畢業(yè)論文專用紙致謝本論文的完成離不開我的指導老師劉鵬教授以及他的悉心指導，從論文選題、方向的確立到論文的撰寫、修改和定稿，都得到了劉老師的悉心指導和幫助，和劉老師接觸的幾年里，劉老師在生活學習各個方面都給了我們很大的幫助，他既是我們的良師又是我們的益友，和他在一塊不僅學到了許多專業(yè)知識，而且學到了許多課本以外的東西和許多為人處事的方法，這些都將讓我終身受益非淺。此外，一并感謝在我做論文當中給了我許多幫助的同學和長期以來一直關心和支持我的同學。大家的支持和鼓勵將是我奮斗的動力。附錄2外文資料的中文翻譯基坑支護相關技術FoundationPitSupportingTechnology

1.invertedsiphonandcrossthewatertank:whenwaterneedacrosstheroadbed,limitedtothedesignelevationatthesametime,canuseapipeorgroove,fromthebottomofthesubgradeorupperoverheadcrossing,theformerinvertedsiphon,thelatterforcrossingthesink,equivalentofculvertandcrossthewaterbridgerespectively,bothbelongtothespecialstructureofsubgradesurfacedrainage,andmostlyneededforirrigationandwaterconservancyanduse.

2.evaporationpool:dryclimate,drainagedifficultlocation,availablealongtheborrowpitorspecificallysetthesurfacewaterevaporationpoolisruledout.3.undergrounddrainagefacilities

Perchedwaterinembankmentandslopesoil,buriedshallowdivingknownasgroundwater,groundwateraffecttheroadbedstrengthandslopestability,shouldbesetwelldrainage,sewerandinspectionfacilitiessuchasgroundwater.

Commonsubgradeundergrounddrainagefacilitiesare:blindditch,sewerandwaterseepagetunnelandpits,itscharacteristicislittledisplacement,mainlycollectedwaterseepageway,andcametotheexclusionofroadbedscope.Forlargerflowofgroundwater,shouldsetupspecialundergroundpipelineisruledout.

Buriedundertheground,duetotheundergrounddrainageequipmentisnoteasytorepair,afterthecompletionofsubgradeandhardtofindoutthefailuresituation,thereforerequirestrongeffectiveundergrounddrainageequipment.

4.drainage:relativetothegroundopenditchdrainage,drainageisalsocalledtheblindditch,hasthemeaningofconcealedwork.Duetoaditchfilledwithparticlesofdifferentsizematerials,useoffillermaterialpermeabilitywillconvergeinaditchofgroundwater,andalongtheditchdrainagetothedesignatedplace.

5.sewer:adoptingtheinfiltratorswillconvergeinaditchofgroundwater,andthroughthebottomchannelwhichterminatestotheirappointedplaces.Itsroleistoreduceorinterceptgroundwater,thehydrauliccharacteristicsisturbulent.

6.pits:thepitsofhorizontalundergrounddrainageequipment,underthelocalexistenceofmultilayeraquifer,whichaffecttheroadbedwiththinupperaquifer,displacement,andflushthesewerishardtodecorate,theverticaldrainage,setupthepits,throughtheimpermeablelayer,theroadbed,withinthescopeoftheuppergroundwaterisdeeperaquifers,inordertoreducegroundwateroralloftheupperexcluded.

7.overview

Subgradeslopesurfaceprotectionmainlysolvetheroadbedconstruction,bareroadbedstabilityofslopeandslopesurface.Easytoerosionofsoilslopesandeasilyweatheredrockcuttingslope,afterconstructionifexposedforalongtime,inthenaturalweatheringundertheactionofstressandrainerosion,gully,slipwillhappencollapsecollapseandfalling,peeling,suchasslopedeformation.Atthesametime,flakeorerosiondebrisoftenblockedsideditch,poordrainage,therefore,musttakethecorrespondingprotectivemeasuresasearlyaspossible,otherwisewillcauseseriousdiseases.designprinciples

1)easytoweatheringorvulnerabletotherainswashedoutofrockandsoilslopeandseverebrokenrockslope,shallbeprotectedinatimelymanner.

2)andsofthardrockcuttingslope,shouldbeusedaccordingtothestrataconditionsallprotectionorlocalprotection.inrainyareas,withsandsoilfillingembankment,theshoulderandsideslopesurfaceisvulnerabletowatererosionandslopeprotectionwillbeaccordingtothespecificsituation.

4)slopeprotectionstructureisgenerallynotconsideredslopeorartificialfilledsoilatthebottomofthelateralpressure,theprotectionofthestabilityoftheslopeshouldbeenough,butthewallcanbeusedtolimitthestabilityoftheslope.commonlyusedslopesurfaceprotectiontypes

A,plantprotection

Plantprotectionisakindofsimpleconstruction,lowcostandgoodeffectisslopeprotectionmeasures.Plantcancovertopsoil,preventtherainswashedout;Adjustsoilmoisture,preventcracks;Theconsolidationofsoil,preventtheslopesurfaceweatheringflake,atthesametimealsocanrisetoprotecttheenvironment,beautifytheroleofroadcapacity.Inordertoensuretheslopestabilityandextendthelifespanoftheplantprotection,generalappropriateincuttingslopefootset1~2mhighplasmabuildbylayingbricksorstonesflakyslopeprotection.

Second,plaster(a)applicableconditions

(1).Withoutaseriousofeasyweatheringofrockslope,butpoorlybythecoalmeasuresstrataandthediagenesisofredstickyclayrockslopeisnotapplicable.

(2).Theslopeisnotrestricted,butshouldslopesurfaceisrelativelydry.

(3).Usefixednumberofyearisshorter,thegeneralis8~10years.9.constructionpointsforattention

(1).Thefrontshouldbetheslopesurfaceofweatheringrockflushwithcleanwithcleanwatertorinsetheslope;Applicationlargeconcaveslopepulpbuildbylayingbricksorstonesflakyinlaying,widefissuregrouting.

(2).Usinglimeplasterslagpulp,afterthemortarwipeonabitdrynamelytoram,untilpulpoutsurface,thenwipeflatcoatedwithhardener.

(3).Theplasterisunfavorableinwinterseason,rainandsunshinestronglyduringconstruction,thesuitabletemperaturefor4°~30℃,andpayattentiontocovergrasswaterkeepingingoodhealth.Three,shotcreteandshotcrete(a)10.applicableconditions

(1).Easybutnotseriousweatheringofrockslope,theslopesurfaceisrelativelydry.

(2).Ofhighandsteepslope,thebrokenupperstrataandcompletethelowerstrataandneedlargeareaprotectionslope,slopeusingthistypeismoreeconomic.

(3).Thedifferenceofdiagenesisclayrockslopeisunfavorableuse.11.constructionpointsforattention

(1).Theshotcreteandshotcreteaggradationrubbleslopeshouldbeclearedbeforeandwashit.

(2).Mechanicalinjectionshouldbedonebeforeoperationtotryspraying,moderatetoadjustthewatercementratio,theinjectionofgraybodypaste,smoothsurface,theaggregatedistributionuniform,lessamountofspringback.

(3).Thesprayingoperationshouldbebottom-uphierarchical.Graybodyachieveinitialsetimmediatelyafterthewaterkeepingingoodhealth,last7~10days.Itisstrictlyprohibitedinfrozenseasonortherainsprayingoperations.Four,plasmabuildbylayingbricksorstonesflakyrevetment(a)applicableconditions

（4）Variouseasyweatheringofrockslopeandsoilslopes.If,whenusedonembankmentslopeshouldbeheavyfactaftertheconstructionofembankment.

（5）Theslopeisnotgreaterthan1to1.

Plasmabuildbylayingbricksorstones,flakyslopeprotectiongenerallyUSESsuchascrosssection,dependingontheheightofslope,thethicknessofgeneralis0.3~0.4m.Whentheslopeprotectionareaislarger,andtheslopeissteep,inordertoenhancethestabilityofslopeprotection,canusethetypeofslopeprotection.

1:倒虹吸與渡水槽：當水流需要橫跨路基，同時受到設計標高的限制，可以采用管道或溝槽，從路基底部或上部架空跨越，前者稱倒虹吸，后者為渡水槽，分別相當于涵洞和渡水橋，兩者屬于路基地面排水的特殊結構物，并且多半是配合農(nóng)田水利所需而采用。

2:蒸發(fā)池：氣候干旱、排水困難地段，可利用沿線的集中取土坑或專門設置蒸發(fā)池排除地表水。3.地下排水設備

路基及邊坡土體中的上層滯水，活埋藏很淺的潛水稱為地下水，當?shù)叵滤绊懧坊访鎻姸然蜻吰路€(wěn)定時，應設置暗溝、滲溝和檢查井等地下水設施。

常用的路基地下排水設備有：盲溝、滲溝、滲水隧洞和滲井等，其特點是排水量不大，主要是以滲流方式匯集水流，并就近排除路基范圍以外。對于流量較大的地下水，應設置專用地下管道予以排除。

由于地下排水設備埋置地面以下，不易維修，在路基建成后又難以查明失效情況，因此要求地下排水設備牢固有效。

4：暗溝：相對于地面排水的明溝而言，暗溝又稱盲溝，具有隱蔽工程的含義。由于溝內(nèi)填以大小不同的顆粒材料，利用滲水材料透水性將地下水匯集于溝內(nèi)，并沿溝排泄至指定地點。

5：滲溝：采用滲透方式將地下水匯集于溝內(nèi)，并通過溝底通道將水排至指定地點。它的作用是降低地下水或攔截地下水，其水力特性是紊流。

6：滲井：滲井屬于水平方向的地下排水設備，當?shù)叵麓嬖诙鄬雍畬樱渲杏绊懧坊纳喜亢畬虞^薄，排水量不大，且平式滲溝難以布置，采用立式排水，設置滲井，穿過不透水層，將路基范圍內(nèi)的上層地下水，引人更深的含水層中去，以降低上層的地下水或全部予以排除。

7：路基坡面防護

概述

路基坡面防護主要是解決路基修筑以后，裸露的路基邊坡及坡面的穩(wěn)定問題。易于沖蝕的土質邊坡和易于風化的巖石路塹邊坡，施工后如果長期裸露，在自然風化應力和雨水沖刷的作用下，將會發(fā)生沖溝、溜塌、剝落、掉塊和坍塌等坡面變形。同時，剝落或沖蝕的碎屑物往往堵塞側溝，使排水不暢，故必須及早采取相應的防護措施，否則將造成嚴重病害。10.2設計原則

（1）凡容易風化的或易受雨水沖刷的巖石和土質邊坡及嚴重破碎的巖石邊坡，均應及時加以防護。

（2）軟硬巖層相間的路塹邊坡，應根據(jù)巖層情況采用全部防護或局部防護。3）在多雨地區(qū)，用砂類土填筑的路堤，其路肩和邊坡坡面易受雨水沖刷流失，應根據(jù)具體情況將坡面防護。

（4）坡面防護結構一般不考慮邊坡底層或人工填土的側壓力，