facilitation

initiatives,

which

have

been

initiated

andimplemented

during

the

time

of

conducting

the

survey,

to

further

enrich

and

strengthen

the

report.

Healso

contributed

to,

and

reviewed

the

report.

Garlan

Ayoga

Irawan

from

the

ASEAN

Secretariat

providedfactual

validation

for

ASEAN

countries.

Assistance

provided

by

Lauren

Shykora

in

finalizing

the

report

isappreciated.Tony

Oliverinformallyeditedthefinaldraftofthereport.The

United

Nations

Network

of

Experts

for

Paperless

Trade

and

Transport

in

Asia

and

the

Pacific(UNNExT),

a

knowledge

community

supported

by

ESCAP

and

ECE,

greatly

facilitated

data

collection.Commentsandsuggestionsreceived

from

participantsoftheASEANTrade

FacilitationJointConsultativeCommittee(ATF-JCC)

aregratefullyacknowledged.The

financial

support

from

the

Republic

of

Korea

under

the

project

“Capacity

Building

on

TradeFacilitation

and

the

Asia-Pacific

Trade

Agreement

(APTA)

Promotion

to

Strengthen

Intra-regionalCooperation(PhaseIV)”isgratefullyacknowledged.DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023

iiiChapter

1

L

IntroductionEXECUTIVESUMMARYThe

reduction

of

trade

costs

is

crucial

for

enabling

economies

to

effectively

participate

in

regional

andglobal

value

chains,

and

promote

growth

and

sustainable

development.

However,

the

aftermath

of

theCOVID-19

crisis

continues

to

impede

international

trade,

with

geopolitical

conflicts

creating

new

supplychain

disruptions

and

high

inflation,

increasing

trade

costs

and

uncertainties.

This

has

added

furtherpressure

to

already

high

trade

costs

in

Asia

and

the

Pacific.

Given

this

situation,

trade

facilitationassumes

a

pivotal

role,

facilitating

more

efficient

and

transparent

trade

procedures,

thus

reducingthe

vulnerability

of

global

supply

chains

and

overall

trade

costs.

Consequently,

the

World

TradeOrganization’s

(WTO)

Trade

Facilitation

Agreement

(TFA)

and

regional

initiatives

have

focused

on

tradedigitalization,

such

as

the

Framework

Agreement

on

Facilitation

of

Cross-border

Paperless

Trade

in

AsiaandthePacific,offeringguidanceonmeasuresthatshouldbeconsideredforimplementation.The

present

report

unveils

the

findings

of

the

2023

United

Nations

Global

Survey

on

Digital

andSustainable

Trade

Facilitation,

focusing

on

the

progress

made

in

trade

facilitation

across

the

10

ASEANcountries.

The

report

offers

a

comprehensive

analysis

of

60

trade

facilitation

measures,

categorized

intofour

groups

–

“General

Trade

Facilitation”,

“Digital

Trade

Facilitation”,

“Sustainable

Trade

Facilitation”

and“Other

Trade

Facilitation.”

Furthermore,

these

groups

of

measures

encompass

11

subgroups,

includingboth

binding

and

non-binding

measures

of

the

WTO

TFA.

They

also

include

measures

related

to

digitalandsustainabletrade.Thereportbringstolightthefollowingkeyfindings:GBased

on

an

initial

set

of

31

general

trade

facilitation

measures,

the

survey

uncovers

that

ASEANachieved

an

impressive

subregional

implementation

rate

of

81%

(compared

with

79%

in

2021),whichsignificantlysurpassedtheAsia-Pacificregion’s

averageimplementationrateof67%;When

expanding

the

scope

to

include

a

broader

range

of

40

trade

facilitation

measures,

whichencompasses

the

group

“Sustainable

Trade

Facilitation”,

the

survey

shows

a

lower

level

ofimplementation

rates.

The

Asia-Pacific

region

does

not

score

as

high,

recording

a

63%implementation

rate

(-4

percentage

points),

while

ASEAN

Member

States’

implementation

rate

is75%

(-6

percentage

points).

This

emphasizes

the

need

for

substantial

progress

in

implementingtrade

facilitation

measures

related

to

‘Trade

facilitation

for

SMEs’

and

‘Agricultural

tradefacilitation’;GGGTheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresvariesconsiderablyfromoneASEANcountrytoanother.

Looking

at

the

set

of

40

general

digital

and

sustainable

trade

facilitation

measures,Singapore

has

achieved

a

world-leading

level

of

implementation,

standing

at

96%.

Indonesia

andMalaysiahavealsoachievedcommendableimplementationratesofmorethan80%;The

average

implementation

rate

has

witnessed

a

rise,

climbing

from

79%

in

2021

to

81%

in2023.

Viet

Nam

is

the

country

with

the

highest

increase,

with

an

implementation

rate

going

from63%

to

70%

in

2023

(7

percentage

points

increase).

The

Lao

People’s

Democratic

Republic(Lao

PDR)

has

also

made

significant

progress,

reaching

over

56%,

which

represents

an

increaseof4percentagepoints;GIn

the

Asia-Pacific

region,

ASEAN

countries

made

the

most

significant

progress

in

implementingmeasures

related

to

‘Paperless

trade’

and

‘Cross-border

paperless

trade’

between

2021and

2023,

with

implementation

rates

of

81%

and

60%,

respectively.

This

improvement

incross-border

paperless

trade

has

been

made

thanks

to

the

continued

expansion

andimprovement

of

the

ASEAN

Single

Window

(ASW)

during

the

past

two

years.

In

addition,

ASEANMember

States

have

also

been

deepening

discussions

with

ASEAN

Dialogue

Partners

on

theexchangeoftrade-relateddocuments;GMeasures

under

the

“Sustainable

Trade

Facilitation”

group

are

among

the

least

implemented,particularly

those

targeting

women.

Specifically,

the

implementation

rate

for

the

subgroupfocusingon‘Women

intradefacilitation’standsat33%.Thishighlightstheneedforimprovementiv

DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023Chapter

1

L

Introductionin

implementing

trade

facilitation

policies

that

promote

participation

of

women

in

trade,

providebenefits

to

women

engaged

in

trade

activities,

and

enhance

their

representation

within

NationalTrade

FacilitationCommitteesorsimilarentities;GThe

implementation

of

measures

related

to

‘Trade

facilitation

in

times

of

crisis’

is

relatively

high,with

an

implementation

rate

of

75%,

surpassing

the

average

in

Asia-Pacific

standingat

60%.

The

ASEAN

Member

States

have

notably

achieved

a

high

implementation

rate

forlong-termmeasures,thankstotheirenhancedcooperationduringtheCovid-19crisis.The

report

highlights

that

significant

trade

cost

reductions

could

be

achieved

through

the

implementationof

paperless

and

cross-border

paperless

trade

measures,

surpassing

the

impact

of

conventional

tradefacilitation

measures.

Full

implementation

of

binding

and

non-binding

measures

outlined

in

the

WTO

TFAcould

lead

to

a

reduction

in

trade

costs

to

just

over

3%.

On

the

other

hand,

the

adoption

of

digital

tradefacilitation

measures,

facilitating

seamless

electronic

exchange

of

trade

data

and

documents

acrossborders,

has

the

potential

to

significantly

reduce

trade

costs

by

more

than

9%

for

ASEAN

in

a

fullimplementation

scenario.

Building

upon

existing

initiatives

and

fostering

collaboration

among

ASEANMember

States,

the

Framework

Agreement

on

Facilitation

of

Cross-Border

Paperless

Trade

in

Asia

andthe

Pacific

offers

further

opportunities

for

ASEAN

countries

to

promote

their

own

initiatives

and

solutionsas

well

as

support

the

further

advancement

of

the

ASEAN

Single

Window

and

ensuring

interoperabilitywithotherpaperlesstradesystems.Moving

up

the

trade

facilitation

ladder

towards

seamless

international

supply

chains100Cross-borderpaperless

tradePaperless

trade806040200FormalitiesTransparencyInstitutionalarrangement

andcooperationPerformanceAreaBruneiDarussalamMyanmarFrontier

(fullimplementation)CambodiaPhilippinesAsia-PacificIndonesiaSingaporeEastandNorth-EastAsiaLaoPDRThailandASEANMalaysiaVietNamThis

report

should

be

read

in

conjunction

with

the

upcoming

Global

and

the

Asia-Pacific

regional

reporton

the

results

of

the

UN

Global

Survey

on

Digital

and

Sustainable

Trade

Facilitation

2023,

which

willbecomeavailableat/.DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023vChapter

1

L

IntroductionCONTENTSForeword

Acknowledgements

ExecutivesummaryAbbreviationsiiiiiivixChapter1.

Introduction11.1.

Backgroundandobjective

1.2.

Surveyinstrumentandmethodology12Chapter2.

Trade

facilitationimplementation:Overview

52.1.

Mostandleastimplementedtradefacilitationmeasures

2.2.

Progressinimplementationbetween2021-2023

912Chapter3.

Implementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:Acloserlook153.1.

Transparency3.2.

Formalities

3.3.

Institutionalarrangementandcooperation

3.4.

Transit

facilitation

3.5.

Paperlesstrade

3.6.

Cross-borderpaperlesstrade3.7.

Trade

facilitationforSMEs

3.8.

Agriculturaltradefacilitation3.9.

Women

intradefacilitation

3.10.

Trade

financefacilitation

3.11.

Trade

facilitationintimesofcrisis1517181921222628303132Chapter4.

AssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEAN

Chapter5.

Conclusionandthewayforward

Annexes3539Annex1.Annex2.Annex3.Annex4.Listofparticipatingcountries

GroupingoftradefacilitationmeasuresandcorrespondencewithTFA

articlesAthree-stepapproachfordatacollectionandvalidationDefinitionofeachstageofimplementation

43454748vi

DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023Chapter

1

L

IntroductionListofBoxes,FiguresandTablesBoxesBox1.Box2.Box3.Box4.Emergingtechnologiesfortradefacilitation

242527Climate-smarttradefacilitation

Trade

facilitationfore-commerceandSMEsAregionalUnitedNationstreaty,

“l(fā)eavingno-onebehind”toacceleratetradedigitalization37FiguresFigure1.Figure2.Trade

facilitationimplementationinAsia-PacificsubregionsincludingASEANTrade

facilitationimplementationinAsia-Pacificsubregions,includingadditionalsustainablemeasures

OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountries

OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountriesincludingadditionalsustainablemeasuresImplementationofdifferentgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates

LevelofimplementationofWTOTFA-relatedmeasures(excludingtransit)byASEANmembers

Trade

facilitationimplementationbyASEANMemberStatesbetween2021and2023AverageimplementationofdifferentsubgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates

Stateofimplementationof‘Transparency’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific

677Figure3.Figure4.88Figure5.Figure6.Figure7.Figure8.Figure9.11121316161718Figure10.

Stateofimplementationof‘Transparency’inASEAN

Figure11.

Stateofimplementationof‘Formalities’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific

Figure12.

Stateofimplementationoftrade‘Formalities’inASEANFigure13.

Stateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific

Figure14.

Stateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’measuresfortradefacilitationinASEAN

Figure15.

Stateofimplementationof‘Transit

facilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure16.

Stateofimplementationof‘Transit

facilitation’inASEANFiugre17.

Stateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific

...Figure18.

Stateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’inASEAN

Figure19.

Stateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure20.

Stateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’inASEAN

Figure21.

Stateofimplementationof“Wildlifetradefacilitation”inASEANFigure22.

Stateofimplementationof‘Trade

facilitationforSMEs’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure23.

Stateofimplementationof‘Trade

facilitationforSMEs’inASEAN

Figure24.

Stateofimplementationof“Trade

facilitationfore-commerce”inASEAN

Figure25.

Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure26.

Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’inASEAN1919202021222323252627282929DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023

viiChapter

1

L

IntroductionFigure27.

Stateofimplementationof“Women

intradefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure28.

Stateofimplementationof“Women

intradefacilitation”inASEAN

Figure29.

Stateofimplementationof“Trade

financefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure30.

Stateofimplementationof“Trade

financefacilitation”inASEANFigure31.

Stateofimplementationof“Trade

facilitationintimesofcrisis”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure32.

Stateofimplementationof“Trade

facilitationintimesofcrisis”inASEAN

Figure33.

ImpactoftradefacilitationimplementationontradecostsofASEANeconomies

Figure34.

Trade

facilitationimplementationandtradecostsofAsia-PacificeconomiesFigure35.

Movingupthetradefacilitationladdertowardsseamlessinternational3031323233333640supplychains41TablesTable

1.Table

2.Intra-andextra-regionalcomprehensivetradecostsintheAsia-Pacificregion

Most-andleast-implementedmeasuresineachgroupoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates

ChangesintradecostsinASEANresultingfromimplementationoftradefacilitationandpaperlesstrade29Table

3.36viii

DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023Chapter

1

L

IntroductionABBREVIATIONSADBAsianDevelopmentBankAEOAuthorizedEconomicOperatorASEANASWAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsASEANSingleWindowECAECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfricaUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeECLACENEAESCAPESCWAICTUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEastandNorth-EastAsiaUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsiaInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyInternationalTrade

CentreITCLDCLeastDevelopedCountryLLDCNCALandlockedDevelopingCountryNorthandCentralAsiaNTFCOCONationalTrade

FacilitationCommitteeOceaniaCustomsOrganizationOECDPIDEOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPacificIslandDevelopingEconomiesSAARCSEASouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperationSouth-EastAsiaSIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStatesSSWATFASouthandSouth-WestAsiaTrade

FacilitationAgreementUN/CEFACTUNCTADUNNExTUnitedNationsCentreforTrade

FacilitationandElectronicBusinessUnitedNationsConferenceonTrade

andDevelopmentUnitedNationsNetworkofExpertsforPaperlessTrade

andTransport

forAsiaandthePacificUNRCWTOUnitedNationsRegionalCommissionWorld

Trade

OrganizationDigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023

ixChapter

1

L

IntroductionxDigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationinASEAN2023Chapter

1

L

IntroductionCHAPTER1Introduction1.1.

Background

and

objectiveIt

is

widely

recognized

that

reducing

trade

costs

plays

a

crucial

role

infacilitating

the

active

engagement

of

economies

in

regional

and

globalvalue

chains,

thereby

ensuring

that

trade

remains

as

a

main

engine

ofgrowth

and

sustainable

development.

As

shown

in

table

1,

based

on

thelatest

data

from

the

ESCAP-World

Bank

Trade

Cost

Database,comprehensive

non-tariff

trade

costs

between

the

middle-income

ASEANeconomies

(75%

tariff-equivalent)

are

still

significantly

higher

than

thecosts

of

trading

goods

among

the

three

largest

economies

in

EuropeanUnion

(42%

tariff-equivalent)

or

those

between

China,

the

Republic

ofKoreaandJapan(58%tariffequivalent).The

aftermath

of

the

COVID-19

crisis

continues

to

impede

internationaltrade,

with

geopolitical

conflicts

creating

new

supply

chain

disruptions,and

inflation

increasing

trade

costs

and

uncertainties.

Although

globalmerchandise

trade

volumes

exhibited

a

resilient

rebound

following

thepandemic,

trade

growth

faltered

in

2022,

with

slow

growth

expected

topersist

throughout

2023.

However,

trade

facilitation

measures

playa

crucial

role

in

mitigating

these

challenges

by

enhancing

efficiencythrough

streamlined

and

digitalized

processes.

By

implementing

effectivetrade

facilitation

strategies,

unnecessary

costs

can

be

reduced,

helping

tocounterthetrendofincreasingtradecosts.1DigitalandSustainableTrade

FacilitationintASEAN20231Chapter

1

L

IntroductionTable1Intra-

and

extra-regional

comprehensive

trade

costs

in

the

Asia-Pacific

regionNorthandCentralAsia-4PacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesEastAsia-3RegionASEAN-4SAARC-3AUS-NZLEurope-3ASEAN-474.9%(-0.6%)78.6%(3.2%)305.9%(-5.1%)298.8%(8.0%)129.6%(2.9%)104.0%(4.7%)105.3%(-0.2%)East

Asia-378.6%(3.2%)58.0%(10.0%)167.1%(-0.2%)201.2%(-21.5%)129.3%(5.4%)89.6%(4.4%)85.6%(1.0%)North

andCentral

Asia-4305.9%(-5.1%)167.1%(-0.2%)108.8%(-6.2%)427.5%(29.1%)265.7%(3.8%)310.0%(-13.3%)146.2%(-2.8%)Pacific

IslandsDeveloping

Economies298.8%(8.0%)201.2%(-21.5%)427.5%(29.1%)89.6%(-19.9%)361.4%(6.8%)102.3%(7.1%)312.1%(0.2%)SAARC-3AUS-NZLEurope-3USA129.6%(2.9%)129.3%(5.4%)265.7%(3.8%)361.4%(6.8%)160.7%(37.6%)139.2%(2.3%)117.4%(3.6%)104.0%(4.7%)89.6%(4.4%)310.0%(-13.3%)102.3%(7.1%)139.2%(2.3%)52.8%(0.8%)103.0%(-3.5%)105.3%(-0.2%)8