第二部分專題一第7講A(2023·河北省石家莊市高中畢業(yè)年級一模)Foodshighinsugarareunhealthy,buttheseadditivesaretoodeliciousformanyofustogiveuporreduceinaway．Whatifwecouldsomehowenjoytheirtastewithoutactuallyeatingthem?Astudentteamhasnowdesignedaspoonwithastructurethatstimulatestastebuds(味蕾)toproduceasenseofsweetnesswithoutaddingcaloriesorchemicals．Theprojectfollowspreviousworkinvolvingfavor-enhancingcutlerylikechopsticksthatincreasesweetnesswithamildelectriccurrent．ThefiveundergraduateandgraduateresearchstudentswantedtocreateanewspooncalledSugarwareforpeoplewithsuchdisordersasdiabetes,withwhichsugarislargelyofftheirmenu．Thenewspoonwouldhaveseveralbumps(凸起)onitsundersidetopressagainstthetongue．Thebumpscanbecoveredwithapermanentlayerofmolecules(分子)calledligands．Theseligandsbondwithtaste-cellreceptorproteinsthattypicallyreacttosugarmoleculesorartificialsweeteners．Thebondcanactivatenervesignals,causingthebraintoregisterasenseofsweetness．Adinercouldthusstimulatesweetnessreceptorswithoutactualintakeofsugarorartificialsweeteners．Thisideaissimilartothepreviousworkinthattheyallusecutlerytoenhancetastewithoutauserhavingtoactuallyconsumeanysugar．“Butthemechanismforstimulatingthetastebudsiscompletelydifferent，”ShiyuXu,oneofthestudentresearchers,says,“Itusesbumpsandtaste-bud-stimulatingmoleculesratherthanelectricity．”Theideais“verycreative，”saysPaolaAlmeida,whoistheglobaldirectorofcorporateinnovationatcandymakerMars．Buttheproduct'scommercialsuccesswouldrequireasignificantbehavioralshiftamongconsumers:insteadofaddingtheusualsugarorartificialsweeteners,“nowwe'resaying,‘Usethiscutlery’，”Almeidasays,“Itremainstobeseenwhetherfavor-enhancingcutlerywillcatchon．”1．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout？A．Howthenewinventionworks．B．Howadinerfeelsweetness．C．Howligandsandproteinslink．D．Howsugarmoleculesfunction．2．Inwhatwayisthepreviousflavor-enhancingcutlerydifferentfromSugarware？A．Itmakesfoodmoredelicious．B．Itsendsoutsignalstothebrain．C．Ituseselectricitytoenhancetaste．D．Itreducesusers'foodconsumption．3．WhatisPaolaAlmeida'sattitudetothefutureofSugarware？A．Positive． B．Uncertain．C．Critical． D．Worried．4．What'sthebesttitleofthetext？A．StrugglingforLowSugar?—TryThisSpoonB．LookingforDeliciousFood?—ThisisHowC．WorkingforCommercialSuccess?—BeCreativeD．DietingforBetterHealth?—MindSweeteners【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述一個學生團隊在之前的研究成果的基礎上進行創(chuàng)造，他們設計了一種勺子，它的結構可以刺激味蕾，在不增加卡路里或化學物質(zhì)的情況下產(chǎn)生甜味。1．A段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Thenewspoonwouldhaveseveralbumps(凸起)onitsundersidetopressagainstthetongue．Thebumpscanbecoveredwithapermanentlayerofmolecules(分子)calledligands．Theseligandsbondwithtaste-cellreceptorproteinsthattypicallyreacttosugarmoleculesorartificialsweeteners．Thebondcanactivatenervesignals,causingthebraintoregisterasenseofsweetness．Adinercouldthusstimulatesweetnessreceptorswithoutactualintakeofsugarorartificialsweeteners．(新勺子的底部會有幾個凸起來壓住舌頭。這些凸起可以被一層永久性的分子覆蓋，這種分子被稱為配體。這些配體與味覺細胞受體蛋白結合，通常對糖分子或人工甜味劑起反應。這種結合可以激活神經(jīng)信號，使大腦產(chǎn)生甜味。因此，用餐者可以在不攝入糖或人工甜味劑的情況下刺激甜味受體。)”可知，本段主要講述新勺子是通過什么方式讓人的大腦受到刺激感知甜味，即工作原理。故選A。2．C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“‘Butthemechanismforstimulatingthetastebudsiscompletelydifferent，’ShiyuXu,oneofthestudentresearchers,says,‘Itusesbumpsandtaste-bud-stimulatingmoleculesratherthanelectricity．'(‘但是刺激味蕾的機制是完全不同的，’學生研究員徐世宇說，‘它使用的是撞擊和刺激味蕾的分子，而不是電。’)”可知，以前的增味餐具與糖餐具的不同之處是，以前的餐具利用電來提高味道。故選C。3．B觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段“Buttheproduct'scommercialsuccesswouldrequireasignificantbehavioralshiftamongconsumers:insteadofaddingtheusualsugarorartificialsweeteners,“nowwe'resaying,‘Usethiscutlery’，”Almeidasays,‘Itremainstobeseenwhetherfavor-enhancingcutlerywillcatchon．'(但該產(chǎn)品的商業(yè)成功需要消費者行為上的重大轉(zhuǎn)變：不再添加常見的糖或人工甜味劑，“現(xiàn)在我們說，‘使用這種餐具'，”阿爾梅達說，“這種增強好感的餐具是否會流行還有待觀察?！?”可知，PaolaAlmeida認為新發(fā)明是否會流行還需要觀察，說明他對Sugarware未來的態(tài)度是不確定的。故選B。4．A標題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段“Foodshighinsugarareunhealthy,buttheseadditivesaretoodeliciousformanyofustogiveuporreduceinaway．Whatifwecouldsomehowenjoytheirtastewithoutactuallyeatingthem?Astudentteamhasnowdesignedaspoonwithastructurethatstimulatestastebuds(味蕾)toproduceasenseofsweetnesswithoutaddingcaloriesorchemicals．(高糖食物是不健康的，但這些添加劑太美味了，我們很多人都不能放棄或減少某種程度上的添加劑。如果我們不用吃它們就能享受它們的味道呢？一個學生團隊現(xiàn)在設計了一種勺子，它的結構可以刺激味蕾，在不增加卡路里或化學物質(zhì)的情況下產(chǎn)生甜味。)”可知，本文主要圍繞一種新型的勺子及其功能進行講述，該產(chǎn)品適合那些食用低糖食物的人。故選A。B(2023·安徽省A10聯(lián)盟高考最后一卷)Waterequalslife．Thisistrueforpeople,animalsandplants．Andwhilewaterisplentifulinsomelocations,thisisnotthecaseallovertheworld．NowscientistsfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)mayhavedevelopedawaytochangethat．Thenewdesalination(脫鹽)deviceproduceswateractuallyabovetheWorldHealthOrganizationstandards,justbypushingabutton．Therearenofilters(過濾器)required,andthedeviceuseselectricalpowertoremovesaltandotherparticles(微粒)—includingbacteriaandviruses—fromthesaltwater．Thisreducestheneedforconstantmaintenance．Mostcommerciallyavailableportabledesalinationunitsusefiltersthatrequirehigh-pressurepumpstopushthewater,whichmakesthemhugeinsizeandlessenergyefficient．ThefilterlessMITdevicewillallowittobeusedinremoteorresource-limitedplaceslikesmallislands,ships,andevenforemergencyuse．Thedevicetookyearstodevelop．Afterrunningtestsinthelabwithwaterthathaddifferentsalinityandparticles,itwastestedatBoston'sCarsonBeach．Thedeviceproduceddrinkablewaterinjusthalfanhour．Thenewdesalinationunitneedslesspowerthanacellphonecharger,reportedFastCompany,andworksusingtwotypesofelectricalfieldstofilterthesaltwater．Butbestofall,itisdesignedtobeusedbyaveragepeopleandnotengineers．Infact,thedeviceonlyhasthreebuttons,onetopowerthedevice,onetostartit,andonetostopit．Theresearchersarestillworkingonafinaldesignthatcouldusecheapermaterialstomakeitreadybytheendofnextyear．Thissmallbutmightydesalinationunitmaybethekeytobringingsafewatertoathirstyworld．5．What'stheadvantageofthenewdesalinationdevice？A．It'sconvenient．B．It'salotcheaper．C．Ithasimprovedfilters．D．Ithasalargeroutput．6．Howisthethirdparagraphdeveloped？A．Bymakingcomparisons．B．Bygivingexamples．C．Byanalyzingcauses．D．Bylistingfigures．7．Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemostoutstandingqualityofthenewdevice？A．Itrequiresmuchlesspower．B．Itpossessestwoelectricalfields．C．Itcanbeeasilyoperatedbyordinarypeople．D．Itiscontrolledbythesamebutton．8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A．DeeperresearchfindsnewcontentsofseawaterB．BettermethodimprovesthequalityofdrinkingwaterC．ReportshowsaworldthirstyforsafedrinkingwaterD．Newportabledevicemakesseawaterdrinkableontheway【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一款新的即將面市的便攜式海水脫鹽設備，它操作方便，體積雖小但功能強大，普通人也能使用，可以為我們?nèi)彼氖澜鐜戆踩捎玫?．A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thenewdesalination(脫鹽)deviceproduceswateractuallyabovetheWorldHealthOrganizationstandards,justbypushingabutton．(這種新的海水脫鹽裝置只需要按下一個按鈕，就能產(chǎn)生高于世界衛(wèi)生組織標準的水。)”可知，這個新的脫鹽設備的優(yōu)勢是操作非常方便。故選A。6．A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Mostcommerciallyavailableportabledesalinationunitsusefiltersthatrequirehigh-pressurepumpstopushthewater,whichmakesthemhugeinsizeandlessenergyefficient．ThefilterlessMITdevicewillallowittobeusedinremoteorresource-limitedplaceslikesmallislands,ships,andevenforemergencyuse．(大多數(shù)商業(yè)上可用的便攜式海水脫鹽裝置使用的過濾器需要高壓泵來推動水，這使得它們體積龐大，能源效率較低。這種無過濾器的MIT設備可以在偏遠或資源有限的地方使用，比如小島、船只，甚至是緊急情況下使用。)”可知，第三段主要通過對比新的脫鹽設備和其他商業(yè)上可用的便攜式脫鹽設備來說明新設備的優(yōu)勢。故選A。7．C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Butbestofall,itisdesignedtobeusedbyaveragepeopleandnotengineers．(但最重要的是，它是為普通人而不是工程師設計的。)”可知，作者認為這個新設備最突出的優(yōu)點是普通人也可以輕松操作。故選C。8．D標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了一款新的即將面市的便攜式海水脫鹽設備，它操作方便，體積雖小但功能強大，普通人也能使用，可以為我們?nèi)彼氖澜鐜戆踩捎玫?。由此可知，D項“新的便攜式設備即將使海水可以飲用”符合文章大意，適合作為文章標題。故選D。C(2023·廣東省梅州市高三二模)Artandsciencemayseemlikeoppositethings．Onemeansthecreativeflowofideas,andtheothermeanscold,harddata—somepeoplebelieve．Infact,thetwohavemuchincommon．Now,astudyfindsartcanhelpstudentsrememberbetterwhattheylearnedinscienceclass．MarialeHardiman,aneducationspecialistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,noticedthatstudentswhousedartintheclassroomlistenedmorecarefully．Theymightaskmorequestions．Theymightvolunteermoreideas．What'smore,studentsseemedtoremembermoreofwhattheyhadbeentaughtwhentheirsciencelessonshadinvolved(涉及)art．Toprovethat,Hardimanteamedupwithsomeresearchersandsixlocalschools．Intheexperiment,theresearchersworkedwithteachersin16fifth-gradeclassrooms．Theyprovidedtraditionalsciencelessonsandart-focusedones．Inatraditionalscienceclass,forexample,studentsmightreadaloudfromabook．Intheart-focusedone,theymightsingtheinformationinstead．Theteamrandomlyassigned(隨機分配)eachofthe350studentstoeitheratraditionalscienceclassroomoranart-focusedone．Studentsthenlearnedscienceusingthatwayforthewholeunit—aboutthreeweeks．Whentheychangedtoanewtopic,theyalsochangedtotheothertypeofclass．Thisway,eachstudenthadbothanart-focusedclassandatraditionalone．Everyunitwastaughtinbothways,todifferentgroupsofstudents．Thisenabledtheresearcherstoseehowstudentsdidinbothtypesofclasses．Theteamfoundthatstudentswhostartedoffintraditionalclassesperformedbetteraftertheymovedintoanart-focusedclass．Butthosewhostartedinanart-focusedclassdidwellevenwhentheywentbacktoatraditionalscienceclass．Thesestudentsappearedtousesomeofthearttechniques(技巧)aftergoingbacktoatraditionalclass．Classroomteachersreportedthatmanystudentscontinuedtosingthesongsthattheylearnedafterfinishingtheunit．“Themorewehearsomething,themoreweretainit，”Hardimansays．“Itsuggeststhattheartsmayhelpstudentsapplycreativewaysoflearningontheirown．”9．WhydidMarialeHardimandothestudy？A．Toprovetheimportanceofartatschool．B．Toknowhowtoencouragestudentstoaskquestions．C．Tofindawaytohelpherstudentslearnbetter．D．Toseeifartmightimprovesciencelearning．10．Whatwerethestudentsrequiredtodointheexperiment？A．Learnthreeunitsintotal．B．Choosewhatthey'dliketolearn．C．Learntwotopicsforthreeweeks．D．Taketwotypesofclasses．11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“retain”inthelastparagraphmean？A．Remember． B．Express．C．Improve． D．Finish．12．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A．Arthelpsstudentsdevelopcreativity．B．Art-focusedclassesintereststudentsalot．C．Artcanmakescienceeasiertoremember．D．Arthassomethingincommonwithscience．【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藝術可以幫助學生更好地記住他們在科學課上學到的東西。9．D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“What'smore,studentsseemedtoremembermoreofwhattheyhadbeentaughtwhentheirsciencelessonshadinvolved(涉及)art．Toprovethat,Hardimanteamedupwithsomeresearchersandsixlocalschools．(更重要的是，當科學課程涉及藝術時，學生們似乎能記住更多他們所學到的東西。為了證明這一點，Hardiman與一些研究人員和六所當?shù)貙W校合作。)”可知，MarialeHardiman的研究是為了證明藝術是否能夠提高科學學習。故選D。10．D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Theteamrandomlyassigned(隨機分配)eachofthe350studentstoeitheratraditionalscienceclassroomoranart-focusedone．(研究小組將350名學生隨機分為兩組，一組是傳統(tǒng)的科學教室，另一組是藝術教室。)”以及“Thisenabledtheresearcherstoseehowstudentsdidinbothtypesofclasses．(這使得研究人員能夠看到學生在這兩種類型的課堂上的表現(xiàn)。)”可知，在實驗中，學生被要求選兩種類型的課。故選D。11．A詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“Itsuggeststhattheartsmayhelpstudentsapplycreativewaysoflearningontheirown．(這表明，藝術可以幫助學生應用創(chuàng)造性的自學方法。)”可知，藝術有助于學生的學習，我們聽到的越多，我們記住(學到)的就越多，由此可知畫線詞詞義為“記住”。故選A。12．C文章大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)第一段“Now,astudyfindsartcanhelpstudentsrememberbetterwhattheylearnedinscienceclass．(現(xiàn)在，一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，藝術可以幫助學生更好地記住他們在科學課上學到的東西。)”可知，文章主要介紹藝術可以幫助學生更容易記住科學課上學到的東西。故選C。D(2023·江西省上饒市高三一模)ResearchersoutofAustralia'sFlindersUniversityrecentlystudiedvariousphysicalreactionsduringsleepwhenexposedtonoise．Theyfoundthatcertainlevelsofnoisewhilesleeping,eventhosebelowrecommendedsafelevels,mayaffectaperson'scardiovascular(心血管的)response．Whenslowlyactivatedduringsleep,theseresponses“couldpotentiallyhaveadverseeffectsonthecardiovascularsystem，”saidresearchers．Researchersexposed20adultparticipantstovariousdecibels(分貝)ofwindfarmandroadnoisewhileasleep,andthenmonitoredphysicalresponsesincludingbloodflowandheartratesaswellassleepawakenings．Althoughasleep,participantsreactedtothesenoises,asfoundbytheresearchers．Forexample,a48-decibel(dB)noise,whichisquieterthanthe50-dBhumofarefrigerator,was3-4timesmorelikelytocauseachangeinparticipants'pulsewaveamplitude(脈搏波振幅),whichisameasurementthatrelatestobloodflow．Participants'heartratesrespondedtothenoiseaswell．Afterbeingexposedtoanoiseofover40dB,theyexperiencedanincreasefollowedbyadecreaseintheirheartrates．Thestudynotedthatthesesoundlevelsareundertherecommended70dBlimitbytheWorldHealthOrganization．Physiologicalreactionsthatthestudymonitored,suchasheartratesandbloodflow,mayrootintheproperresponsesthatmaybe“potentiallyneededtodefendagainstthreatsduringsleep，”researcherssaid．Sleepistypicallyatimeforthebodytorestandrecover,andnoise-causedactivationofthesecardiovascularresponsesduringsleepmaypreventapersonfromgettingtheproperamountofhealthysleeptheyneed．Researchersnotedthatbeingexposedtonoisepollutionduringsleepmayincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardisease,suchashypertension,heartdisease,andotherharmfulhealtheffects．Tohelpreducethepotentialincreasedhealthriskscausedbyfrequentnoise-causedsleepdisturbances,researchersnotethattheirfindingshelpcreatepublicpoliciesaroundnoiselevelsduringsleep．13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“adverse”inthefirstparagraphmean？A．Positive． B．Obvious．C．Harmful． D．Common．14．WhichofthefollowingwillNOTreacttothenoises？A．Pulsewaveamplitude．B．Senseofsafetyandduty．C．Bloodflowandheartrates．D．Possiblesleepawakening．15．Whatdoresearchershopetoseeaftertheirfindings？A．Allpeoplecanrestandrecoverinnoise-freeenvironments．B．Physiologicalreactionscanbemonitoredformostpeople．C．Frequentnoise-causedsleepdisturbanceswilldisappearsoon．D．Officialpoliciescanbeputonnoisepollutiontoguaranteebettersleep．16．Whatisthemainideaofthetext？A．Noiseduringsleepaffectsyourheart．B．Noise-freesleepischangingyourlife．C．Noisepollutionduringsleepwillbebanned．D．Variousphysicalreactionsariseduringsleep．【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹澳大利亞一所大學的研究，揭示了睡眠時噪音會影響心臟這一理論。13．C詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段“Researchersnotedthatbeingexposedtonoisepollutionduringsleepmayincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardisease,suchashypertension,heartdisease,andotherharmfulhealtheffects．(研究人員指出，睡眠時暴露在噪音污染中可能會增加患心血管疾病的風險，如高血壓、心臟病和其他有害健康的影響。)”可知，睡覺時如果有噪音，可能會增加心血管疾病的風險，并且會造成有害影響；第一段“Theyfoundthatcertainlevelsofnoisewhilesleeping,eventhosebelowrecommendedsafelevels,mayaffectaperson'scardiovascular(心血管的)response．Whenslowlyactivatedduringsleep,theseresponses‘couldpotentiallyhaveadverseeffectsonthecardiovascularsystem，'saidresearchers．(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，睡眠時的某些噪音水平，甚至低于建議的安全水平，可能會影響一個人的心血管反應。研究人員說，當這些反應在睡眠中被緩慢激活時，‘可能會對心血管系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生adverse影響’。)”也是表述會造成“不利影響”。故選C。14．B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Researchersexposed20adultparticipantstovariousdecibels(分貝)ofwindfarmandroadnoisewhileasleep,andthenmonitoredphysicalresponsesincludingbloodflowandheartratesaswellassleepawakenings．Alt