中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)OILUNDERICEDETECTION:WHATISTHESTATE-OF-THE-ART?Abstract.SincetheexplorationforoilandgasintheCanadianandUSarcticcommencedintheearly1970s,aneedhasbeenidentifiedtodeveloptechnologytodetectoilunderice.Bothelectromagneticandacousticsensorshavebeentried,butapracticalfieldinstrumenthasnotbeenidentified.Mostproposedsystemsrequirethattheequipmentbeoperatedfromtheicesurfaceinordertogetadequatecouplingand,forsomesystems,thesnowmustberemovedfromtheice.Formanyicesituations,surfaceaccessisdifficultandposesaseveresafetyissue.TworecentspillsinAlbertaused“hightechnology”iceaugerstodetectthepresenceofoilundertheice.Somepotentialnewtechniquesarediscussedandthebasicprinciplesoftheiroperationdescribed.Keywords:arctic,oilspillresponse,oilinice,detection1.IntroductionThedetectionofoilundercontinuousicecoverhaspresentedoneofthemostdifficultchallengestotheoil-spilltechnologicalcommunityforthepasttwodecadesandthereisstillnooperationallyprovensystemavailable.Dickins(2000)underthesponsorshipoftheUSMineralsManagementServiceconductedanexcellentreviewofthestatusofoil-under-icedetectionandthispapercomplementsthisreviewwithamoredetailedanalysisofsomesystems.Dickinsidentifiedmanyfalsestartconcepts,whichwillnotbediscussedinthispaper.Inordertodeterminethedesignofasuitableoil-under-icedetector,thevarioussituationsunderwhichoilmaybefoundunderacontinuousicesheetneedtobeconsidered.Theoilmustcomefromasub-surfacereleasesinceanysurfacereleasewouldeitherbeontheicesurfaceorinaleadorotheropeningintheice.Potentialsourcesofsub-surfaceoilarealeakinapipeline,theleakagefromasubmergedtankorvesseloranaturalseep.Oilwhentrappedundericedoesnotspreadrapidlyorcoveralargeareaduetonaturalroughnessoftheice-waterinterface(Rosenegger,1975).Thesituationisanalogoustooilspilledonland,ratherthanthemoredynamicsituationofoilonwater.Unliketheoil-on-watersituation,theprobablelocationofthesourceoftheoilcanbewelldefinedspatially,sothesearchfortheoilisoverarelativelysmallconfinedarea.Dependingonthetimeofyear,theicemayjustbeforming,beinarapidgrowthphase,beessentiallystaticorinabreak-upsituation,sothattheoilmaybeonthesurfacesurroundedbyicefloes,attheice-waterinterfaceorinthesheet.Inthefirstandlastcase,traditionalremotesensingtechniquescanbeusedtodetecttheoil.Whentheoilisattheice-waterinterfaceorincorporatedintheicesheet,newoil-under-icedetectionsystemsarerequired.Thebasicmodeofdetectionmaybedifferentforthetwosituations.2.ExistingTechnologyThesignalassociatedwiththedetectionofoilundericemaybeduetodielectricoracousticimpedancedifferencebetweentheoilandtheice,orbyachangeinthesurfaceroughnessoftheoil-iceinterface.Theroughertheinterface,themoretheprobingsignalisscatteredandhencetheweakerthesignalreturnedtothereceiver.Thisisthebasis,forexample,ofthedetectionofoil-on-waterusingradar.Theinterfaceroughnesshasbeendirectlymeasuredusingamouldsystemdeployedbydivers(Goodmanetal.,1987)andfoundtoberoughatspatialscalesofmetersandroughnessvaluesofseveral.Theoilreleasedundericefillstheroughnessfeaturesandgeneratesasmoothinterthewater,whichcanbedetectedusingeitheracousticorelectromagneticsensors.2.1.MECHANICALSYSTEMSTheonlyprovenandwidelyusedtechnologyistodrillaholeintheiceusinganiceauger,achainsaworsimilarmechanicalsystem.Whilethisistimeconsumingandisasinglepointmeasurement,itworks.Inordertoincreasetheproductivityofsuchunits,theycanbemountedonasmallsnowvehicletoincreasetheircoverage,butconsiderationmustbegiventotheadditionalsafetyconcernsofusingsuchequipmentonicesheetsofunknownthickness.Usinghand-heldsystems,icethicknessesgreaterthanaboutameterandahalfaredifficult.Someexperiments(Dickinsetal.,2005)havebeenconductedonthedetectionofthevapourfromtheoilthatwouldpermeatethroughtheiceandbetrappedonthesurface.Whilethissystemworkedwellinthelaboratoryenvironment,itwouldbeverydifficulttoimplementinatypicalcoldweatherenvironment.Thissystemisverytimeconsumingtoinstallandthetimeforeachmeasurementtookseveralminutes.Thereissomeevidencefromfieldexperimentsthatverylittleevaporationoccursunderanicesheet,sothepresenceofvapoursinthelaboratoryexperimentmaywellbeanartefactoftheexperimentalsituation.Theelectromagneticbandextendsfromlong-wavelengthradiowavestoX-rays,andincludesthevisiblebandandradar.Variouspartsoftheelectromagneticspectrumhadbeentriedforthedetectionofoilunderice,includinglow-frequencysystemsatabout100kHz,variousformsofradarfrom100to1,000MHz,andthevisiblebandeitherdirectlyorbydetectingthefluorescenceoftheoil.Whilethereissomevariationofthedielectricconstantwithfrequency,thevaluesofTable1aretypical.Itiseasyforelectromagneticradiationtobetransmittedfromtheairtoeithertheiceortheoil.Thereflectionattheoil-iceinterfacewillbeweak,buteasilydetectedprovidedthesensorhasanadequatedynamicrange.Therewillbeastrongreflectionattheinterfacewiththewater.Aswithanysensingpackage,thespatialresolutiondependsonthewavelength(andpulselengthforpulsedsystems).Thereareanumberoflow-frequencyelectromagneticsystems,whichuseinductiontodetectsurfaceandsub-surfaceanomalies.Thesesystemstypicallyoperateatfrequenciesbelow100kHz(wavelengthsofgreaterthan3,000m).Attheselargewavelengthsthespatialresolutionispoorandwhilesuchsystemshavebeenprovenusefulforsea-icethicknessmeasurements,itisunlikelythatthisgroupofsensorswoulddetectoileitheriniceorattheice-waterinterface(Kovacsetal.,1995)Groundpenetratingradar(GPR)systemsareroutinelyusedtodeterminesub-surfacestructuresandoperateatfrequenciesbetween300and1,000MHz.Inordertoachievegoodspatialresolution,mostGPRsystemsuseahighbandwidthantenna(lowQ)andproduceashortchirpsignal(MoorcroftandTunaley,1985).MostofthecurrentlyavailableGPRsystemsaresurfacebasedandrequiregoodcouplingbetweentheunitantennaeandtheice.Sincesuchsystemsareroutinelycommerciallyavailable,theyareveryattractivetobeusedasanoil-under-icedetector.Therehavebeenanumberofexperiments,bothintestbasinsandinthefieldtotesttheabilityofthesesystemstouniquelydetectoil-under-ice.Themainproblemisbothsignalstrengthanddynamicrange,since,dependingonthevalueofthedielectricconstantoftheoil,thereflectedsignaldifferencebetweenoilandiceis0.5–7%asopposedtothenearly100%attheice-waterinterface.Thus,thereceivermustbesensitivetosmallvariationsinsignalstrengthtoseetheoil-iceinterface,whilenotbeingoverloadedbythereturnfromthewater.Oldersystemslackedthis.dynamicrangeandtheice-oilsignalwasmaskedbythewaterreturn.Theelectronicsusedbymorerecentdesignshaveabetterdynamicrange,andDickinsetal.(2005)haverecentlyusedsuchasystemtoevaluateanoil-under-icedetectioninatestbasinusingureaice,andsubsequently(Brandviketal.,2006)inanexperimentintheNorwegianArctic.Thetestbasinexperimentsusedextensivesignalanalysisinordertoidentifythepresenceofoilunderice,whichobscureswhatpropertiesoftheinterfaceareactuallybeingdetected.Theuseofureaice,whoseelectricalpropertiesaredifferentfromnaturalice,furthercomplicatestheinterpretation.Thefielddatafrom2006isstillbeinganalyzed.Formorethanadecade,radio-echoingsoundingsystemsoperatinginthesamefrequencybandastheGPShavebeenusedtomeasureglaciericethicknessfromanairborneplatform(Figure7).ThesesystemshaveamuchnarrowerbandwidthandbeamwidththanatypicalGPSsystem,butofferthepotentialtoremotelydetectoilunderice.SincethesesystemshaveamuchlowerspatialresolutionthantheGPS,alargerareaofoil-under-icewouldberequiredforareasonabletestoftheunits’capability.Nosuchfieldstudieshavebeenundertaken.石油冰下檢測(cè):什么是最先進(jìn)的?摘要：在二十世紀(jì)七十年代早期，石油和天然氣勘探在加拿大和美國(guó)的北極開(kāi)始需要被確認(rèn)開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)來(lái)檢測(cè)油冰下。電磁和聲學(xué)傳感器都已經(jīng)試過(guò)了,但是一種實(shí)用的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表未被認(rèn)定。大多數(shù)提出設(shè)備系統(tǒng)要求從冰操作表面以得到足夠的吻合。雪必須清除收成。對(duì)于許多冰的情況下,獲得表面是困難的,并且引起嚴(yán)重的安全問(wèn)題。最近的兩科學(xué)家用“高科技”的冰augers在冰中檢測(cè)出油的存在。以下對(duì)一些潛在的新技術(shù)進(jìn)行了討論,并給出了其運(yùn)作的基本原則進(jìn)行了闡述。關(guān)鍵詞:北極地區(qū)、溢油應(yīng)急、油冰雕,檢測(cè)1．介紹檢測(cè)油在持續(xù)冰蓋呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)最困難的挑戰(zhàn)oil-spill科技團(tuán)體在過(guò)去的20年里,在沒(méi)有操作系統(tǒng)提供證明的條件下。Dickins(2000)的倡議下美國(guó)礦物質(zhì)管理服務(wù)進(jìn)行了一次優(yōu)秀的評(píng)論冰下石油檢測(cè)的現(xiàn)狀,本文對(duì)這次評(píng)估予以補(bǔ)充一些更詳細(xì)的分析系統(tǒng)。鑒別出了許多概念,是不能進(jìn)行了探討。為了確定合適的冰下石油探測(cè)器,在各種情況下找到的油都可以在連續(xù)冰層得到驗(yàn)證。石油必須來(lái)自地下釋放，因?yàn)槿魏伪砻驷尫趴赡軙?huì)在冰面上的鉛或其他地方的冰上。我的潛意識(shí)認(rèn)為原油管道的泄漏,漏液容器或容器淹沒(méi)或自然滲透。石油在被困的冰下不會(huì)傳播的很快，還會(huì)覆蓋大面積由于自然寒冷的溫度凍住接口(Rosenegger,1975年)。這種情況是類似于石油瀉在陸地上,而非水油的動(dòng)態(tài)情況。不像水下石油的情況、可能的來(lái)源位置石油可以空間的定義時(shí),測(cè)試的效果,所以尋找石油是在一個(gè)相對(duì)小的封閉區(qū)。根據(jù)一年開(kāi)始的時(shí)候情況,冰也許僅僅是在快速發(fā)展階段才能從根本上出現(xiàn)靜態(tài)或解體情況,因此,表面上的油都可以被浮冰接口或冰水接受。在最初與最后的情況下,傳統(tǒng)的遠(yuǎn)程傳感技術(shù)可以用來(lái)檢測(cè)石油。石油是在冰水接口或納入冰層,是新冰下石油檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)所需要的。模式的基本目標(biāo)有兩種情況不同。2．已有的技術(shù)相關(guān)的信號(hào)檢測(cè)油冰下可能是由于聲阻抗差異。絕緣體是油和冰,或改變的表面粗糙度原油冰接口。這個(gè)界面,愈粗糙的時(shí)候探測(cè)信號(hào)弱,因此分散信號(hào)回到了接收機(jī)。這是依據(jù),舉例來(lái)說(shuō),檢測(cè)水中的石油時(shí)使用雷達(dá)。界面粗糙度測(cè)量是直接使用模具系統(tǒng)部署潛水員(古德曼、蘇達(dá)權(quán)等,1987)并發(fā)現(xiàn)粗糙在空間尺度上的價(jià)值和表面粗糙度的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。油釋放冰下充滿粗糙度特點(diǎn)和生成一個(gè)光滑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水,可以探測(cè)到使用的是聲、電磁傳感器。唯一能夠證明的和廣泛應(yīng)用技術(shù)是鉆出洞口使用一個(gè)冰鉆、類似電鋸或相似的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。盡管這是耗時(shí)的,但是一個(gè)單點(diǎn)測(cè)試——它就成功了。以提高生產(chǎn)力這樣的單位組成,他們可以安裝在一個(gè)小的雪車輛來(lái)增加他們的覆蓋面,但應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮額外的安全問(wèn)題的時(shí)候可以使用這些裝備的。在冰原未知的厚度。使用手動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、冰厚度大于約一米半是困難的。一些實(shí)驗(yàn)(Dickins蘇達(dá)權(quán)等,2005)進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),從石油蒸汽滲透到冰或者被困在表面上。雖然這項(xiàng)制度是在試驗(yàn)環(huán)境工作下完成,那將是很難以實(shí)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)典型的寒冷的天氣環(huán)境。該系統(tǒng)是非常耗時(shí)的，安裝和時(shí)間在每個(gè)測(cè)定了幾分鐘。有些證據(jù)表明很少?gòu)牡V場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),蒸發(fā)發(fā)生于冰原,所以存在蒸汽在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中很可能是一個(gè)藝術(shù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)