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2018年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試
英語(yǔ)(一)
(科目代碼:201)
☆考生注意事項(xiàng)眾
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指定位置上填寫(xiě)報(bào)考單位、考生姓名和考生編號(hào),并涂寫(xiě)考生編號(hào)信息點(diǎn)。
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(以下信息考生必須認(rèn)真填寫(xiě))
考生編號(hào)
考生姓名
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankandmark
A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition]many
worthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2in
thewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.
4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplace
theirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormone
that6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatprompts
humansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8this
hormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocininto
thenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigher
amountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.
11fbrus,wealsohaveasixthsensefbrdishonestythatmay12us.A
Canadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13a
crediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadult
testerholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?^^before
lookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,"Wow!”Eachsubjectwasthen
invitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16the
containerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18to
cooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhis
leadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"tester
participatedinafollow-upactivity.
1.[A]on[B|like[C]for[D]from
2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest
3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price
4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again
5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When
6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains
7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare
8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to
9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle
10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters
11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic
12.[A]monitor[B|protect[C]surprise[DJdelight
13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over
14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted
15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside
16.[A|discovered[B|proved[C]insisted[D]remembered
17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked
18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled
19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance
20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
2
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobably
gounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobots
comefortheirjobs?
Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskof
beingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclass
disproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon't
appealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,
softwareengineering-havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichownthe
robots,sotheywillbefine.
Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhas
benefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellfbrLuddites
whosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedliving
standardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshould
eventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfree
workersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmay
needalotofhelpadjusting.
Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecond
MachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums-from
grammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsand
moreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoa
betterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongside
robots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra
trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbe
abletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.
ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfbrtheU.S.to
reviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.In
previouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransition
bydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprinters
andvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthat
willinventthem.
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincome
andlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-
wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcredit
shouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompanies
fbrjobcreation,andreduceinequality.
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,
yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedby
automation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.But
policiestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.
3
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?
[A]Leadingpoliticians.
[B]Low-wagelaborers.
[C]Robotowners.
[D]Middle-classworkers.
22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sview?
[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.
[B]Optimists5opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.
[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.
[D|Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.
23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential.
[B]job-huntingskills.
[C]individualneeds.
[D]cooperativespirit.
24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.
[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.
[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.
[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.
25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit.
[B]possiblesolutionstoit.
[C]itsalarmingimpacts.
[D]itsmajorvariations.
4
Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoung
AmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.Theimplicationisthat
MillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,
notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthas
risentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.
Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarter
ofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwas
fakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.Andasurveyconductedfor
BuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfrom
themediagiant.
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulat
separatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfbcus-groupsurvey
ofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse''distributedtrust“toverify
stories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives-
especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreat
dealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingout
opposingviewpoints,9,thesurveyconcluded.
Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedin
Australia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison
foundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyand
immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheir
valuesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassing
alonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenby
Americansforthefakenewsphenomenonis"readererror,moresothanmade-up
storiesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews
liesin"'misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews“viasocialmedia.Inother
words,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue."This
indicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem/9says
RoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.
Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyreveala
mentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocial
media.
5
26.AccordingtoParagraphsIand2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson
[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.
[B]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.
[C]theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.
[D]socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.
27.Thephrase“beefup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]sharpen.
[B]define.
[C]boast.
[D]share.
28.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople
[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.
[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.
[C]haveastrongsenseofresponsibility.
[D]liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust”.
29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis
[A]readers9outdatedvalues.
[B]journalists9biasedreporting.
[C]readers'misinterpretation.
[D]journalists,made-upstories.
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline.
[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend.
[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.
[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.
6
Text3
Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain's
NationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatboth
sidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)
companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,
butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainst
thatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher
damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhanded
overtoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavague
agreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients9rightsandtheir
expectationsofprivacy.
DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Further
arrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbe
carefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedof
patientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformed
patientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhe
mostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,since
underexistinglawit“controlled“thedataandDeepMindmerely"processed"it.But
thisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemere
possessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.
Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatour
livesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividual
fromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillance
economyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitis
comparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.
Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightly
maladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itisnotenoughtosaythat
thealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmatters
isthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublic
resources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdata
maybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmahasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningof
thisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequences
later.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.Ms
Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.
7
31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?
[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.
[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients9rights.
[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.
[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.
32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith
[A]emptypromises.
[B]toughresistance.
[C]necessaryadjustments.
[D]sincereapologies.
33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that
[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.
[B]leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.
[C]makingprofitsfrompatients9dataisillegal.
[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.
34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis
[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.
[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.
[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.
[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.
35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis
[A]ambiguous.
[B]cautious.
[C]appreciative.
[D]contemptuous.
8
Text4
TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetloss
of$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceeded
revenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyfor
employeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanyreasonsthisformerlystable
federalinstitutionfindsitselfatthebrinkofbankruptcy.Fundamentally,theUSPSis
inahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreased
demandfbritsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructure
thatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality.
Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexert
self-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthat
whateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependon
getprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecent
years,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital
modernization.
Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved-Democrats,Republicans,thePostal
Service,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers-hasfinallyagreedonaplanto
fixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSan
estimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,
amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-
letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.The
latterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree
healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunions.
IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate一
wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimum
necessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There'sno
changetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthat
personnelaccountsfbr80percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisany
discussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoys
widepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-
interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensus
aroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapolitically
embarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey9re
gettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.
9
36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby
[A]itsunbalancedbudget.
[B]itsrigidmanagement.
[C]thecostfortechnicalupgrading.
[D]thewithdrawalofbanksupport.
37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto
[A]theinterferencefrominterestgroups.
[B]theinadequatefundingfromCongress.
[C]theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.
[D]theincompetenceofpostalunions.
38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby
[A]removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.
[B]makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.
[C]adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.
[D]attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.
39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith
[A]respect.
[B]tolerance.
[C]discontent.
[D]gratitude.
40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays.
[B]ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese.
[C]TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure.
[D]ThePostalServiceNeedsMoreThanaBand-Aid.
10
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare
requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthe
listA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeen
correctlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteand
prepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.The
commissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavy
Departments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinofthe
TreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,the
elaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,and
constructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.
[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobe
occupied,withitselegantfbur-storylibrary(completedin1876),Diplomatic
ReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Oriental
rugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwing
in1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloors
decoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.
[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethree
ExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingand
conductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcentury
andthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStates
emergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation's
mostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany
historicevents.
[D]Manyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricalevents
thathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.
Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,
GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbefore
11
becomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21Secretariesof
War,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsand
JapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe
bombingofPearlHarbor.
[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniqueposition
inboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.
DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuilt
from1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavy
Departments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecond
Empirearchitectureinthecountry.
[F|Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.Whenthe
EEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly
2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisof
castironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eight
monumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronze
balustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.
[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirst
executiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires
(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtothe
constructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionofthe
NorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheState
Departmentbuilding.
41.IC\|42.I43.I—IFkI44.|7|45.
12
PartC
Directions:
Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto
Chinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Shakespeare^lifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityand
achievementinthedrama.(46)By[hedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessing[he
passingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveof
classicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenby
scholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern
Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethe
dramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryor
farcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereall
rivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefbrdramaticentertainment;and(47)noboy
whowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformof
literaturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.
WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltin
London.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingat
literarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolsorcourt,orforthechoirboysofStPaufs
andtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)But
theprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymen
withliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansof
livelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreene
hadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedy
thatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphon
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