ATCA機箱設(shè)計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)ATCA機箱設(shè)計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)機械產(chǎn)品自頂向下設(shè)計的多層次裝配模型摘要為了使下一代計算機輔助設(shè)計工具能夠有效地支持自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程，從傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程中提煉出產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的遞歸執(zhí)行和結(jié)構(gòu)演變特征，在此基礎(chǔ)上，提出了一種基于自頂向下的裝配模型，實現(xiàn)了對抽象信息、骨架信息和詳細(xì)信息的捕捉。此外，繼承機制以確保在自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計過程中的信息傳遞和轉(zhuǎn)換之間的不同的設(shè)計階段的可行性。對一個自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計樣本進(jìn)行分析，以顯示其應(yīng)用效果的多層次的裝配模型和相關(guān)的繼承機制。另外，還對現(xiàn)有的計算機輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)模型的適用性和自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計的更為廣泛的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了討論，最后給出了工作的結(jié)論和未來的發(fā)展方向?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】自頂向下；裝配設(shè)計；組件設(shè)計；多層次裝配模型；骨架模型；繼承機制1引言由于全球經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的快速發(fā)展，許多新產(chǎn)品具有巨大的復(fù)雜性和規(guī)模，需要多學(xué)科的知識。因此，如何有效地設(shè)計這些產(chǎn)品，具有重要的意義。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的各種策略中，自上而下的方法是比較突出的和自然的方式。在自上而下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中，是先制定每個組件（可能是一個零件或子裝配），然后更深入細(xì)化，有時也會有若干的子級，直到基礎(chǔ)組件定義。這樣將產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜設(shè)計工作細(xì)分為幾個簡單的子模塊的設(shè)計工作，從而降低了設(shè)計難度和復(fù)雜度。同時，這些細(xì)分的工作可以并行執(zhí)行，這種并行性使得不同群體之間可能的協(xié)同設(shè)計?？紤]到產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中自頂向下的方法的重要性，應(yīng)提供以計算機為基礎(chǔ)的工具和軟件包以幫助設(shè)計人員更容易、更方便地進(jìn)行自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計，不幸的是，大多數(shù)商業(yè)計算機輔助設(shè)計軟件對自頂向下的產(chǎn)品的支持是有限的。即便是在今天，仍然有許多設(shè)計作品不能充分使用計算機提供動力。這將浪費太多的時間，并最終推遲了新產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入市場的時間，這顯然是一個對企業(yè)和消費者雙方的重大損失。要使下一代計算機輔助設(shè)計工具更好地支持自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計，應(yīng)考慮以下幾個基本問題：1、一個合理的自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計過程可以由計算機完成；2、一種集成的多層次捕捉信息的抽象層次的裝配模型；3、各種靈活的機制，確保不同的設(shè)計階段之間的設(shè)計信息的過渡和關(guān)聯(lián)。這里的工作是為了探索新的裝配設(shè)計過程、裝配模型和繼承機制，需要下一代計算機輔助設(shè)計工具，以支持自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計有效。具體而言，本文更準(zhǔn)確而簡潔地描述自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計過程與傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程比較?；谧皂斚蛳碌难b配設(shè)計過程，我們提出了一個多層次的裝配模型，可以捕捉到重要數(shù)據(jù)信息，從而可以支持不同階段的自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計。該模型可以支持主流的三維系統(tǒng)，通過適應(yīng)和擴展。同時，為了保證設(shè)計信息的有效傳輸和演化，在整個產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程中的不同階段探索了相關(guān)的繼承機制。論文的其余部分組織如下：第2節(jié)回顧了一些以前的研究相關(guān)工作；第3節(jié)介紹了自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計過程，并分析了相應(yīng)的計算機輔助工具的要求；在4節(jié)給出了一個多層次的自頂向下的裝配模型；第5節(jié)介紹了各種繼承機制下的自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計；第6節(jié)展示了自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計實例和一些相關(guān)應(yīng)用的多級裝配模型，然后在第7節(jié)中討論了現(xiàn)有的計算機輔助設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)和擴展，并為實際的自頂向下的裝配設(shè)計打下基礎(chǔ)；論文最后是結(jié)論和對未來的憧憬。2相關(guān)關(guān)系傳統(tǒng)的自上而下的過程，它從總體的草圖和粗糙的要求開始，逐步細(xì)化構(gòu)件。在長期的歷史演變下，自上而下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計慢慢成為設(shè)計者的首選。一些文獻(xiàn)分析了傳統(tǒng)的自上而下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的特點，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有趣的問題。1988年，Libardi等人關(guān)于計算機環(huán)境的發(fā)展，機械裝配設(shè)計進(jìn)行的概述中，支持自頂向下的設(shè)計和多視點是其中的一個關(guān)鍵點。這些綜述了自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計研究的最先進(jìn)的研究狀況，指出了自頂向下的設(shè)計系統(tǒng)需要克服的一些問題，如自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的裝配模型表示和從概念模型到參數(shù)化模型的推理方法。該研究由Mantyla指導(dǎo)，解決了自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計系統(tǒng)不足的問題。在這項工作中，設(shè)計者指出，設(shè)計過程可以分解為功能性設(shè)計，概念設(shè)計和詳細(xì)設(shè)計，而一個自頂向下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該支持多個抽象模型的所有三個設(shè)計階段。在機械工程設(shè)計方法的抽象幾何、焦點變化、幾何繼承和重新設(shè)計問題等方面也討論了許多重要的概念和問題。整個自上而下的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計包括了設(shè)計信息的不同層次的設(shè)計階段，在這些階段下，會產(chǎn)生不同的設(shè)計產(chǎn)品。Sturges等人建立了許多方法和技術(shù)在概念設(shè)計、功能流圖和功能邏輯圖中，并提出了功能行為狀態(tài)（FBS）模型關(guān)聯(lián)函數(shù)的符號、行為和狀態(tài)。Guietal開發(fā)了一套行為規(guī)范用來捕捉組件間的相互關(guān)系。布局設(shè)計遵循概念設(shè)計，是體現(xiàn)設(shè)計階段的一個非常重要的部分。同時也有一些設(shè)計者專注于開發(fā)基于布局設(shè)計的計算機輔助工具。如Lashin等人分析六個層次的抽象，從粗到細(xì)凸殼的幾何模型得出的抽象層次模型是適合于大的布局設(shè)計，其中所有的幾何都必須檢測其功能、空間兼容性等等。Csabai等人在三維布局模塊中使用設(shè)計空間和接口功能，以確定布局設(shè)計中的功能組件之間的運動約束。基于它們的表示，在整個設(shè)計過程中，可以執(zhí)行的運動分析。Mantripragada等借助DFC的概念（數(shù)據(jù)流鏈）捕捉組件的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。目前的DFC的概念（數(shù)據(jù)流鏈）捕捉組件的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。合理的布局設(shè)計可以進(jìn)行建立三維基準(zhǔn)定向鏈控制部分位于相對于彼此。除了提及的工作，Clement等人提出了一個稱為系統(tǒng)（技術(shù)與拓?fù)湎嚓P(guān)的表面）基本面的模型。隨著系統(tǒng)的的更新，（最小幾何數(shù)據(jù)元素）被用來定義各種表面協(xié)會的參考幀。雖然系統(tǒng)和參照主要是表現(xiàn)尺寸和公差，但參照的背后的“基準(zhǔn)面的定義”在布局設(shè)計幫助定義運動的關(guān)系。

Multi-levelassemblymodelfortop-downdesignofmechanicalproductsXiangChen,Shuminggao,Youdongyang,ShutingzhangStateKeyLaboratoryofCAD&CG,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,PRChinaAbstractToenablenextgenerationCADtoolstoeffectivelysupporttop-downdesignofproducts,atop-downassemblydesignprocessisrefinedfromthetraditionalproductdesignprocesstobetterexhibittherecursive-executionandstructure-evolvementcharacteristicsofproductdesign.Basedonthetop-downassemblydesignprocess,amulti-levelassemblymodelisputforwardtocapturetheabstractinformation,skeletoninformationanddetailedinformationinvolved.Themulti-levelassemblymodelisameta-levelimplementationandiseasytobeextended.Moreover,theinheritancemechanismsareexploredtoensurethefeasibilityofinformationtransferringandconversionbetweendifferentdesignphasesinthetop-downassemblydesignprocess.Atop-downassemblydesignsampleisanalyzedatlengthtoshowtheapplicationeffectsofthemulti-levelassemblymodelandtherelevantinheritancemechanisms.Inaddition,apracticaltopicaboutthemodeladaptationofexistingCADsystemsisalsodiscussedforabroaderapplicationofthetop-downassemblydesign.Finally,theconclusionoftheworkandthefuturedirectionsforfurtherexplorationaregiven.[keywords]Top-downassemblydesign;Top-downcomponentdesign;Multi-levelassemblymodel;Shapeskeleton;Layoutskeleton;Skeletoninterface;Skeletonfeature;InheritancemechanisminterduceDuetotherapiddevelopmentofglobaleconomicsenvironment,manynewproductspossessthecharacteristicsofgreatcomplexityandscale,andneedknowledgefrommultipledisciplines.Therefore,howtodesigntheseproductseffectivelyandefficientlyisofgreatsignificance.Amongvariousstrategiesforproductdesign,thetop-downapproachisaquiteprominentandnaturalway.Inatop-downapproachanoverviewoftheproductisfirstformulated,andeachcomponent(couldbeapartorasub-assembly)isthenrefinedingreaterdetail,sometimesinmanyadditionalsubcomponentlevels,untilthebasecomponentsaredefinedexactly.Inthiswaythecomplexdesignworkofaproductissubdividedintoseveralsimplerdesignworksofsub-modulesgraduallyandrecursively,hencetoreducethedifficultyandcomplexityofthedesign.Meanwhile,thesesubdividedworkscouldbeexecutedinparalleloncemostoftheinterdependenceamongthemhasbeenpredetermined.Thisparallelizabilitymakesdesigncooperationbetweendifferentgroupspossible.Consideringtheimportanceofthetop-downapproachinproductdesign,computer-basedtoolsandpackagesshouldbeprovidedtohelpdesignerscarryoutthetop-downproductdesignmoreeasilyandconveniently.Unfortunately,withthelimitedsupportofmostcommercialCADsoftwaretothetop-downproductdesignnowadays,therearestillmanydesignworksthatcannotbepoweredupbycomputers.Thiswillwastetoomuchtimeintheproductdesignandeventuallydelaythetimethenewproductentersthemarket.Itisobviouslyalosstobothcompaniesandconsumers.TomakenextgenerationCADtoolssupportingthetop-downproductdesignbetter,thefollowingfundamentalissuesshouldbeconsidered:1.Areasonabletop-downassemblydesignprocessunderlaidwhichissuitableforcomputerization.2.Anintegratedmulti-levelassemblymodelforcapturinginformationindifferentlevelsofabstraction.3.Variousflexiblemechanismswhichensurethetransitionandassociationofdesigninformationbetweendifferentdesignphases.Theworkhereisexactlymeanttoexplorethenovelassemblydesignprocess,assemblymodelandinheritancemechanismsthatarerequiredbynextgenerationCADtoolsinordertosupporttop-downproductdesigneffectively.Specifically,inthispaper,amoreaccuratelyandcompactlydepictedtop-downassemblydesignprocessisrefinedfromtraditionalproductdesignprocess.Basedonthetop-downassemblydesignprocess,wepresentamulti-levelassemblymodelwhichhastheabilitytocapturetheimportantdataandknowledgeindesignandthuscansupportdifferentstagesofthetop-downassemblydesign.Thismodelisameta-levelimplementationandcansupportmainstreamCADsystemsthroughadaptationandextension.Meanwhile,therelevantinheritancemechanismsareexploredtoensuretheeffectivetransmissionandevolvementofdesigninformationbetweendifferentdesignphasesinthewholeproductdesignprocess.Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2reviewssomepreviousstudiesrelatedtothiswork.Section3introducesthetop-downassemblydesignprocessandanalyzestherequirementsforthecorrespondingcomputer-basedsupportingtool.InSection4wegivethedetailsofamulti-leveltop-downassemblymodelandSection5describesvariousinheritancemechanismsfortop-downassemblydesign.Section6showsatop-downassemblydesignsampleandsomerelevantapplicationsofthemulti-levelassemblymodel.TheninSection7,theadaptationandextensionmethodfortheexistingCADsystemsisdiscussedforpracticaltop-downassemblydesign.Finally,conclusionandfutureworkareprovided.RelatedwordsTraditionalmechanicaldesignisatop-downprocesswhichstartswithoverallsketchandroughrequirementstodetailedandrefinedcomponentsgradually.Itiswellrecognizedthat,inthelonghistoryofevolvementinmechanicaldesign,top-downproductdesignisalwaysanimportantissueandtherelevantcomputerbasedtoolssupportingtop-downdesignareabsolutelynecessary.Someworksanalyzethecharacteristicsoftraditionaltop-downproductdesignanddiscovertheinterestingissuesaboutit.Libardietal.[1]giveanoverviewoftheliteraturebefore1988aboutthedevelopmentofcomputerenvironmentsformechanicalassemblydesign.Inthereview,supportfortop-downdesignandmultipleviewpointsisoneofthekeypoints.WenJianetal.[2]overviewthestateoftheartintheresearchoftop-downproductdesignandpointoutsomeproblemswhichneedtobeovercomeintop-downdesignsystems,suchasassemblymodelrepresentationfortop-downproductdesignandthereasoningmethodfromconceptualmodeltoparametricmodel.TheresearchconductedbyMantyla[3]isapioneerworkwhichaddressesthetop-downproductdesignsystemseriously.Inthework,theauthorpointsoutthatthedesignprocesscouldbedecomposedintofunctionaldesign,conceptualdesignanddetaildesign,whileatop-downproductdesignsystemshouldsupportmultipleabstractionmodelsforallthethreedesignphases.Manyimportantconceptsandissuesabouttop-downdesignapproachinmechanicalengineeringarealsodiscussed,suchasabstractgeometry,focuschange,geometryinheritanceandredesignproblem.Thewholetop-downproductdesignconsistsofseveraldesignphasesdealingwithdifferentlevelsofdesigninformation.Manyrelevantworksarepresentedforspecificdesignphasesinthetop-downproductdesign.Thereareanumberofmethodsandtechniquesforestablishingfunctionstructureinconceptualdesign.Sturgesetal.[4]presentfunctionalflowchartsandfunctionallogicdiagramsforfunctionrepresentation.Umedaetal.[5]proposetheFunction-BehaviorState(FBS)modelwhichassociatesthefunctionsymbols,behaviorsandstatestogether,thefirstonethesubjectivepartandthelattertwotheobjectiveparts.Karnoppetal.[6]discusstheuseofbondgraphsinmodelingofelectrical,mechanicalandhydraulicsystems.Guietal.[7]developedasetofbehavioralspecificationstocapturetheinter-relationshipsamongcomponents.Moredetailsanddiscussionaboutthesetechniquescanbefoundin[8].Layoutdesignisaveryimportantpartintheembodimentdesignphasewhichfollowstheconceptualdesign.Therearealsosomeworksconcentratingonthedevelopmentofcomputer-basedtoolsforlayoutdesign.Lashinetal.[9]analyzesixlevelsofabstractionfromthecoarsestconvexhulltothefinestgeometricmodelandconcludethattheabstractionlevel2modelissuitedfordesignoflargelayouts,inwhichallthegeometrynecessarytocheckfunction,spatialcompatibility,etc.,aredescribed.Csabaietal.[10,11]usedesignspacesandinterfacefeaturesintheir3DLayoutModuletodeterminethekinematicconstraintsbetweenfunctionalcomponentsinlayoutdesign.Basedontheirrepresentation,kinematicanalysiscouldbeexecutedinanearlystageduringthewholedesignprocess.Mantripragadaetal.[12]presenttheconceptofDFC(datumflowchain)tocapturethefundamentalstructureofassembly.Thelogicallayoutdesigncouldbecarriedouttoestablishdirectedchainsofdimensionaldatumstocontrolhowpartsarelocatedwithrespecttoeachother.Besidestheworksmentioned,Clementetal.[13]presentamodelcalledTTRS(technologicallyandtopologicallyrelatedsurfaces)toassociateelementarysurfaces.AlongwithTTRS,theMGDE(minimumgeometricdatumelements)isusedtodefinethereferenceframesofvarioussurfacesassociations.AlthoughtheTTRSandMGDEaremainlypresentedfordimensioningandtolerancing,theideaofthe‘“abstractionofrealsurfaces”behindMGDEcouldbepotentiallyusedinlayoutdesigntohelpdesignkinematicrelationships.Inthelasttwodecades,feature-basedassemblymodelinghasattractedmanyresearchers’attention.Shahetal.[14]describetheassemblymodelingasanextensionoffeature-basedmodelingforparts.Intheworkanassemblyfeatureisusedtobindtwocomponentstogether,whichissubstantiallyanassociationbetweentwoformfeaturesondifferentparts.Constraintsonmatingfeatures’shapesandrelativepositionsaredefinedinassemblyfeatures.Hollandetal.[15,16]use“Related”and“Relation”asthebaseclassesforbothpartandassemblymodeling.Assemblyfeaturesareusedinbothassemblymodelingandassemblyplanning(assemblysequenceplanning,assemblymotionplanning,fixtureplanning,etc.),whichincludehandlingfeaturesforhandlingcomponentsandconnectionfeaturesforconnectingcomponentstogether.Shyamsundaretal.[17]introducetheconceptofvirtualspaceandpresentageometricrepresentationAREPforcollaborativeassemblydesign.Assemblyfeaturesintheworkareclassifiedintorelationalassemblyfeaturesindicatingtherelationbetweengeometricfeatures,andassemblyformfeaturesastheresultofjoiningcertainshapefeaturesoftwocomponentstogether.Singhetal.[18]presentassemblyportstogrouptogethertheinterfaceinformationbetweenparts.Basedontheporterpresentation,analysisforlabelmatching,dimensionevaluation,matingconstraintsolvability,etc.couldbecarriedontoautomatethematingdefinitionandreducethedesigners’effort.Kimetal.[19]describetheirARM(assemblyrelationmodel)anddevelopanAsDontologybasedonARMwhichcapturesthesemanticsofassembly/joiningconceptsandrelations.TheAsDontologyisappliedincollaborativeproductdevelopmentandshowsitscapabilityinmaintainingthedesignintentofassemblyrelations.However,thepresentedontologyisnotaimedatcapturingthedesignknowledgeandinformationinvolvedinthedynamictop-downassemblydesignprocess.Besidestheworkthatfocusesonspecificdesignphases,manyresearchershavealsoexploredintegrationmethodsofthedifferentinformationrepresentationinvolvedinconceptualdesignanddownstreamproductdevelopment.Kusiaketal.[20]usediagraphstohelpthetransformationfromconceptualdesignandembodimentdesign.Brunettietal.[21]presentafeature-basedrepresentationtoestablishtherelationshipsamongrequirements,functions,workingprinciplesandgeometricmodels.Royetal.[22]giveanobject-orientedapproachtohelptheproductdesignpassingthroughthecompleteproduct’slifecyclefromfunctionalrequirementstoartifacts.Bronsvoortetal.[23]describeamultiple-viewfeaturemodelingapproachforintegralproductdesignwhichincludesconceptualdesignview,assemblydesignview,partdetaildesignviewandpartmanufacturingplanningview.Theconsistencymaintenancemechanismisalsodiscussedinthework.

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