什么是定語和定語從句？定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的單詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“……的”表示。單詞作定語一般前置,句子或短語作定語則必須后置.句子作定語則叫定語從句.ablueseaahandsomeboy定語從句的位置:1.緊跟在先行詞的后面:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.IhavefoundthebookwhichIlost.IvisitedtheschoolwhereIstudied.2.定語從句后移/分隔式定語從句Helaughsbestwholaughslast.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhocomesfromQingdao.3.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可前移Asyouallknow,theearthisround.定語從句Jointhefollowingsentences:1.Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneiscanfly.Aplaneiscanfly.amachinethemachineamachinethat/which關(guān)系代詞實際上是先行詞的復(fù)指,that/which代指先行詞machine。2.ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.ThegirlisMary.ThegirlisMary.wesawheryesterdaywho/thatwesawyesterday關(guān)系代詞實際上是先行詞的復(fù)指，who/that代指先行詞thegirl。1.Thecarwhichmyunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.2.ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.定義：修飾名詞或代詞的從句。先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞。關(guān)系詞/連接詞：連接主句和定語從句的連詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的連接詞，一定要在從句中充當(dāng)成分。定語從句:

關(guān)系代詞(作主語/賓語/表語):1.who/whom(that)2.which(that)3..that不能放在介詞的后面4.whose=ofwhich或ofwhom5.as關(guān)系副詞(作狀語)

:1.where=介詞+which2.when=介詞+which3.why=for+which4.way的特殊用法

thewayhelives.thathelives.inwhichhelives.關(guān)系詞的作用:1)連接；2)代替先行詞；3)在定從中作成分。一、關(guān)系代詞1.Thenumberofpeople____losthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.A.whoB.whichC.whereD.whenA1.who作定從的主語/賓語指人作主語時不可省略指代先行詞2.Theboy_____wesawyesterdaywasJohn'sbrother.A.whomB./C.whichD.whenAB2.whom作定從的賓語指人可省略指代先行詞3.Spielbergwonaprizeforashortfilm_____hemade.A.whichB.whoC./D.whereAC3.which作定從的主語或賓語指物作賓語可省略指代先行詞4.It'saboutabigshark____attacksswimmers___arespendingtheirholidaysinasmallvillage.A.whereB.whoC.thatD.whichE./4.that作定從的主語或賓語指物或人作賓語可省略指代先行詞CDBC5.Spielberg,_____motherwasamusicteacher,wasbornin1946.A.whoB.whichC.whoseD.thatC5.whose作定從的定語指物或人不可省略指代先行詞=sb's/sth'sIoncelivedinahouse____wasbroken.A.whoseroofB.whichroofC.ofwhichtheroofD.theroofofwhichACD

theroofofthehouse5.whose＋n＝ofwhich/whomthe+n=the+n+ofwhich/whomHerparentsdon'twanttomarrytheirdaughtertoaman_________ispoor.

whosefamily她父母不想把女兒嫁給一個家境貧窮的男人。=thefamilyofwhom=ofwhomthefamily關(guān)系副詞和定語從句Istillremembertheday..

=when(1)(2)onthedayIcamehere=onwhich我仍然記得（我來到這里的）那天。

(1)我仍然記得這天。(2)在這天我來到這里。

1.Doyouknowthedate___Lincolnwasborn?A.whichB.onwhichC.whenD.where1.whenBC作定從的時間狀語指時間,在從句中表示"在...時間"=in/on...+which先行詞為時間名詞

Thisisthehouse.lastyear.

=inwhich=whereIlivedinthehouse

(1)(2)

就是這所（我去年住過的）房子。

(1)就是這所房子。(2)我去年在這所房子住過。

2.Thefarm_____wepickedcottonwas90kilometersaway.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.onwhichBD2.where作定從的地點狀語指地點,在從句中表示"在...地點"=in/on...+which先行詞為地點名詞(situation,business,case,point,surroundings,environment,scene等為地點概念的名詞)Hegaveareason.

=forwhich

=why(1)(2)

forthereason.peoplelikemusic(1)他給了一個原因(2)因為這個原因人們喜歡音樂。

他給了一個（人們喜歡音樂的）原因。

3.Idon'tknowthereason____helooksunhappy.A.thatB.whyC.forwhichD./BC3.why作定從的原因狀語指原因,在從句中表示"因為...原因"=forwhich先行詞為reasonIdisapprovethereasons____hecameupwith.A.thatB.whyC.forwhichD./AD因此先行詞雖然為reason,但如果連接詞在從句中作主語或者賓語,則只能用that/which4.以way為先行詞的定語從句問題。Idon'tliketheway____hetalkedtohismother.Idon'tliketheway____hechosetodoit.A.thatB.inwhichC./D.howABCACway方式，方法1.連接詞如果在從句中作狀語時,用that或者inwhich且可以略。2.連接詞如果在從句作主語或賓語，用that或which

指人指物主語賓語thatwhichwhowhom關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞在從句中可以：何時可以省略？指人指物主語賓語that

whichwhowhom√√√√√√√√√√√√×

×

×

×

何時可以省略？做賓語時可以省略解題方法和技巧1.首先是確定關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作什么成分。若是作主語、賓語，則在關(guān)系代詞中選擇。若是作狀語，則在關(guān)系副詞中選擇。2.其次是看先行詞是人還是物；是時間、地點還是reason,way。1.ShelookedatJeff___waswavinghisarms.2.Thegirl____legwasbrokenintheearthquakewastakentohospital.3.Andthereshesawawallofwater___wasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which1、判斷關(guān)系詞在定從中的成分是關(guān)鍵；2、再看先行詞。ABCBD定語從句使用中的特殊情況一、只能用that的情況：1.先行詞既有物又有人時。Hespokeofthepersonsandthings

thathehadseenabroad.2.先行詞是something,anything,all,nothing等不定代詞時。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?3.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時或者被,all,thevery,theonly,thejust修飾時。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.二、不用that的情況：1.介詞后禁用關(guān)系詞that。Iheardoftheman,aboutwhomhetalked.2.非限制性定語從句。Shewaslateagain,whichmademeunhappy.定語從句使用中的特殊情況aboutthat(X)that(X)三,介詞＋關(guān)系代詞的問題。介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況1Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toin×

×

Arethesetwosentencesright?可見,who、that不能用與介詞之后介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況2Themanwhomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitywhichshelivesisfaraway.toin介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況3Helivesinalonelyvillage.Atthebackofitisahill.Helivesinalovelyvillage,atthebackof______isahill.Hehasthreesisters.Allofthemareabroad.Hehasthreesisters,allof________areabroad.whichwhomJointhefollowingsentences:介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Isthisthewatchthatyouarelookingfor?TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.

在固定短語中介詞不能提前下面兩句中的介詞能提前嗎?3.固定動詞或介詞短語搭配1.

Doyoulikethebook

shespent$10?2.

Doyoulikethebook

shepaid$10?3.

Doyoulikethebook

shelearnedalot?4.

Doyoulikethebook

sheoftentalks?5.

Hebuiltatelescope

hecouldstudytheskies.6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,

standsourteacher.7.

Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_______istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower_______peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhichunderwhichofwhichfromwhichtowhomofwhich介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況練習(xí)Istillremembertheday

whenIcamehere.

Thisisthehouse

whereIlivedlastyear.

Therearemanyreasons

whypeopleliketraveling.

Idon’tliketheway

thatyouspeak.

ontheday=onwhich=wheninthehouse=inwhich=whereforthereasons=forwhich=whyintheway=that=inwhich關(guān)系副詞實際上是介詞＋先行詞介詞＋關(guān)系代詞的問題。1.ofwhich/whom結(jié)構(gòu)很多時候表示“其中Class14has75students,ofwhom35studentsaregirls.=35studentsofwhomaregirls.2.when/why/where很多時候可轉(zhuǎn)換為介詞+關(guān)系代詞。ThisisthehousewhereIlive.Everyoneknowsthereasonwhyhesucceeded.IrememberthedaywhenIvisitedthetemple.inwhichforwhichonwhichOnherbirthday,shereceivedfromherparentsanicepresent_____anotewasattached,_____“Weloveyousomuch”.A.that,sayingB.towhich,sayingC.towhich,saidD.inwhich,said

Alecaskedthepoliceman_______heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.WithhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom1.I’llneverforgetthedays______________weworkedtogether.

2.I’llneverforgetthedays___________wespenttogether.

3.Iwenttotheplace

Iworkedtenyearsago.

4.Iwenttotheplace_____________Ivisitedtenyearsago.

5.Thisisthereason_____________________hewaslate.

6.Thisisthereason___________________hegave.

when(which/that)where(which/that)why(that/which)幾種易混的情況及物動詞及物動詞及物動詞inwhichinwhichforwhich非限制性定語從句1。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句：此時無論它在從句中充當(dāng)什么成分它都不能省約，也不能換為that1)和主句之間的關(guān)系不密切，只起附加說明作用：Wealllikethebook,whichwaswrittenbyLuXun.2)用來代替整個先行分句的內(nèi)容。這時它所引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能放在主句之后：Bushwaselectedpresidentagain,whichmadeJimverysad.

一.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的連接詞who/whom/whose/which/where/when/why/as來引導(dǎo),不能用that二.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句1.as具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞是固定的,如：asyouknow/see/planned/asweexpected/understand/think/believe也可以將它們用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)中:asisknown/seen/planned/expectedTheearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_________isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround.______isknowntoall_________theearthisround.______isknowntoallis_________theearthisround.Itwhich/asAsIt定語從句在句首時只能用as,it為形式主語,that引導(dǎo)主語從句thatWhatthatwhat引導(dǎo)主語從句,that引導(dǎo)表語從句2.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,用于下列固定句型中1).Thisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllike.2).Thisissointerestingabook_____wealllike.Thisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook____wealllikeit.asthatasthat這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。(定語從句)這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。(結(jié)果狀語從句)as3)Thisisthesamebook_____

Ihave.3.as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1.which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放于逗號后面。2.as引導(dǎo)的從句可前可后，常用于asissaidabove（如上所述),asweknow（我們都知道),asiswellknown,asisoftenthecase（正如往常一樣），asisreported,asweexpect等結(jié)構(gòu)中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。四.限定性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:①限定性定語從句用于修飾和限定先行詞，與先行詞之間的關(guān)系非常密切。它所修飾的詞代表一個（些）或一類特定的人或東西。如果刪去，則剩下的部分意思就會含糊不清。如：Thisisthemanwhogavemethemoney．這就是給我錢的那個人。

上句如刪去從句whogavemethemoney，則成了Thisistheman．（這是那個人。）完全失去了整個句子的意思，因而不能刪掉

②

非限定性定語從句，在意義上，它是先行詞的一個附加修飾語，是對先行詞的進一步說明。如果刪去它，不影響整個句子的基本意思。如：WangDong，whoisintheroom，wantstoaskyousomequestions．王東，他在房間里，想問你幾個問題。

上述主句是WangDongwantstoaskyousomequestions，如果刪去從句（whoisintheroom），并不影響整個句子基本意思的表達。

③

另外，在意思上，有時限定性和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別還是較大的。如：Intheirclass，therearefifteenstudentswhocanspeakEnglishwell．在他們班上有十五位英語說得好的學(xué)生。（可以看出他們班學(xué)生要多于十五位）Intheirclass，therearefifteenstudents，whocanspeakEnglishwell他們班上有十五位學(xué)生,他們英語說得很好。（可以看出他們班上共有十五名學(xué)生，他們英語口語都好。）（限定性定語從句）(非限定性定語從句）形式作用翻譯限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句插入成分修飾限定補充解釋能不能….的能否省略三.非限制性定語從句和單句的比較2.Hefailedintheexam._______madehisparentsangry.3.Hefailedintheexam,_______madehisparentsangry.4.Hehastwosons.Bothof___________

areteachers.5.Hehastwosons,bothof________areteachers.This/Itwhichthemwhomthemthat1.IamreadingHarryPorter,_____isaninterestingbook.which

×whom××引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的連接詞，一律不能省略6.Hefailedintheexam;_______madehisparentsangry.this/it1.Isthisthefactory____hisfathervisitedlastyear?2.Isthisthefactory____hisfatherworkedlastyear?A.whichB.thatC./D.whereE.inwhich對比訓(xùn)練ABCDE1.Iwillneverforgetthetime____Ispentwiththevillagers.2.Iwillneverforgetthetime____Istayedwiththevillagers.A.whichB.thatC./D.when對比訓(xùn)練ABCD1.Idon'tbelievethereason___hegaveforhisabsence.2.Idon'tbelievethereason___hewasabsent.A.whichB.thatC./D.whyE.forwhich對比訓(xùn)練ABCDE1.Itisthisshop____Iboughtallthesethings.2.Itisinthisshop____Iboughtallthesethings.A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD./對比訓(xùn)練BCA1.Itwas1949___PRCwasfounded.2.Itwasin1949___PRCwasfounded.A.whenB.inwhichC.thatD.where對比訓(xùn)練AC1.All____Idoisforyou.2._____Idoisforyou.A.thatB.whatC./D.which對比訓(xùn)練ACBwhat引導(dǎo)主語從句,在從句中作主語.what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句.對比訓(xùn)練1.Itissodifficultaquestion____noonecansolveit.2.Itissodifficultaquestion____noonecansolve.A.thatB.as1.____isannounced,themeetingwasputoff.2.____isannouncedthatthemeetingwasputoff.A.ItB.AsABBA1.Hersisterhasealawyer,____shewantedtobe.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.whichThefamousfootballstar,___triedtomakeagoal,succeeded.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.whoD本句中which指代先行詞alawyer（律師身份).有逗號，不用that。D2.Theresultofthegamewasgood,____wehadn'texpected.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what3.___Iexplainedonthephone,yourrequestwillbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.A.WhenB.AfterC.AsD.WhichC本句中which指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容，譯為“這”。有逗號，不用that。本句中as指代后面整句話的內(nèi)容，譯為“正如...一樣”。位于句首，不用which。C4.Ilikethesameprogramme____youlike.A.thatB.asC.whichD.whenB本句中as指代先行詞programme，因為先行詞被thesame修飾，故選as。as引導(dǎo)定語從句常與主句構(gòu)成的thesame...as;as....as;such/so....as結(jié)構(gòu)。5.____isreported,Tomwonthefirstprize.A.ItB.AsC.WhichD.ThatB本句中as指代后面Tomwonthefirstprize的事實。譯為“正如所報道的那樣”。位于居首，不用which。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語可位于居首。五.定語從句的主謂一致：

試對比：Iboughtabookyesterday．Itwasveryinteresting．＝ThebookwhichIboughtyesterday______veryinteresting．

Iboughtsomebooksyesterday．Theywereveryinteresting．

＝ThebookswhichIboughtyesterday————veryinteresting．定語從句中如果連接詞作主語謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與連接詞的數(shù)即先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。waswaswereHeisoneofthestudentswho______praisedbytheteacher.Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswho____praisedbytheteacher.werewas定語從句中如果連接詞作主語謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與連接詞的數(shù)即先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。1.Hetalkedhappilyaboutthemenandbook_____interestedhimgreatlyintheschool.A.thatB.whenC.whoD.which2.Canyoulendmethebook____theotherday?A.whichyoutalkedB.thatyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.youtalkedaboutAD3.Is___someAmericanfriendsvisitedlastweek?A.thisschoolwhereB.thisschooloneC.thistheschoolD.thisschool4.I’llshowyouastore___youmaybuyall___youneed.A.that,thatB.which,thatC.where,whichD.inwhich,/5.Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museums,andsomeotherplaces,___othervisitorsseldomgo.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.whenCDC7.Thepaper____bambooismadeisespeciallyfine.A.whichB.intowhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich8.It’simpossibleforustoheareverything___isgoingonintheworld.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where9.Isthisthereason___atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplainedBCAexplainsthtosb=explaintosb.sth10.Thefamousbasketballstar,____triedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.who11.Beijinggovernmentputsover700millonyuantoincreaseitsgreenspace,_____doubles(雙倍)themoneyprovidedlastyear.A.asB.whileC.thatD.which19.Helenismuchbettertoheryoungestchildthantotheothers,_____ofcourse,makestheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.sheD.thatDDB20.Thewrongyou’vedonehimisterrible,for___youshouldmakeanapologyt0him,A.thisB.whichC.whatD.that21.Theoldlady,____hadbeenkilledinthewar,wasgivenhelpbythelocalgovernment.A.allherchildrenB.allofherchildrenC.allofwhosechildrenD.whoseallchildrenBC五.易與定語從句混淆的其他復(fù)合句1.定語從句與同位語從句

定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系“…的”。而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較：①

Weallhaveheardthenewsthatourteamwon.(同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that在從句中不作任何成分)②

Wedon’tbelievethenewsthat/whichhetoldusyesterday.(定語從句，that作told的賓語)2.定語從句與狀語從句。試比較：①

Heleftthekeywherehehadbeenanhourbefore.(where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，相當(dāng)于intheplacewhere)②

Helefttheplacewherehelivedformanyyears.(where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾theplace)③

Heissuchagoodteacherasallofusloveandrespect.(as引導(dǎo)定語從句)④

Heissuchagoodteacherthatwealllikehim.(that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,such…that…“如此…以致…”)3．定語從句與主語從句。試比較：①

Asisknowntousall,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.(as引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句內(nèi)容，可置于句首)②

ItisknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(it做形式主語，代替that引導(dǎo)的主語從句)4．定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：①

ItisthehousewhereImettheyoungman.(where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點狀語)②

ItwasinthehousethatImettheyoungman.(本句為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為

Imettheyoungmaninthehouse.)六.定語從句可縮略為短語：1、縮略為分詞短語有些定語從句可直接略去作主語的關(guān)系代詞（who,which,例如：Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident..3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.4)Thebook(thathasbeen)giventohim