Unit1GreatscientistsReadingandWritingNicolausCopernicusBirth:

February19,1473

Death:

May24,1543

PlaceofBirth:

Toruń,Poland

Career:

1491-1494

StudiedmathematicsatKrakówAcademy1496WenttoItalytostudyastronomyandlawattheUniversityofBologna

BriefIntroductionofCopernicusHewasoneofthefirstscientiststousemathematicalobservationstocollectinformation.Hebelievedthesunisthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthandotherplanetswentaroundit.EightPlanetsintheSolarSystem

Mercury

MarsVenusEarthJupiterSaturnUranusNeptuneor？Copernicus

Before

Copernicus’

theory

ShowingCopernicus’theoryAdiagramshowingthesolarsystemwiththeearthatitscentre

Adiagramshowingthesolarsystemwiththesunatitscentre

SkimmingMindmapofthetextParagraph1:thebackgroundofCopernicus’studyParagraph2:thecauseofCopernicus’studyParagraph3:theprocedureofCopernicus’studyParagraph4:theresultofCopernicus’studyParagraph5:Copernicus’theoryreplacedtheChristianideaandprovedcorrect.1.AtCopernicus’time,ChristianChurchwasinchargeofmanywestern

countries.2.Copernicusnoticedthatobservedfromtheearth,someplanetsappearinfrontoforbehindtheearth.3.Copernicusdidn’tshowhisnewtheorytohisfriendsuntilhecompletedit.TFTTrueorFalse?4.Hisfriendswerenotinterestedinhisideas.5.SincehewasnotafraidofbeingattackedbytheChurch,Copernicuspublishedhisbookassoonashefinishedworkingonit.6.Newton,Einstein,andHawkingareallscientistswhomadecontributiontothestudyoftheuniverse.FFTCarefulreadingReadthetextcarefully,thenanswerthesequestions.BecausethepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.2.Whatwashistheoryabout?(Para1)

Allhismathematicalcalculationsledto

thesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Whywouldhenottellabouthistheory?(Para1)3.Whathadtheastronomersnoticedinthesky?(Para2)

Theyhadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.4.WhendidCopernicuscompletehistheory?(Para3)Between1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.5.Howdidheexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars?Whendidhepublishhisidea?(Para4)Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwas

spinning

asitwentrounditandthisexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hepublisheditashelaydyingin1543.6.WhydopeoplethinkthatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhisideasandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking?Becausehistheoryisnowthebaseonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravitywhichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheUniverse.Heshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.SummaryCopernicuswas_________becausehefoundtheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolar________,onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthe___________oftheotherplanetsinthesky___________.Hekeptimprovinghisnewtheoryuntilhefeltitwas__________in1514.Hesuggestedthattheearthwas_________asitwentroundthesun.

confused

systemmovementsmakesense.completedspinningHisfriendswere___________andencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswas________hedidn’twanttobe_________byChristianChurch.Infact,hewasright.TheChurch_________histheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sidea.enthusiasticcautiousattackedrejectedBrunowasbornfiveyearsafterCopernicusdied.HestucktotheSun-centeredTheory,whichwasagainsttheChurch’swill.In1600,hewasburnttodeath.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledto

thesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)字，然而他所有的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算都得出同樣一個結(jié)論：地球不是太陽系的中心。LanguagePointsleadto

引起;造成;導(dǎo)致Thiswillprobablylead

totroubleinthefuture.Thisled

tohisconclusionthatshewasguilty.Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestoftenlead

toillness.Allroadslead

toRome.條條大道通羅馬。Thediscoveryofnewevidenceled

to_______.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaughtCleadto+n\doing2.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymake

sense.只有你把太陽放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動才能說得清楚。“only+副詞/介詞短語/狀語從句”位于句首,句子要倒裝。=Themovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesenseonlyifyouputthesunthere.

Onlyifyouridentityhasbeenchecked,_____.A.youareallowedinB.youwillbeallowedinC.willyouallowinD.willyoubeallowedinDOnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofknowledge.Onlyinthiswaycanweworkoutthemathsproblem.Onlywhen____thetruth,______torealizethatshewaswrong.A.didMaryhear;didshebeginB.Maryhear;shebeganC.didMaryhear;shebeganD.Maryheard;didshebeginDonly

if

只有;只要Thecompanywillsucceedonlyifithavesufficientbacking.Ifonly

hecomesearly.

如果……就好了Onlyif

theteachergivesapermission

can

Ienterthelab.make

sense

有意義,有道理,說得通1)Whatyousaymakesnosense.2)Itwouldmake

sensetoleaveearly.3)Canyoumake

sense

ofthispoem?你說的話沒有道理。還是早點(diǎn)走好。(明智的,合理的)你看得懂這首詩嗎？(理解或弄懂)1)表示對過去的某種情況進(jìn)行猜測，或本來要做某事卻因某種原因未做成，通常用來說明某一情況，但不象should或oughtto那樣含有責(zé)備之意。如：wouldhavedone3.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurch

wouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.Iguessthepoetwouldhavebeenabout20whenshewrotethepoem.Anotherworkerwouldn’thaveactedlikethat.

2)相關(guān)知識總結(jié)：needn’thave+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”shouldhave+過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該……”shouldnothave+過去分詞,表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”4.work

on

1)從事Sheisworking

onanewnovel.(=Sheiswritinganewnovel.)2)繼續(xù)工作They’llworkontillsunset.他們將繼續(xù)工作，直到日落。3)致力于……Hehasbeenworkingonanewnovelforoverayearnow.近一年多來，他一直在寫一部新小說。6.enthusiastic:

havingordemonstratingenthusiasmadj.熱心的，滿腔熱情的enthusiasticsupport熱情的支持

be

enthusiastic

about

對某事充滿熱情5.complete

vt.&adj.完成；完整的，完成的

Theworkershaven’tcompleted

thehouseyet.(vt.)Whenwilltheworkbecomplete?

(adj.)7.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingroundit

andonlythem