大學(xué)英語應(yīng)用文體寫作教程ACourseofPraticalEnglishWritingfamilyname:lin〔林〕nicetomeetyou!requirementsandarrangements

requirements1.attendtheclassasnecessaryaspossible2.attendtheclassontime3.askforaleaveifyousomethingurgent4.givemesuggestionafterclassorduringabreak2.arrangementsYouaredividedintotengroups.eachgroupneedtopresentprograms(5-10minutes).EverythingrelatedtoEnglishisOK.Forexample:aEnglishsong,aspeech,astory,adrama,amethodoflearning,orainterestingthingyouexperience.AbriefintroductiontopracticalEnglishwritingWhatispracticalEnglishwriting?practicalEnglishwritingisapartofnon-literaturewrittenEnglish.Itisgenerallyreferredtoasthosecommonwrittendocumentsforspecialpurposesandinregularforms.featuresofpracticalEnglishwritingRigorofstyleTheauthenticityofcontentTheaccuracyoflanguageFormateoftheformGeneralizationofapplicationTimelinessTypesofpracticalEnglishwriting

IdividepracticalEnglishwritingintothreecommon

types:dailypracticalEnglishwriting,business

writingsandofficialdocuments.中英文寫作的差異比照中英文寫作的差異性主要根源于中西方兩個(gè)文化體系的思維模式差異。中國(guó)的思維方式以整體性為基點(diǎn)，把事物作為有機(jī)整體進(jìn)行籠統(tǒng)的直覺綜合，重視悟而輕視形式論證。漢語以意合為特點(diǎn)，擅長(zhǎng)歸整為零，運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)的、整體的觀念對(duì)待事物。語言表現(xiàn)多為主題句，在同一主題下諸多小句按自然邏輯事理加以鋪排，形散神聚。西方的思維是分析型思維，英語以形合為特點(diǎn)，形合是指在語言組織時(shí)，通過連接手段將一個(gè)分句置于另一個(gè)分句的附屬位置上，使得主句和從句之間以及其它各個(gè)句子成分之間的關(guān)系清晰明了。Gonearethedayswhennightvisiondeviceswere

onlywithin

thereachofthemilitary,securityservices,

andtheverywealthy。Thedayswhennightvisiondeviceswereonlywithin

thereach

ofthemilitary,securityservicesandtheverywealthyaregone。1.詞序WordOrder

在詞序上,中文和日文,較多是左伸展left-branching的,而英文是右伸展的right-branching。中英文寫作的差異比照中英文寫作的差異比照2、詞匯多樣化WordVariety中英文在詞匯上也有很大區(qū)別。中文是象形文字,二維表現(xiàn)方式,表達(dá)信息的效率很高。而英文是拼音文字,一維的表現(xiàn)方式,效率沒有中文高。一個(gè)人掌握3000-4000個(gè)漢字,就可以讀懂許多報(bào)紙雜志了，而英文知道10000個(gè)詞還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。這就意味著中文詞的使用重復(fù)率相對(duì)于英文來說非常高。例如：看電視,看電影,看書,看父母,看問題同樣是“看〞,在英文中那么用不同的詞表達(dá)：watchTV,seeamovie,readabook,visitparents,lookatanissueRetirementoftenbringspeoplemanyproblemssuchas″What

shallIdotoday″problem,thoughtheymaynothaveeconomical

problems.Peopleobservethatapartfromeconomicalproblems,

retirementalsobringsmanypsychologicalproblems.Manypeopleoftengetillnessesandevendeterioratewhenpeople

areretired.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe"What

shallIdotoday?"question,eventhoughtheymaynothaveecono-micconcerns.Ithasbeenobservedthatwithdrawalfromwork,

asidefromexertingfinancialpressures,causesenormouspsycholo-gicalstress.Largenumbersofpeopletendtogetsomeillnessesandevendeterioraterapidlywhenjobless。3.主客觀情感的差異漢語重視主觀，多使用主動(dòng)句，，其主語常常被幽靈化。英語注重客觀，強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)，物化主語與被動(dòng)句的使用頻率較高。4.論證手段的差異漢語尊重權(quán)威，喜歡引經(jīng)據(jù)典，而英語更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體經(jīng)驗(yàn)和原創(chuàng)的論述。考試作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2分……條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大局部句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分……根本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。8分……根本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分……切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。14分……切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好。根本上無語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。結(jié)論：考查的重點(diǎn)是考生的英語語言水平，而不是學(xué)生的思辨創(chuàng)新能力寫作技巧1、“煉〞字2、審題3、謀篇英語專業(yè)四級(jí)例如例：Nowadayssomestudentsfeelbewilderedaboutthevalueofcollegelife.Apartfromacquiringknowledge,whatelsecouldcollegestudentsgetfromthetimespentinauniversity?WriteonAnswerSheetTwoacompositionofabout200words

onthefollowingtopic:TheValueofUniversityLifeYouaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthe?rstpart,statespeci?callywhatyourideais.Inthesecondpart,providereasonstosupportyouropinionORdescribeyouridea.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.TheValueofUniversityLifeTherearereportsaboutbusinessmen,stars,celebritieswhoareundereducatedandevendidnotgraduatefromhighschool.Therefore,somecollegestudents

doubtaboutthevalueofcollegelife.AsfarasI’mconcerned,I’dsaycollegelifeisthemostvaluableinthefollowingaspects.Timespentatauniversityisthemostworthwhileperiodinayoungperson’slife.Thisisatimewhenastudentbeginstoformhisorherideasaboutlifeingeneral.Attendingclassesandstudyinginthelibrarykeepastudentbusyandprovidehimorherwithaccesstovaluableinformation,addingtohisorherknowledgebase.Campuslifecanalsoberichandcolorful.Mostuniversitiesofferavariety

ofextracurricularactivitiessuchassportsevents,contests,andother

socialgatherings,enablingthestudentstoexperiencerelieffromstudyandhomework.Studentsoftenformlifelongfriendshipsthroughvariousexperie-ncesduring

universitylife.Duringthetimeastudentspendsatuniversity,henotonlydevelopshis

intellectual11abilities,butalsodevelopssocialskillsaswellasknowledgeandwisdomnecessaryforchoosingafuturecareer.Bylearninghowto

balanceintensestudyandrecreation,astudentwillbewellpreparedfor

thechallengesoffutureresponsibilities.Therefore,it’sonlytoonaturaltodrawtheconclusionthatuniversitylife,ifenjoyedfullyandmadebestuseof,isveryrewardinginvariousways.引言局部：作者先說明有些學(xué)生對(duì)大學(xué)生活是否有價(jià)值產(chǎn)生疑心的原因，然后開門見山地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，并用inthefollowingaspects引出下文。主體局部：分為三個(gè)自然段，從獲取知識(shí)、結(jié)交朋友、為未來做好準(zhǔn)備三方面說明大學(xué)生活的價(jià)值所在。這三段的結(jié)尾句都是該段的總結(jié)句，使文章的邏輯非常清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊.總結(jié)局部：作者用therefore自然引出結(jié)尾，并用invariousways照應(yīng)首段的followingaspects，使文章整體感很強(qiáng)。

1.celebrities:“名人〞，比使用famouspeople來得正式。2.undereducated:“受教育缺乏的，未受良好教育的〞，也可以用poorlyeducated，該詞的使用顯示了作者較大的詞匯量。3.doubtabout:“對(duì)……表示疑心〞，注意與suspect之間的區(qū)別。4.worthwhile:“值得做的〞；注意與worth和worthy之間的區(qū)別，另外worthwhile還常用于itisworthwhiletodosth.。5.ingeneral:“大體上、一般來說〞；近義詞有inthemain,generally(speaking)。6.base:“基地、根底、基線〞；此處也可以用foundation，另外注意base作為形容詞表示卑劣的、不道德的〞

7.relief:“輕松、減輕〞；注意與它搭配的介詞是from。8.lifelong:“終身的〞；通常同學(xué)們都會(huì)使用allone'slife來表示“一輩子〞這一概念，但用lifelong這一形容詞更為簡(jiǎn)潔明了。9.intellectual:“智力上的、聰明的〞；還可以作名詞，表示“知識(shí)分子〞。10.intense:“強(qiáng)大的、強(qiáng)烈的、緊張的〞；這里的意思是“緊張的〞，很多同學(xué)會(huì)誤寫成nervousstudy，當(dāng)然此處也可以用busy來替代。11.recreation:“娛樂〞；該詞的使用表達(dá)了作者較大的詞匯量。12.onlytoo...to:一般情況的too...to結(jié)構(gòu)表示“太……而不能〞，此處加上only就變?yōu)椤胺浅！プ觥暤囊馑剂?，不過too后面所接的詞得是正面詞匯，這里表示的意思是“得出以下結(jié)論是非常自然的事情〞。13.rewarding:“有報(bào)酬的、值得的、有益的〞。作文類型現(xiàn)象解釋型作文利弊類作文觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立類/觀點(diǎn)選擇類習(xí)作原因類習(xí)作問題解決類作文圖表類作文書信類作文

現(xiàn)象解釋型作文1描述現(xiàn)象——列舉現(xiàn)象利弊——提出觀點(diǎn)2分析現(xiàn)象正反/可供選擇兩方面的觀點(diǎn)3分析原因——得出結(jié)論或提出解決措施4產(chǎn)生的影響或帶來的問題——得出結(jié)論或提出解決措施利弊類作文描述現(xiàn)象——列舉現(xiàn)象利弊——提出觀點(diǎn)eg:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonCross-UniversityCourseSelection.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.1.大學(xué)中出現(xiàn)了一種嶄新的學(xué)習(xí)制度——跨校選課。2.跨校選課帶來的好處。3.跨校選課令我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。MyViewonCross-UniversityCourseSelectionRecentlytherehavebeenmanyreportsofabrandnewsystemamonguniversities,inwhichstudentscanselectcoursesinotheruniversities.ItturnsanewpageofadvancededucationinChina,andwillhavefar-reachingeffectsintheforthcomingyears.

Thebiggestbenefit,inmyeyes,isthatthissystemprovidesachanceforintegrationofresources,andstudentscanselecttypicalcoursesofdifferentuniversities.Inaddition,studentshaveamuchwiderrangeofselection.Theycannotonlyselectcoursesoftheirspecialinterest,butalsoselectmoredifficultcoursestostudyaparticularsubjectbetter.Finally,itisalsogoodforalluniversitiesconcerned,becausemanyspecializedoradvancedcoursescanbeopenedasaresult.

Apartfromthebenefitsmentionedabove,wealsofaceseveralunfavorablechallenges.Inthefirstplace,itisquitedifficultforsuchasystemtofunctionproperly,becauseitismoredifficulttomanage,andmoreimportantly,itneedsthecooperationofuniversitiesandstudents.Inthesecondplace,somestudentsdon’tcareaboutthesubjecttheyjustwanttoobtainthecertificatefromacertainuniversitytofacilitatejob

huntinginthefuture.What’sthemostimportant,itisquitetime-consumingforthe

studentswillthelecturersalwaysjustifythetimeandmoneyconsumed?Onlywhenwedealwiththeseproblemssuccessfullycanwebenefitthemostfromsuchanewsystem.觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立類/觀點(diǎn)選擇類習(xí)作描述現(xiàn)象——分析現(xiàn)象正反/可供選擇兩方面的觀點(diǎn)——說明個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)eg:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositi-ononthetopicTheMakingofaGoodStudent.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.1.有人認(rèn)為好學(xué)生應(yīng)該是主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)型的。2.有人認(rèn)為被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)型也能出現(xiàn)好學(xué)生。3.你的觀點(diǎn)。Nowadays,therehasappearedaheateddiscussionamongthecollege

studentsastowhetheragoodstudentshouldbeanactivelearnerora

passivelearner.Opinionsaredividedover

thematter.

Thosewhoareinfavorofanactivelearnermaintainthatanactive

learnerhasastrongdesiretolearnnewknowledge.Hecanstudyinitiallynomatterinclassorafterclass.Hecanputwhathehaslearnedinto

practice.Hecanalsohaveacreativeandindependentmind.Thusitisno

surprisethathecanretaininformationandknowledgemoreeffectively.Butothersarguethatapassivelearnerislikelytobeagoodstudent.By

learningsomething

bythewayofteachingbyholdinghishand,apassive

learnercanlayagoodfoundationonbasicskills.Bylearningtoreceive

informationfromateacherinanunquestioningmanner,apassivelearner

cangaineasyaccesstowhatheshouldhaveagoodcommandof.

Therefore,hecanfindaquickerwaytosuccess.

AsfarasI’mconcerned,Ipreferagoodstudentshouldbeanactive

learner,becauseIwanttobeanindependentthinkerandunderstandwhathasbeentaughtinsteadofmerelymemorizingeverything.Besides,itis

necessa