Cardiovasculardiseasehealtheducationcontents目錄OverviewofCardiovascularDiseasesPreventionofcardiovasculardiseasesSymptomsanddiagnosisofcardiovasculardiseasesTreatmentandrehabilitationofcardiovasculardiseasescontents目錄NutritionanddieofcardiovasculardiseasesExerciseandExerciseforCardiovascularDiseasesOverviewofCardiovascularDiseases01Cardiovasculardisease(CVD)referstoarangeofconditionsthataffecttheheartandbloodvessels,leadingtoimprovebloodflowandoxygendeliverytothebodyDefinitionCVDscanbebroadlycategorizedintocoronaryheartdisease,stroke,heartfailure,andperipheralartdiseaseClassificationDefinitionandclassification03AgeandgenderdistributionCVDismorecommoninadultsovertheageof40andmenareslightlymoreaffectedthanwomen01PrevalenceCVDistheleadingcauseofdeathworldwide,accountingforapproximately17milliondeathsperyear02IncidentThenumberofnewcasesofCVDisincreasing,specificallyinlow-andmiddleinclusioncountriesEpidemiologicaloverviewThecausesofCVDaremultifactorialandcanincludegenetic,environmental,behavioral,andsocialfactorsCommonriskfactorsforCVDincludesmoking,unhealthydiet,physicalinactivity,obesity,diabetes,andhighbloodpressureEtiologyandriskfactorsRiskfactorsEtiologyPreventionofcardiovasculardiseases02Eatingadierichinfruits,vegetables,wholegrains,leanprotein,andhealthyfatcanhelpreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseBalanceddieRegularexercisecanimprovecardiovascularhealthbystrengtheningtheheartandreducingbloodpressurePhysicalactivityMaintainingahealthyweightthroughabalanceddieandregularexercisecanreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseWeightcontrolQuittingsmokingcansignificantlyimprovecardiovascularhealthandreducetheriskofheartdiseaseandstrokeSmokingprocessAhealthylifestyleBloodpressureRegularbloodpressurecheckscanhelpdetecthypertension,amajorriskfactorforcardiovasculardiseaseMonitoringcholesterollevelscanidentifyindividualsatriskforatheroscleroticcardiovasculardiseaseScreeningfordiabetesmellitus,ariskfactorforcardiovasculardisease,canbedonethroughFastingbloodglucosetestingMeasuringbodymassindexcanassesstheriskofobesity,whichisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofcardiovasculardiseaseCholesterollevelsFastingbloodglucoseBodymassindexRegularhealthcheckupsStatinsCholesterolpoweringdrinkslikestatinscanhelpreducetheriskofatheroscleroticcardiovasculardiseaseAnticoagulantsMedicationslikewarfarinoraspirincanhelppreventbloodclotsandreducetheriskofstrokeBetablockersDrugsthatblocktheeffectsofepinephrineandnorepinephrinecanhelpreducetheriskofheartattacksinindividualswithheartdiseaseAntihypertensivesMedicationstolowerbloodpressurecanhelpcontrolhypertensionandreducetheriskofheartdiseaseandstrokeDrugpreventionandtreatmentSymptomsanddiagnosisofcardiovasculardiseases03Afeelingofpressure,tightness,orqueuinginthechestthatmayradiatetotheneck,jaw,orupperbackChestpaintDifficultlybreaking,oftenacceptedbyafeelingoftightnessinthechestShortnessofbreadExcessivetirednessthatmaybepersistentandnotrelievedbyrestFatigueAfeelingofdizzinessorlossofconsciousness,oftenassociatedwithstandingupquicklyorafterexerciseLightheadednessorfittingCommonsymbolsanddeclarationsDiagnosticmethodsandprocessesPhysicalexamination:Athroughexaminationoftheheart,bloodpressure,andothervitalsignstoassesstheoverallhealthofthecardiovascularsystemElectrocardiogram(ECG):AtestthatrecordstheelectricalactivityoftheheartandcandetectabnormalrhythmsorproductionproblemsImagingtests:suchasechocardiogram,computedtomography(CT)scan,ormagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)tovisualizethestructureandfunctionoftheheartandbloodvesselsBiomarkertests:BloodteststhatmeasuresubstancesreleasedbytheheartduringinjuryorstresstoassessthepresenceandseverityofcardiovasculardiseaseMisdiagnosisFrequently,cardiovasculardiseasemaybemisdiagnosedasacidreflex,identification,orothernoncardiovascularconditionsduetosimilarsymptomsDifferentialdiagnosisItisimportanttodifferentiatecardiovasculardiseasefromotherconditionsthatmaypresentwithsimilarsymptoms,suchasanxiety,panattacks,ormucosekeletalpainMisdiagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosisTreatmentandrehabilitationofcardiovasculardiseases0401usedtopreventthrombosisandreducetheriskofcardiovascularevents.Antiplateletdrugs02reducethelevelofbloodlipidsandreducetheformationofatheroscleroticplaque.Lipidloweringdrugs03reducetheburdenontheheartandlowerbloodpressure.Diuretics04reducemyocardialoxygenconsumptionandalleviatesymptomsofangina.βReceptorantagonistsDrugtherapyNonpharmacologicaltreatmentHealthydietlowsalt,lowfat,lowsugar,consumemorevegetables,fruits,andwholegrains.ModerateexerciseChooseappropriateexercisemethodsbasedonpersonalcircumstances,suchaswalking,jogging,swimming,etc.WeightcontrolKeepyourweightwithinthenormalrangeandavoidobesity.Quitsmokingandlimitalcoholintakequitsmokingandlimitalcoholintaketoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardisease.Conductrehabilitationtrainingundertheguidanceofadoctor,suchascardiopulmonaryfunctiontraining,musclestrengthtraining,etc.Rehabilitationtrainingreceivepsychologicalcounselingandtreatmenttoalleviateemotionalproblemssuchasanxietyanddepression.PsychologicalsupportAdjustyourscheduletoensuresufficientsleepandresttime.LifestyleadjustmentFollowthedoctor'sadviceforregularfollow-upandmonitorchangesinthecondition.Regularfollow-upRehabilitationandpsychologicalsupportNutritionanddieofcardiovasculardiseases05NutritionalneedsandrecommendationsEnergyrequirements:Determinethedailyenergyneedsbasedonage,sex,andphysicalactivityleveltomaintainahealthyweightandsupportthebody'sfunctionsProteinintake:Incorporateenoughproteininthedietosupportmusclehealth,issuerepair,andimmunefunctionFattake:Optimizefattakebychoosingunsaturatedfalls(foundinfish,nuts,andvegetableoils)oversaturatedfalls(foundinanimalproductsandprocessedfoods)toreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseCarbohydrateintake:Selectlowglycemicindexcarbohydratesthatreleaseenergyslowlyandkeepbloodsugarlevelsstable,suchaswholegrains,vegetables,andfruits

DietaryprinciplesandrecipesPrinciple1Eatavarietyoffruits,vegetables,wholegrains,leanprotein,andhealthyfatsPrinciple2Limitprocessedfoods,refinedgrains,andaddedsugarPrinciple3ControlsodiumintakebyreducingprocessedfoodsandusinglesssaltwhencookingDietaryprinciplesandrecipes01Recipes02+Hearthealthysalad:Combinespinach,carrots,tomatoes,walnuts,anddressingmadewitholiveoilandlemonjuice03+Wholewholepizzawithvegetables:Topwholewholewholepizzarustwithtomatosauce,bellpepper,onions,andolives04+Poachedsalmonwithasparagus:Steamorpoachsalmonwithasparagus,lemonjuice,andatouchofoliveoilHypertensionIncorporatepotatorichfoodslikebananasandpotatoestohelplowerbloodpressureHyperlipidemiaReducedietarycholesterolandsaturatedfatintaketolowerbloodlipidlevelsDiabetesControlcarbohydrateintakeandmonitorbloodsugarlevelscloselytomaintaingoodglycomiccontrolNutritionalsupportinspecialcirclesExerciseandExerciseforCardiovascularDiseases06Improvingcardiovascularfunction:Exercisecanenhancethefunctionoftheheartandbloodvessels,improvebloodflow,andreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseasePreventingobesity:Exercisecanhelpmaintainahealthyweight,reducetheriskofobesity,andlowertheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseReducingbloodpressure:RegularexercisecanlowerbloodpressureandreducetheburdenonthecardiovascularsystemImprovingcholesterollevels:ExercisecanlowerLDL("bad")cholesterolandraiseHDL("good")cholesterol,reducingtheriskofcardiovasculardiseaseThebenefitsofexerciseoncardiovascularhealthLowtomoderateintensityexerciseThisincludeswalking,cycling,swimming,andotheractivitiesthatcanbedoneatacomfortablespaceHighintensityintervaltrainingThistypeofexercisealternatesbetweenhighintensityburstsandlowintensityrecoveryperiods,whichcanimprovecardiovascularfi