ChemistryEnglishStateKeyLaboratoryforPhysicalChemistryofSolidSurfaces廈門大學(xué)固體表面物理化學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Lecture12科技英語(yǔ)論文寫作Plagiarism(剽竊)Toplagiarizeistogivetheimpressionthatsomethingyouhavewrittenisyourownwhenitwasinfacttakenfromsomeoneelse’swork.Plagiarismmaytaketheformof:repeatinganother’ssentencesasyourownadoptingaparticularlygoodphraseasyourownparaphrasingsomeoneelse’sargument.Presentingsomeoneelse’sformoforganizationasyourown.IntheWest,plagiarismisconsideredaseriousacademiccrimeandmayleadtoexpulsionfromtheuniversity!HowtoavoidPlagiarism?Followtheseguidelinesandyou’llneverbeaccusedofplagiarism.Useyourownwordsandsentencestructures.Whenputtingsomeoneelse’sideainyourownwordsavoidusinganywordsfromtheoriginal.Ifyouuseanyoriginalwords,useaquotation.Acknowledgeallideastakenfromotherwriters,exceptcommonlyheldknowledgeinthefield.Itisplagiarismtousesomeoriginalwordsorphrasesfromasentencewhilechangingothers.Itisalsoplagiarismtokeepthesentencestructureandchangeallthewordstosynonyms.ReferenceBooks《英語(yǔ)寫作指導(dǎo)》，喬治?波特溫著,上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社《科技英語(yǔ)寫作教程》，秦荻輝編著，西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社《實(shí)用英語(yǔ)寫作新捷徑》，葉云屏等編著，國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社20.1Introduction英語(yǔ)寫作大致涉及兩方面:第一為語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ),即詞法句法的正確使用,要寫出語(yǔ)法上正確的句子(CorrectSentences),以保證讀者能看明白,避免ChineseEnglish(Chinglish);第二要努力寫出地道的句子(standardsentences),即合理地使用專業(yè)中的詞匯及固定的或特定的用法.Chapter20科技英語(yǔ)論文寫作20.2學(xué)術(shù)論文語(yǔ)言基本特征準(zhǔn)確:指詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)等語(yǔ)言要素的正確運(yùn)用。確切：在語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容上都必須準(zhǔn)確切實(shí),恰如其分地反映客觀事物的真實(shí)面目。簡(jiǎn)潔：語(yǔ)言干凈利落、凝練精悍，避免拗口的長(zhǎng)句和冗長(zhǎng)繁雜的修飾語(yǔ)。完整：內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上要求完整、全面而具體，正確處理完整和簡(jiǎn)潔的關(guān)系。清楚：文章要力求清楚易懂，針對(duì)不同的讀者群來(lái)決定文章中專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的使用比重?？陀^性：科學(xué)論文的語(yǔ)句中，應(yīng)盡可能以研究客體作為主語(yǔ)，以求體現(xiàn)客觀性。因此，在描述研究過(guò)程時(shí)，當(dāng)動(dòng)作主體為研究者本人時(shí)，仍常常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。20.3paragraph(段落)

ConstructionofaparagraphUsuallyaparagraphincludesatopicsentence(主題句),oneorseveralsupportingsentences(論證句)and,sometimes,aconcludingsentence(結(jié)論句).ThreeQualitiesofaParagraph：Unity(一致性):AnParagraphfollowsastraightlineofdevelopment;itstatesasinglethought.Allmaterialnotdirectlyrelatedtotherestoftheparagraphshouldbeleftout.Continuity(連貫性):Allsentenceswithinaparagraphshouldbearrangedlogicallyandsmoothly.Anoutline(提綱)willhelpyouorganizeyourideassothatallimportantideasareincludedandinlogicalorder,andhelpyouwritemorequickly.TransitionSignals(轉(zhuǎn)折詞)arewordstoguidethereaderandmakeiteasytofollowtheideas.Theyalsohelptheparagraphflowmoresmoothly.ClassesofTransitionSignalsExample(舉例):forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,toillustrate,namely,thatis,foronething.Addition(增補(bǔ)):inaddition,furthermore,moreover,and,also,or,too,besides,again,what’smore,likewise.Emphasis(強(qiáng)調(diào)):infact,asamatteroffact,inotherwords,ofcourse,certainly,aboveall,indeed,clearly,surely,inparticular,obviously,naturally,anyway,inthiscase.ClassesofTransitionSignalsContrast(對(duì)照):while,whereas,incontrast,ontheotherhand,instead,onthecontrary,inspiteof,despite,but,however,although,still,yet,nevertheless,conversely,otherwise.Comparison(比較):similarly,inthesameway,eventhough,atthesametime,notonly…butalso,likewise,meanwhile.Concession(讓步):although,afterall,itistrue(that).Conclusion(結(jié)論):inconclusion,toconclude,tosumup,tosummarize,insummary,inall,inshort,inbrief,inaword.ClassesofTransitionSignalsCause(原因):forthisreason,becauseofthis,because,since,as,for,dueto,owingto,thanksto.Consequence(結(jié)果):thus,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,so,inthisway,asaresult.Order(次序):first,second,firstofall,tobeginwith,atfirst,finally,eventually,intheend,immediately,soon,infrontof,nextto,oppositeto,inthemiddleof,afterward,then.20.4StructureofResearchPapersGenerallythepartsofaresearchpaperareasfollows:

Introduction(引言)Body(正文)Conclusion/ConcludingRemarks(結(jié)束語(yǔ))Ifneeded,illustrations(圖示),tables(表格),appendix(附錄),listofreferences(參考文獻(xiàn))andacknowledgment(致謝)mayappearinaresearchpaper.TheIntroductionAnintroductionservesfourpurposes:togiveageneralbackgroundofthetopictoarousethereader’sinteresttofocusonthetopicorproblemoftheessaytoindicatetheoverallplanoftheessayThisisaccomplishedbyanintroductorystatementandathesisstatement.Theintroductionmaybeasshortasoneparagraphoraslongasachapter.TheIntroductoryStatementItgenerallybeginswithaverygeneralcommentofthesubjectandgraduallybecomesmorespecific,thusleadingtothethesisstatement.Statistics,quotations,examplesandquestionsareoftenusedinthissectiontogivebackgroundinformationandattractthereader’sattention.TheThesisStatementThethesisstatementisacompletesentenceusedtoidentifythetopicand/ortoexpressanopinionoranidea.Thelastsentenceinthefollowingexampleisthethesisstatement.TheBodyofthePaperGeneralThebodyofaresearchpaperwillbethelongestpart.Itwillconsistofmanyparagraphsthatdevelopandsupportthethesisstatement.Thetextisnotalwayswrittenintheorderitwillappear.Forexample,manywritersprefertowritetheintroductionlastsoastobefreetomakechangesinthebody.Becausemanystudentsfinditmostdifficulttobeginwritingthepaper,itmaybebesttostartwithasectionthatiseasilywritten.TransitionWhentheseparatesectionsofapaperhavebeenwritten,transitionswillbenecessarytomakethetextflowsmoothly.Betweenparagraphs,transitionalsentenceswillbeplacedeitherattheendofthefirstoratthebeginningofthenextparagraph.Betweensentences,transitionwords,repeatedkeywordsandotherreferencewordswillbeusedtocreatecohesion.Quotations(引語(yǔ))Providingreferencecitationsandabibliographyallowsthereaderto:findthedocumentsyouhaveused,knowthattheseideasarenotyourown.Generallyacceptedfactsneednoreference.Forexample,youca