MedicalEnglish—AnIntegratedCourse1編輯pptUnit1Anatomy2編輯pptUnit1Anatomy

Brain-storming1WordsandText2TranslationinMedicalLiterature(timepermitted)3Assignment:After-classListening,ReadingandWriting5OralPresentation43編輯pptBrainstorming1.Whatisanatomy?Anatomyisthestudyofthestructureofanimalsandtheirparts,andisalsoreferredtoaszootomy(動(dòng)物解剖學(xué))toseparateitfromhumananatomy.4編輯pptBrainstorming2.Subdivisionsofanatomy?1).Grossanatomy大體解剖學(xué)a.surfaceanatomy外表解剖學(xué)b.regionalanatomy局部解剖學(xué)c.systemicanatomy系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)2).Microscopicanatomy顯微解剖學(xué)a.cytology細(xì)胞學(xué)b.histology組織學(xué)3).Otheranatomya.developmentalanatomy發(fā)育解剖學(xué)embryology胚胎學(xué)b.comparativeanatomy比較解剖學(xué)c.clinicalanatomy5編輯pptIV.WordFormationLead-in詞根〔root〕&詞綴〔affix〕International詞根是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中不能再分的最小單位,能代表一個(gè)完整的意思并獨(dú)立存在,稱為root.例如:nation,art,face,view等等詞綴是指加在詞根之前或之后的一個(gè)最小語(yǔ)素,它也有一定意義,但是不能獨(dú)立存在,必須依附于詞根.可分為前綴(加在詞根之前)和后綴(加在詞根之后).一般前綴改變?cè)~義,后綴改變?cè)~性.6編輯pptIV.WordFormationMoreexamples:前綴否認(rèn)：dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,non-,mis-,de-,counter-,anti-“前〞：pre-preview,preface,pre-existing“后〞：post-post-war,post-graduate后綴-able形容詞后綴：reliable,understandable-ics名詞后綴表學(xué)科：economics,physics,acoustics-en動(dòng)詞后綴：sharpen,awaken,brighten,broaden7編輯pptIV.WordFormationRen-[拉]Renalhypertension腎性高血壓Renalinsufficiency腎機(jī)能不全Renaldiabetes腎性糖尿病Renalfailure腎衰竭Renallobe腎葉Nephr(o)-[希]Nephroscope腎鏡Nephroscopy

腎鏡檢查Nephrotomy[ne'fr?t?m?]腎切開(kāi)術(shù)Nephrolith['n?fr?l?θ]腎結(jié)石8編輯pptIV.WordFormationCardi-[希]Cardioaortic主心動(dòng)脈的Cardiopulmonary心肺的Cardiovascular心血管的Cardiogram心電圖Pulm-[拉]Pulmoaortic肺與主動(dòng)脈的-ology……學(xué)問(wèn)，科學(xué)Biology生物學(xué)Geology地質(zhì)學(xué)Mycology真菌學(xué)9編輯pptIV.WordFormation-tomy[希]

后綴切開(kāi)術(shù)Nephrolithotomy

[,nefr?uli'θ?t?mi]腎結(jié)石切除術(shù)Arteriotomy[ɑ:,ti?ri'?t?mi]動(dòng)脈切開(kāi)術(shù)Ventriculostomy[ven,trikju'l?st?mi]腦室切開(kāi)術(shù)10編輯pptGlossary1.aortan.2.peripheryn.3.thebesianveins4.vascularadj.5.atriumn.6.intercostaladj.7.arteriolen.8.bronchialadj.9.hilumn.10.alveolaradj.11.capillaryn.12.shuntv./n.13.ventriclen.A.血管的，脈管的B.小氣泡C.肋間的D.心房E.外周，外圍F.〔使〕分流G.〔腦、心〕室H.主動(dòng)脈I.毛細(xì)血管J.支氣管的K.心最小靜脈L.門(mén)M.小動(dòng)脈11編輯pptGlossary1.cortexn.2.apexn.3.papillan.4.vertebran.5.medullan.6.thoracicadj.7.coronaladj.8.calyxn.9.corticomedullaryjunctionA.胸的，胸廓的B.脊椎骨，椎骨C.盞D.乳突E.皮髓質(zhì)結(jié)合F.頂尖G.皮質(zhì)H.髓質(zhì)I.冠狀的12編輯pptGlossary1.parenchyman.2.afferent

adj.3.efferentadj.4.renaladj.5.renalpelvis6.nephronn.7.glomerularadj.8.uretern.9.arcuateartery10.glomerulusn.A.腎的B.傳出的C.腎盂D.傳入的E.輸尿管F.腎小球的G.腎單位H.〔腎〕小球I.實(shí)質(zhì)J.弓狀動(dòng)脈13編輯pptI.TextPleaseskimthefirstpartofthetextandthenanswerthefirst3questions.14編輯pptI.Text1.Wheredothelungsgettheirbloodsupply?Answer：Thelungreceivesitsbloodsupplyfromtwovascularsystems—thebronchialandpulmonarycirculations.15編輯pptI.Text2.Doesthenutritivebloodflowtothealveolarstructures?Answer：No.Itflowstoallbutthealveolarstructures.16編輯pptI.Text3.Whatis/areresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung?Answer：Smallmusculararteriesareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.17編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.1.flow的詞性？2.which指代的是誰(shuí)？3.句子主干？4.嘗試翻譯。名詞ThebronchialcirculationThenutritivebloodflowcomesfromthebronchialcirculation.先譯主干，再進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充18編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.參考譯文：肺的營(yíng)養(yǎng)血液來(lái)自于支氣管循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有組織，支氣管循環(huán)系統(tǒng)始于主動(dòng)脈及上肋間動(dòng)脈，接受大約1%的心輸出量。19編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1draininto流入，排入，注入e.g.Today’sslaverwilldrainintotomorrow’stear.今日垂涎，明日流淚。e.g.The

rivers

drain

into

the

Balkhash

lake,which

sustains

the

livelihood

of

more

thantwo

million

Kazakhs.

這些河流匯入巴爾喀什湖，維系著兩百多萬(wàn)哈薩克人的生活。20編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Theremainder(ofwhat?)drainsintothepulmonaryveinsand,alongwiththecontributionfromthethebesianveinsintheheart,representsacomponentofthe1to2percentright-to-leftshuntfoundinnormalsubjects.參考譯文：剩余的〔2/3〕輸出流入肺靜脈，并在心臟最小靜脈的作用下，在正常情況下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。21編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Thearteriesdowntothelevelofthesubsegmentalairways(2-mmdiameter)arethin-walled,predominantlyelasticvessels.1.downto表示的位置關(guān)系？2.句子主干？3.嘗試翻譯參考譯文：肺段支氣管〔直徑2mm〕以上的肺動(dòng)脈血管壁薄，〔主要是〕且富彈性。22編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Beyondthis,thearteriesbecomemuscularizeduntiltheyreachdiametersof30μm,atwhichpointthemuscularcoatdisappears.1.this指代什么？2.beyond如何與上文銜接？參考譯文：由此下行，動(dòng)脈成肌肉化開(kāi)展，逐漸縮窄至僅30微米，〔此時(shí)〕肌肉層消失。23編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Mostofthearterialpressuredroptakesplaceinthesesmallmusculararteries,whichareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.參考譯文：大局部動(dòng)脈壓降產(chǎn)生在這些肌肉化的小動(dòng)脈中，他們起著調(diào)節(jié)肺部血流分布的作用。24編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmonaryarteriolesemptyintoanextensivecapillarynetworkanddrainintothin-walledpulmonaryveins,whicheventuallyjoinwiththearteriesandbronchiatthehilumandexitthelungtoentertheleftatrium.1.empty的詞性？動(dòng)詞。排空；注入此句中，emptywhatinto……？2.which指代什么？參考譯文：肺小動(dòng)脈將血液排入廣泛分布的毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)，流入肺靜脈。肺靜脈的壁很薄，他們最終在肺門(mén)處與動(dòng)脈和支氣管集合/并行，出肺進(jìn)入左心房。25編輯ppt語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)：非限制性關(guān)系分句關(guān)系分句是由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)，這種分句結(jié)構(gòu)又稱為“定語(yǔ)從句〞。這種分句的主要功能是作名詞修飾語(yǔ)〔即“定語(yǔ)〞〕。關(guān)系分句就其與先行項(xiàng)的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系分為限制性關(guān)系分句〔Restrictive

Relative

Clause〕和非限制性關(guān)系分句〔Non-restrictive

Relative

Clause〕。26編輯ppt語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)：非限制性關(guān)系分句限制性關(guān)系分句和非限制性關(guān)系分句的區(qū)別：1.形式不同限定性定語(yǔ)從句主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)也不停頓；而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)有停頓。2.功能不同限定性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長(zhǎng)些。(假設(shè)把從句去掉句子就失去意義)Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來(lái)。(假設(shè)把從句去句子意義仍然完整)27編輯ppt語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)：非限制性關(guān)系分句限制性關(guān)系分句和非限制性關(guān)系分句的區(qū)別：3.翻譯不同在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般把限定性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句分開(kāi)。如：Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。I’veinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀請(qǐng)了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。4.含義不同比較下面的兩個(gè)句子：Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè))Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐)28編輯ppt語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)：非限制性關(guān)系分句Translation:1.就是這本書(shū)，也可以說(shuō)是小冊(cè)子，推薦每位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生閱讀。Thisisthebook,orpamphlet,whichhasbeenrecommendedtoeveryphysician.2.血流可因更快(morerapid)和更有力(morevigorous)的心臟活動(dòng)(heartaction)而增加，這就使熱量加速(accelerate)轉(zhuǎn)移(movementof…to…)到皮膚。Thebloodflowmaybeincreasedbymorerapidandvigorousheartaction,whichacceleratesthemovementofheattotheskin.29編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Pleasereadthesecondpartofthetextfromthebeginningtotheendandthenanswerthelasttwoquestions.30編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part24.Wheredoafferentarteriolescomefrom?Answer:Afferentarteriolescomefromterminalinterlobulararteries.31編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part25.Whatdotheinterlobulararteriesprovideatthecorticomedullaryjunction?Answer:Thesesmallerarteriesprovideperpendicularbranches,thearcuatearteries,atthecorticomedullaryjunction.32編輯ppt33編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表達(dá)“構(gòu)成〞：1.整體+Comprise/

consist

of

/

be

composed

of

/

be

made

up

of+局部e.g.The

committee

comprises/

consists

of

two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

teacher.委員會(huì)由兩名律師、兩名記者和一名教師組成。2.局部

+constitute

/

compose/

make

up

+整體

e.g.Two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

head

teacher

constitute

/

compose

the

committee.兩名律師、兩名記者和一名校長(zhǎng)組成該委員會(huì)。

34編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)表結(jié)果：thesecalycescollectivelycommunicatewithmajorcalyces,formingtherenalpelvis.e.g.There

is

mud

and

water

everywhere,

making

it

difficult

to

travel

from

place

to

place.

現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示一種必然性〔自然結(jié)果〕?！瞞aking

可以改為

which

makes，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)前因后果的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。〕e.g.他每天回來(lái)得很晚，這使他的妻子很生氣。Hecomeshomelateeveryevening,makinghiswifeveryangry.35編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2練習(xí)：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)表結(jié)果：e.g.她把玩具丟在地上，碎成很多片。Shethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.e.g.她的丈夫十年前去世了，丟下三個(gè)孩子需要她照顧。Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,leavingthreechildrenforhertolookafter.36編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.1.branching用來(lái)修飾什么？2.如何翻譯？37編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的名詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句Do

you

know

the

boy

standing

at

the

door?→Doyouknowtheboywhoisstandingatthedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingthesouth.→Theylivedinahousethatfacedthesouth.38編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.branching=whichbranches參考譯文：由主動(dòng)脈分支出來(lái)的腎總動(dòng)脈為兩腎輸送血液。39編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Themainarteryusuallydividesintotwomainsegmentalbranches,whicharefurthersubdividedintolobararteriessupplyingtheupper,middle,andlowerregionsofthekidney.參考譯文：腎總動(dòng)脈通常分為兩個(gè)主側(cè)支，這兩個(gè)側(cè)支又進(jìn)一步分為葉動(dòng)脈，為腎臟上、中、下區(qū)域供給血液。40編輯pptTextAnalysis:Part2Theglomerularcapillariesreceivebloodthroughafferentarteriolesthatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries.分析：Theglomerularcapillaries(A)receivebloodthroughafferentarterioles(B)thatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries(C).主干：A通過(guò)B接收血液，B來(lái)源于C→源自C的B為A輸送血液參考譯文：這些末端葉間動(dòng)脈伸展出的小動(dòng)脈為腎小球毛細(xì)血管輸送血液。41編輯pptTextAnalysis: