備考前沿高考必會的“快”“準(zhǔn)”讀文3策略策略一策略二目錄索引0102策略三03策略一讀文技巧靈活用,快速閱讀不再難技法1

逐詞閱讀要摒棄,成組視讀劃意群意群就是指句子中按意思和結(jié)構(gòu)劃分出的各個成分,每一個成分即稱為一個意群。同一意群中的詞與詞關(guān)系緊密,不能隨意拆分,否則就會引起誤解。閱讀時要分清意群,以意群為單位,成組視讀,這樣讀者接收到的是成組的信息,而不是一個個獨立的單詞。按意群閱讀可避免考生逐詞閱讀,并能讓考生更好、更快地理解文章主要內(nèi)容,大大提高考生的閱讀效率。[典例](2022全國乙卷,C)Can/asmallgroupofdrones(無人機)/guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailways/and,atthesametime,/helprailwayoperators/savebillionsofeuros/eachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsure/thatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwide/aresafe/fortrains/ona24/7basis.點撥

劃分意群時,可以根據(jù)意思和句子成分劃分,如主語、動賓結(jié)構(gòu)、固定搭配等。口訣

主謂賓狀分清楚,固定搭配劃一起。不同成分分開來,主從連詞要斷開。譯文

一小群無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時,幫助鐵路公司每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元嗎?應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”技術(shù)確保全球數(shù)百萬千米的鐵路軌道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對火車來說全天候安全,那么未來很可能是這樣的。技法2語篇行文要理清,“選擇”閱讀省時力高考試卷中的語篇文體多樣,行文結(jié)構(gòu)不同?？忌莆樟瞬煌捏w的行文特點,針對高考對不同文體的考查情況,就可以“選擇”高效的閱讀策略,大大提高閱讀速度和理解準(zhǔn)確度。那么,如何通過把握文體來提升讀文速度呢?具體方法將在后面“專題一NO.2文體深探究·明晰文體讀文快”中詳細(xì)闡述。策略二遇到詞匯“攔路虎”,巧用2法來掃除技法1人名地名某某名,判定類別速略過在閱讀過程中,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)很多以大寫字母開頭的生詞或者一連串的斜體單詞,我們可以快速略過,只需判定生詞是哪類事物即可,比如人名、地名、作品名(常用斜體)、報刊名(常用斜體)、物種名、機構(gòu)組織名等,無需弄明白其具體所指。這些單詞一般不會影響我們對文章大意的理解。[典例](2022全國乙卷,B)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—Dorothy

WoodruffandRosamond

Underwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRocky

Mountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmith

College.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothing

Daunted:The

Unexpected

Education

of

Two

Society

Girls

in

the

WestbyDorothy

Wickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothy

Woodruff’sgranddaughter.點撥

根據(jù)上下文直接將句中首字母大寫的生詞或一連串的斜體單詞轉(zhuǎn)換為“某人”“某地”“某個組織”“某部作品”等,提取關(guān)鍵信息,加快閱讀速度。譯文

1916年,來自某地(Auburn,N.Y.)的兩個互為最佳好友的富家女孩——某人(Dorothy

Woodruff)和某人(Rosamond

Underwood)——來到某地(Rocky

Mountains)的一個村落,在一個只有一間教室的校舍里教書。女孩兒們上的是某個學(xué)校(Smith

College)。她們穿著昂貴的衣服。因此,對她們來說,搬到某地(Elkhead,Colo.)教那些用繩子把鞋子系在一起的孩子們是出乎意料的。她們在某地(Elkhead)的停留是某書(Nothing

Daunted:The

Unexpected

Education

of

Two

Society

Girls

in

the

West)的主題,作者某人(Dorothy

Wickenden)是一名雜志編輯,也是某人(Dorothy

Woodruff)的孫女。技法2若遇生詞障礙詞,猜詞技巧來幫忙微技巧1

依據(jù)熟詞猜生義,語境之中定含義有些單詞的基本義比較常用,而它的衍生義則比較生僻。雖然這些詞在課本中出現(xiàn)過,但沒有給出全部漢語意思,所以在高考英語語篇中,考生往往會遇到一些單詞貌似熟悉,但在閱讀文章時卻搞不清意思的情況,這就是熟詞生義現(xiàn)象。這需要在日常學(xué)習(xí)詞匯時,培養(yǎng)結(jié)合具體的語境由詞匯的基本義推測其衍生義的能力;這是高考的重點。[典例](2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine....Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.分析

單詞熟義生義clearadj.明白的,清楚的adj.透明的trapvt.把……困在v.吸收,留存developvt.發(fā)展vt.開發(fā),研制treatv.對待vt.(利用化學(xué)物質(zhì)或反應(yīng))處理微技巧2

長難單詞巧拆解,利用構(gòu)詞猜詞義學(xué)會拆解單詞利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義是考生必備的一項技能。英語中常見的構(gòu)詞有三類:派生、轉(zhuǎn)化與合成。由詞綴(前綴和后綴)和詞根相結(jié)合構(gòu)成單詞的方法叫作派生法;把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法;由兩個或兩個以上單詞組成一個新單詞的方法叫作合成法。[典例](2023全國乙卷,C)WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretop

classchefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.ItisrecentlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritain’sconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.TherehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking....分析

構(gòu)詞法例詞派生adventurous-ous(形容詞后綴)有冒險精神的,大膽開拓的consumer-er(在動詞后表示執(zhí)行該動作的人)消費者,用戶轉(zhuǎn)化topn.頂部,頂端vt.據(jù)……之首合成topclasstop(頂端的)+class(等級)adj.頂級的,第一流的ready-madeready(準(zhǔn)備的)+made(制作)adj.預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備好的,現(xiàn)成的微技巧3

全然生詞莫慌張

巧用邏輯判意義高考閱讀理解越來越注重能力的考查。閱讀理解語篇中會含有一些生詞,而且有一部分生詞考生從來沒有見過,也不能通過構(gòu)詞法來猜測。這些詞就是考生做題的攔路虎,需要考生利用上下文提供的線索猜測詞義。[典例](2021全國乙卷,A)PeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround80A.D.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld’sbestknownstadiumandcontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmall

frycomparedwiththecity’sCircus

Maximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people....分析

選段中出現(xiàn)了較多的完全陌生的詞語。其中,Colosseum、Circus

Maximus是專有名詞,根據(jù)“which

remains

the

world’s

best

known

stadium”和“that

was

small

fry

compared

with

the

city’s

Circus

Maximus”可知,它們是體育場,不知道其具體中文名稱對理解文意影響不大;根據(jù)“seating

50,000

people”“compared

with”以及“accommodated

around

250,000

people”可推測,small

fry表示“(相比較之下)不重要的人(或事物)”。考生在考場上遇見完全陌生的詞語時不要慌張。這類詞中一部分是專有名詞,不理解其含義往往對文意的理解影響不大;另一部分通常可以根據(jù)語法關(guān)系(如定語從句、同位語等)和邏輯關(guān)系(如遞進、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等)推斷出其含義,所以考生要學(xué)會先從整體上把握語篇含義,再在語境中體會詞語的含義。詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ),只有掃除詞匯障礙,考生才能準(zhǔn)確理解文章內(nèi)容。課堂應(yīng)用根據(jù)語境猜測畫線詞匯的詞性及含義:1.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,A)MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.

2.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,A)Cyclingisthemost①economical,②sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountlesslights.①

②

3.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.

4.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.

adv.存在著,出現(xiàn)adj.經(jīng)濟的,實惠的adj.可持續(xù)的,不破壞環(huán)境的n.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)n.自行修復(fù)5.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.

6.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.

7.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.

vt.重視,珍視vt.組織vt.推理8.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)Somepeoplewilltendto①overestimate,andsometo②underestimate.①

②

9.(2023全國乙卷,B)Tomakesomeofmylandscapeshots,Ihavetraveleduptofourhoursawaytoshootwithina10-minutetimeframe.

10.(2023全國乙卷,D)Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.

vt.高估vt.低估n.照片n.誤解策略三讀文碰見長難句,運用“4招”來破解閱讀理解得分低,主要是因為文章看不懂,句子太長或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。句子除了主干之外還包含一些附加部分,如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長的非謂語動詞短語等。下面介紹如何通過“4招技法”處理英語閱讀理解中的長難句。技法1據(jù)謂語,找主干一般情況下,一個謂語形式的動詞對應(yīng)其動作的發(fā)出者(主語),我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞來確定其主語。而且,如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞,則該句可能是并列句或復(fù)合句(并列謂語動詞的情況除外)。典例(2022全國甲卷,C)Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.分析尋謂語本句的謂語為:welcomed和kick-started。找主干主語為:Thesegentle,lovelygatekeepers;本句的主干為:Thesegatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedatrip。析成分本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句使用并列謂語welcomed和kick-started;what引導(dǎo)賓語從句;從句中又包含一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句Ginniwouldneverforget,修飾先行詞atrip。句意這些溫柔可愛的接待員們歡迎了她的到來,而這也開啟了Ginni難以忘懷的一次旅行。技法2提主干,去枝葉一般情況下,一個結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子中主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息,從句、狀語和定語等所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來,就不能完全把握句子的核心意義,從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂,主次不分典例(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.分析提主干句子主干為:Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism。去枝葉介詞短語Inpartone和beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy均作狀語,startingwithanexaminationoftheforces為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語,thataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable為that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾先行詞forces。句意在第一部分中,我論述了數(shù)字極簡主義的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ),首先探討了到底是什么樣的力量使得許多人的數(shù)字生活越來越難以忍受,然后對數(shù)字極簡主義生活準(zhǔn)則進行詳細(xì)討論。技法3尋關(guān)聯(lián),辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句,它們之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞,我們就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,分別弄清楚主句和從句的意義,那么長句也就容易理解了。典例(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.分析提主干句子主干為:You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearn...尋關(guān)聯(lián),辨邏輯此句為復(fù)合句,第二個并列連詞and連接兩個由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句whatstrategiesworkedwellforthem和whattrapstheyencountered,that引導(dǎo)的定語從句thatyoushouldavoid修飾先行詞traps。句意你將了解到這些參與者的故事,知悉哪些策略對他們有效,以及他們遇到了哪些你應(yīng)當(dāng)避免的陷阱。技法4看搭配,防分隔有時一個長句是由一個或多個搭配構(gòu)成,而且這些搭配常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。學(xué)生若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目,則會對句意的理解發(fā)生偏差。典例(2021新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.分析提主干本句主干為:TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling。分析尋關(guān)聯(lián),辨邏輯whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey為定語從句?？创钆?防分隔apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines是J.N.“Ding”Darling的同位語。句意第一枚聯(lián)邦鴨票是由J.N.“丁”達(dá)林設(shè)計的,他是一位來自艾奧瓦州得梅因的政治漫畫家,當(dāng)時被富蘭克林·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)任命為生物調(diào)查局局長。課堂應(yīng)用1.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.[分析]提主干:本句是一個主從復(fù)合句,you

will

then

add

back

a

small

number

of

carefully

chosen

online

activities為句子的主干。去枝葉:At

the

end

of

the

thirty

days作

語;that

you

believe

will

provide

massive

benefits

to

the

things為that引導(dǎo)的

從句修飾先行詞

,you

believe為

語;you

value為省略關(guān)系代詞that/which的

從句,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:時間狀定語onlineactivities插入定語thethings

在這三十天結(jié)束時,你可以恢復(fù)少量精心挑選的、你認(rèn)為將對你所珍視的東西大有裨益的線上活動。2.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)A

dirty

stream,for

example,often

became

clear

after

flowing

through

plants

and

along

rocks

where

tiny

creatures

lived.[分析]提主干:分析句子成分可知,A

dirty

stream

often

became

clear為句子的主干。去枝葉:本句中for

example為插入語,after

flowing

through

plants

and

along

rocks為

語,其中包含一個由where引導(dǎo)的

,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:時間狀定語從句rocks

例如,一條污濁的小溪,在流經(jīng)植物和微小生物棲息的巖石后,通常會變得清澈。3.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)The

key

finding

of

the

study

was

that

when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,the

averages

from

these

groups

were

more

accurate

than

those

from

an

equal

number

of

independent

individuals.[分析]提主干:本句是一個主從復(fù)合句,主干The

key

finding

of

the

study

was

that...是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。去枝葉:that

when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,the

averages

from

these

groups

were

more

accurate

than

those

from

an

equal

number

of

independent

individuals為that引導(dǎo)的

從句;該從句中when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion為when引導(dǎo)的

從句,該從句中又含有

從句that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:表語時間狀語定語smallergroups

這項研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是,當(dāng)大的群體被進一步分成更小的群體并允許討論時,這些群體(估算)的平均值比同樣數(shù)量的獨立個體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。4.(2022全國乙卷,D)Today’s

figures,according

to

o