2024屆北京市東城區(qū)高三下學(xué)期綜合練習(xí)（一）（一模）

英語試題

學(xué)校:姓名：班級：考號：

一、完形填空

In2019,ThierryHenry,abusdriver,foundtherewasariseinbiketheftsinhiscity,

Reykjavik.Ratherthan]thatthebikewasgoneforever,hedecidedtotakematters

intohisownhandsandstartedtotrackdownthebikesandreturnthemtotheir2

owners.

The44-year-oldhashelpedreturnhundredsofstolenbikesinthepast4years.Hissocial

mediaaccounthasover14,500membersandhelpspeopletrackdownmorethanjustlost

bikes.Hispage3topeoplewhohavelosttools,carsandotheritemsofhighvalue.

Ontopofhisnobleact,Henryhashelpedthebike4toreformintheprocess.

5,Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger.Hov/ever,overtime,he

realizedthatmostofthetheftsweredrivenoutofpovertyandotherissues.Hewentfrom

feeling6towardsthethieves,todevelopingempathy（同理心）fortheirsituations.It

wasverytoughatfirst.ButHenrydecidedtotryto7themandjusttalktothem.

Fromthismomentonward,hereachedouttothethieves,offeringhelpandguidance.

Afterthechangeinhis8.Henryfoundthatthebikethievesbegantooftenhandback

thebikestohim.Amazingly,someformerthievesthatHenryhelpednow9himin

lookingforthestolenbikes.

"It'slikea10thathasgotbiggerandbigger,MsaysHenry."It'snotonlyme.

Manylimes,someonespotsabikehiddeninabushandtakesapicture.Thensomeoneelse

comments,4hey,that'smybike'”.

ThankstoHenry,everyone'slookingout.

1.A.claimB.expectC.acceptD.realize

2.A.newB.honestC.carelessD.rightful

3.A.belongsB.extendsC.returnsD.refers

4.A.ownersB.makersC.thievesD.sellers

5.A.InitiallyB.UnknowinglyC.IncrediblyD.Unwillingly

6.A.regretfullyB.negativelyC.guiltilyD.helplessly

7.A.levelwithB.replytoC.sidewithD.apologizeto

8.A.planB.occupationC.habitD.approach

9.A.assistB.trustC.engageD.drag

10.A.,dreamB.snowballC.rainbowD.balloon

【答案】

1.C2.D3.B4.C5.A6.B7.A8.D9.A10.B

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講的是ThierryHenry在幫助尋找被偷的自行車的過

程中也使得那些小偷改過自新。

1.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他沒有接受自行車永遠(yuǎn)消失的事實(shí)，而是決定自己動手，

開始追查這些自行車，并將它僅歸還給它們的合法主人。A.claim聲稱，斷言；B.expect

期待；C.accept接受；D.realize意識到。根據(jù)下文“hedecidedtotakemattersintohisown

handsandstartedtotrackdownthebikes”可知，他決定自己去找那些自行車，所以是他沒

有接受自行車永遠(yuǎn)消失的事實(shí)。故選C。

2.考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他沒有接受自行車永遠(yuǎn)消失的事實(shí)，而是決定自己動

手，開始追查這些自行車，并將它們歸還給它們的合法主人。A.new新的；B.honest

誠實(shí)的；C.careless粗心的；D.rightful合法的。根據(jù)下文“returnthemto”可知，是把自

行車還給它們合法的主人。故選D。

3.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他的頁面擴(kuò)展到那些丟失了工具、汽車和其他高價(jià)值物

品的人。A.belongs屬于;B.extends擴(kuò)展:C.returns回來;D.refers提到。根據(jù)下文“to

peoplewhohavelosttools,carsandotheritemsofhighvalue”可知，他的頁面從丟失自行車

的人擴(kuò)展到那些丟失了工具、汽車和其他高價(jià)值物品的人。故選瓦

4.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：除了他的高尚行為之外，亨利還在這個過程中幫助偷自

行車的人改過自新。A.owners所有人，物主：B.makers制造商；C.thieves小偷；D.sellers

賣家。根據(jù)下文“t。reform”可知，他是幫偷車的小偷改過自新。故選C。

5.考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：起初，亨利會憤怒地對付小偷。A.Initially起初；B.

Unknowingly不知不覺地；C.Incredibly難以置信地；D.Unwillingly不情愿地。根據(jù)下

文“Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger.However,overtime,h?realizedthatmost

ofthetheftsweredrivenoutofpovertyandotherissues”可知，起初他會憤怒地對付小偷。

故選Ao

6.考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：他對小偷的態(tài)度從消極到對他們的史境感同身受。A.

試卷第2頁，共20頁

regretfully懊悔地，遺憾地；B.negatively消極地;C.guiltily內(nèi)疚地；D.helplessly無助

地。根據(jù)上文“Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger”可知，他剛開始對小偷的態(tài)度

很消極，后來變成對他們的處境感同身受。故選B。

7.考查動詞短語辨析。句意：但亨利決定試著和他們說實(shí)話，和他們談?wù)?。A.levelwith

對...說實(shí)話；B.replyto回復(fù);C.sidewith支持：D.apologizeto向道歉。根據(jù)下

文“themandjusttalktothem”可知，亨利決定試著和他們說實(shí)話。故選A。

8.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在改變了他的方法之后，亨利發(fā)現(xiàn)偷自行車的人開始經(jīng)

常把自行車還給他。A.plan計(jì)劃；B.occupation職業(yè)；C.habit習(xí)慣；D.approach方法。

根據(jù)上文“Hewentfromfeeling6towardsthethieves,todevelopingempathy(同理心)

fortheirsituations”可知，他改變了對待小偷的方法。故選D。

9.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：令人驚訝的是，亨利幫助過的一些以前的小偷現(xiàn)在幫助

他尋找被盜的自行車。A.assist幫助；B.trust信任；C.engage參與；D.drag拖。根據(jù)

下文“l(fā)ookingforthestolenb汰es”可知，亨利幫助過的一些以前的小偷現(xiàn)在幫助他尋找被

盜的自行車。故選A。

10.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：就像雪球越滾越大。A.dream夢；B.snowball雪球；C.

rainbow彩虹；D.balloon氣球。根據(jù)下文“gotbiggerandbigger”可知，這就像雪球一樣，

越來越大。故選B。

二、語法填空

語法填空

WhenIlivedinBoston,ItaughtEnglishasasecondlanguagetoadultstudentsfrom

aroundtheworld.Onthelastday,theythrewaniceparty.Iwasamazedtheyhadlearned

enoughEnglish11(organize)suchaneventaltogether.Attheendoftheparty,they

proudlyhandedmeagiftbox.Afterthebox12(open),Igentlyliftedabeautiful

coatfromit."Wewentshoppingfbranewcoat^^^theyallshouted13wonderfully

perfectEnglish.

【答案】11.toorganize12,wasopened13.in

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。一位教師在波士頓教授來自世界各地的成人學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語，

學(xué)生取得了很大的語言進(jìn)步。

11.考查動詞不定式。句意：我很驚訝他們學(xué)到了足夠的英語足以組織這樣一個活動。

由enough可知，此處使用動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示“……多到足以做某事“，故填

toorganizeo

12.考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：盒子打開后，我輕輕地從里面拿出一件漂亮的外套。根據(jù)

“Igentlyliftedabeautifulcoatfromit."以及box承受open的動作可知，從句的謂語動詞

使用一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)，box為單數(shù)，故填wasopened。

13.考查介詞。句意：我們?nèi)ベI一件新外套！他們都用非常完美的英語喊道。使用某種

語言用介詞in,故填in。

語法填空

InearlyNovemberin2023,adiver,swimmingoffthecoastofSardinia,14

(notice)piecesofmetalontheoceanfloor.Hecalledtheauthoritiesandmorediverswere

senttolook.ThepiecesturnedouttobeancientRomancoins.Thecoinsmostlylay15

(bury)insandandseagrassnotfarfromthecoast.Itissaidthatmorethan30,000coinshave

beenfound.16arecloseto2,000yearsold.Expertscallthisamajorhistorical

discovery.

【答案】14.noticed15.buried16.which

【導(dǎo)語】這是一則新聞報(bào)道。文章主要講述了一名潛水員在撒丁島海岸附近游泳時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)

了數(shù)量巨大的古代硬幣。

14.考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：2023年11月初，一名潛水員在撒丁島海岸附近游泳時(shí)，注意到

海底有金屬碎片。根據(jù)句中的“inearlyNovemberin2023”可知，謂語動詞使用一般過去

時(shí)，故填noticed?,

15.考查形容詞。句意：這些硬幣大多埋在離海岸不遠(yuǎn)的沙子和海草里。句中l(wèi)ie是系

動詞，需后接形容詞作表語，需要的詞義為“被掩埋的“，故填buried。

16.考查定語從句。句意：據(jù)說己經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了3萬多枚硬幣，都有近2000年的歷史。分

析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞coins指物并在從句中作主語，

用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句，故填whicho

語法填空

ChatGPTisachatbot.Someschools17(ban)itsinceitsbirth.Theyneedtime

tomakerulesabout18it,stobeusedproperlyinclass.Someteachersseeitasa

19(cheat)tool.Butmanyprincipalsbelieveit'stoolatetokeepAIoutofclassrooms.A

growingnumberof20(educate)saythepanicaboutAIisalotlikethepaniccaused

試卷第4頁，共20頁

bytheInternetwhenitwasnew.Oneofthemsays,“ChatGPTistoEnglishandtowriting

whatthecalculatoristomath.”

【答案】17.havebanned18.how19.cheating20.educators

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了一些學(xué)校禁止使用ChatGPT,但許多教育工

作者認(rèn)為人工智能在教育中是很重要的。

17.考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：一些學(xué)校自其誕生以來就禁止它。根據(jù)句中的“sinceits

birth”可知，謂語動詞ban使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，主語“someschools”為復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語復(fù)數(shù)

形式，故填havebanned。

18.考查賓語從句。句意：他僅需要時(shí)間來制定規(guī)則，規(guī)定如何在課堂上正確使用。分

析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中缺少狀語，表示“如何”，因此使用連接

副詞how引導(dǎo)賓語從句，故填howo

19.考查動名詞。句意：一些老師認(rèn)為這是一種作弊工具。動名詞形式作定語修飾名詞

tool,用來表示該名詞的用途、目的或場合，cheating修飾tool,意為“用來作弊的工具”，

故填cheatingo

20.考查名詞。句意：越來越多的教育工作者表示，對人工智能的恐慌很像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)剛出

現(xiàn)時(shí)引起的恐慌。此處應(yīng)填名詞作賓語，需要的詞義為“教育工作者”，即educator,它

是可數(shù)名詞，前有“agrowingnumberof”修飾，則educatoi?需要變復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填

educators(>

三、閱讀埋解

Areyoulookingforteenvolunteeropportunitiesfor2024thatprovidearewarding

experiencethatwillstaywithyouforlife?Everyyearthousandsofteenschoosetovolunteer

abroadwithInternationalVolunteerHQ(IVHQ)-thcworld'smosttrustedproviderofsafeand

affordablevolunteerprogramsforteens.

Servicetripsfbrteensareavailableinmorethan50destinationsandthereare17teen

volunteerprogramsfor16to18year-olds.Someofthebestprogramsin2024includeTurtle

ConservationinBali,AnimalCareinCostaRicaandChildcareinTanzania.Or,ifyou're

wantingtovolunteerwithagroupofstudentsfromyourhighschool,IVHQcantailora

programforyourgrouptoo!

Benefitsforvolunteers:

Thereisnodoubtthatvolunteeringasateenagerisameaningfulwaytobroadenyour

educationandaddexperiencesthatwillstandoutonyourcollegeapplication.

Crossingboundariestoworkwithpartnersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldfosters

globalunderstanding.

Livinginacountrydifferenttoyourownmeansthatyouwillbeinvolvedinanew

culture,cuisine,andwayofthinking.

Guaranteedsupport:

ChancesareyourparentswillalsowanttolearnmoreaboutIVHQ.whetherornotthey

willgoabroadwithyou.Havingplacedmorethan130,000volunteersabroad,we'realways

happytospeakwithparentstoensurealltheirquestionsarefielded.Throughouronline

safetytraining,comprehensiveinformationbrochures,on-goingsupportfromexperienced

programmanagersandround-the-clocksupportfromourlocalteams,IVHQvolunteersare

wellsupportedtomakethemostofthetimeabroad.

Ifyou'rereadytopackyourbagsandexperienceacompletelydifferentlifestyleand

widenyourglobalperspective,pleasecontactus.IVHQwillbemorethanhappytooffera

service.

21.WhatcanIVHQprovideforahighschoolgroup?

A.Rewardsforvolunteering.B.Afreeservicetrip.

C.Anopportunitytostudyabroad.D.Aspecializedprogram.

22.WhatdoesIVHQpromisetovolunteers?

A.Localteams'assistance.B.Partners*support.

C.Collegerecommendationletters.D.Parents'company

23.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

A.advocatevolunteeringB.introducerequirements

C.advertiseaserviceD.suggestalifestyle

【答案】21.D22.A23.C

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，是InternationalVolunteerHQ為志愿者提供的服務(wù)的廣告。

21.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Or,ifyou'rewantingtovolunteerwithagroupofstudents

fromyourhighschool,IVHQcantailoraprogramforyourgrouptoo!（或者，如果你想和你

高中的一群學(xué)生一起做志愿者，IVHQ也可以為你的小組量身定制一個項(xiàng)目！戶可知，

試卷第6頁，共20頁

IVHQ能為高中團(tuán)體提供一個專門的項(xiàng)目。故選D。

22.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Guaranteedsupport:部分的“Throughouronlinesafetytraining,

comprehensiveinformationbrochures,on-goingsupportfromexperiencedprogrammanagers

andround-the-clocksupportfromourlocalteams,IVHQvolunteersarewellsupportedto

makethemostofthetimeabroad.（通過我們的在線安全培訓(xùn)、全面的信息手冊、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富

的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的持續(xù)支持以及當(dāng)?shù)貓F(tuán)隊(duì)的24小時(shí)支持，IVHQ志愿者可以充分利用國外

的時(shí)間。）“可知，IVHQ對志愿者的承諾是當(dāng)?shù)貓F(tuán)隊(duì)的協(xié)助。故選A。

23.推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是最后一段“Ifyou，rereadytopackyourbagsand

experienceacompletelydifferentlifestyleandwidenyourglobalperspective,pleasecontact

us.IVHQwillbemorethanhappytoofferaservice.（如果您準(zhǔn)備好打包行李，體驗(yàn)完全不

同的生活方式，拓寬您的全球視野，請與我們聯(lián)系。IVHQ將非常樂意為您提供服務(wù)。戶

可知，本文是InternationalVolunteerHQ為志愿者提供的服務(wù)的廣告，因此目的是為一

種服務(wù)做廣告。故選C。

AnArtClass

WhenKellywastwelve,shestartedtakingclassesatMissGrace'sSchoolfbrArt.She

didn'tlikeitatfirst:the“noviceartists^^—thekidswhohadn'treallydoneartbefore-worked

mostlywithclay,andKellywasaterriblesculptor.

Itwasn'tuntilherthirdyearthatKellyfoundsomethingshewasreallygoodat-charcoal

drawing（素描）.Shelovedwatchingthelinesspreadunevenlyacrossthepageasshemoved

thebitsofcharcoalbackandforthoverthepaper.

Oneday,Sophia,thebestartistinherclass,satdownandsetuphereasel（畫架）nextto

Kelly.Kellyfeltasinkingfeelinginherstomach.She'dactuallyfoundanartformthatshe

enjoyedandwasgoodat-andnowSophiawasgoingtooutshineheragain?Kellyfoughtback

tearswhenMissGraceenteredtheroom.

“Helloclass,MissGracesaid."Wc'Hcontinuetoworkontheprojecttoday.What

masterpiecewouldSophiahavecomeupwith?

KellylookedatSophia'seaselandshecouldn'tbelieveit-itwasamess!Forabrief

moment,Kellycouldn'tactuallybelieveherdrawingwasbetterthanSophia's.

ButthenshelookedatSophia,whowaswatchingKellywithananxiousexpression.

"I.…Icouldn'tdecidewhattode,“Sophiasaid.4tAndyou'resogood.SometimesIfeellike

mystuffisjustsobadincomparison.”

KellylookedtoseeifSophiawasjoking,butsheseemedcompletelyserious.NowKelly

wasshocked.'Tmnottalented...MissGraceseldompraisesme.You'rethebestoneinour

class!”

Sophiaraisedhereyebrows.UImightbeareallygoodcopierofthestuffybutIhaveno

ideawhattodowhenitcomestomakingupmyownimages.Ybuarescgreatatmakingnew

thingsoutoftheoldstuffI'velovedyourworks.”

"I'velovedyours,too,"Kellysaid.

“Well,definitelynotthisone,^^Sophiasaid.

Kellysmiled."Maybenotrightnow.Butifyoumovetheselinesup..."shesaid,pointing

herfingeronSophia'spaper.

Sophiawasquietforamoment."That'sagreatidea!”shesaidfinally.

Kellysmiledandturnedbacktoherdrawing,lookingeverysooftenatSophia'sworkto

seethatshewastakingheradvice,downtothelastline.

24.WhenKellystartedclassesattheartschool,she.

A.wasnotgoodatthecourseB.lackedconfidenceindrawing

C.wasoftenpushedbyMissGraceD.didnotgetalongu^iththeotherkids

25.HowdidKellyfeelwhenSophiasatbesideher?

A.Thrilled.B.Confused.C.Frustrated.D.Relieved.

26.WhatdidKellydointheartclass?

A.SheinspiredSophia.B.ShepraisedSophia'screativity.

C.ShedecidedtooutshineSophia.D.ShefinishedthedrawingforSophia.

27.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Interestisthebestteacher.B.Youarcwhatyoubelievetobe.

C.Everyonehastheirownstrengths.D.Hardworkwilleventuallypayoff.

【答案】24.A25.C26.A27.C

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講的是Kelly在一節(jié)藝術(shù)課上所發(fā)生的事情。

24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Shedidn'tHkeitatfirst:the“noviceartists“一thekidswho

hadn'treallydoneartbefore-workedmostlywithclay,andKellywasaterriblesculptor.（她一

開始并不喜歡：那些“新手藝術(shù)家”一那些以前沒有真正做過藝術(shù)的孩子一主要是用

粘土創(chuàng)作的，而凱利是個糟糕的雕塑家。廠可知，當(dāng)Kelly開始在藝術(shù)學(xué)校上課時(shí)，她

不擅長這門課。故選A。

試卷第8頁，共20頁

25.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Kellyfeltasinkingfeelinginherstomach.She'dactually

foundanartformthatsheenjoyedandwasgoodat-andnowSophiawasgoingtooutshine

heragain?（Kelly感到胃里有一種下沉的感覺。她真的找到了一種自己喜歡并擅長的藝術(shù)

形式，而現(xiàn)在索菲亞又要比她更耀眼了？戶可知，當(dāng)索菲亞坐在凱莉身邊時(shí)，她感覺到

沮喪。故選C。

26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第一:段“Kellysmiled.4tMaybenotrightnew.Butifyoumove

theselinesup...”shesaid,pointingherfingeronSophia'spapcr.（Kclly笑了。"也許不是現(xiàn)在。

但是如果你把這些線往上移動……她用手指著索菲亞的紙說。）”和倒數(shù)第二段“That，sa

greatidea!（好主意?。笨芍琄elly在美術(shù)課上啟發(fā)了索菲亞。故選A。

27.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第六段“Youaresogreatatmakingnewthingsoutoftheold

stuff.（你很擅長從舊事物中創(chuàng)造出新事物。廣可知，我們能從文章中了解到每個人都有自

己的長處。故選C。

Researchspanningseveraldecadesdemonstratesthatyouaremorelikelytothinkthe

informationthatisrepeatedtobetruethantheinformationyouhearonlyonce.Youusually

assumethatifpeopleputinefforttorepeatastatement,thisreflectsthetruthofthestatement.

Thistendency-alsocalledthetrutheffect-isabias（偏見）thatcanleadyoutodrawincorrect

conclusions.

Towhatdegreearcpeopleawareofthetrutheffect?Thisquestionwasaddressedina

paperinthejournalCognitioneanythisyear.

Inthecriticalstudyinthispaper,participantsdidtwosessions.Inonesession,theyread

aboutahypothetical（虛構(gòu)的）studyinwhichtheywereexposedtosomestatementsandthen

wereaskedwhetherbothstatementstheyhadheardbeforeaswellasthesenewstatements

weretrue.Theywereaskedtopredicttheproportion（比例）ofeachstatementthatwouldbe

judgedastrue.Theydidthisbothasapredictionofotherpeople'sperformanceaswellasa

predictionofhowtheywoulddointhisstudy.

Atanothersessionafewdayslater,participantsactuallyperformedthisstudy,readinga

setof20statementsinthehypotheticalstudyagainandthenjudgingthetruthofaltogether40

statements,halfofwhichwerefromthehypotheticalstudyandtheotherhalfofwhichwere

new.

Thisstudydidreplicatethewellknowntrutheffect.Peopleweremorelikelytojudge

statementstheyhadseenbeforeastruethanstatementsthatwerenew.Twointeresting

findingsemergedfromtheprediction.First,participantstendedtounderestimatethesizeof

thetrutheffectforeveryone.Thatis,whiletheydidexpectsomedifferenceinjudgments

betweenthestatementsseenbeforeandthosethatwerenew,theythoughtthisdifference

wouldbesmallerthanitactuallywas.Second,participantsmoresignificantlyunderpredicted

thetrutheffectforthemselvescomparedtothatforotherpeople.

Thisstudyisparticularlyimportantinlightoftheamountofmisinformationpresentin

socialmedia.Manypeoplehavethepowertoinfluencepublicopinionaboutimportant

matters.Floodingsocialmediafeedswithmisinformationwillleadpeopletobelievethis

informationistruejustbecauseitisstated.Recognizingthatweareallsusceptibletothis

influenceofrepeatedinformationshouldleadustomistrustourintuition（直覺）aboutwhatis

trueandtolookupimportantinformationpriortousingittomakeimportantjudgmentsand

decisions.

28.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorintendsto.

A.clarifyamisconceptionB.presentaphenomenon

C.challengeastatementD.confirmatheory

29.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?

A.Impactsofthetrutheffectrequirefurtherstudies.

B.Makingpredictionsbeforejudgmentsissignificant.

C.Peoplehavehardlyanyawarenessofthetrutheffect.

D.Peopletendtobelievetheycanmakewiserjudgments.

30.Whatdocstheword"susceptible“underlinedinthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Critical.B.Subject.C.Opposed.D.Adapted.

【答案】28.B29.D30.B

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要討論了一種被稱作“真實(shí)效應(yīng)”的心理偏見現(xiàn)象，即

人們更容易相信被重復(fù)表述的信息，而不是只聽到一次的信息，呼吁人們應(yīng)該更加警惕

重復(fù)信息的影響，以及在做出重要判斷和決策之前查證重要信息的真實(shí)性。

28.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的"Researchspanningseveraldecadesdemonstratesthatyou

aremorelikelytothinktheinformationthatisrepeatedtobetruethantheinformationyou

hearonlyonce.Youusuallyassumethatifpeopleputinefforttorepeatastatement,this

reflectsthetruthofthestatement.Thistendency-alsocalledthetrutheffect-isabiasthatcan

leadyoutodrawincorrectconclusions4幾十年的研究表明，與只聽到一次的信息相比，你

試卷第10頁，共20頁

更有可能認(rèn)為重復(fù)的信息是真實(shí)的。你通常認(rèn)為，如果人們努力重復(fù)一句話，這就反映

了這句話的真實(shí)性。這種傾向——也被稱為真實(shí)效應(yīng)一是一種偏見，它會導(dǎo)致你得出

錯誤的結(jié)論。）”可知，作者的意圖是闡明一個現(xiàn)象，即“真實(shí)效應(yīng)”，這是一種偏見，可

能導(dǎo)致人們得出不正確的結(jié)論。故選B。

29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的“Second,participantsmoresignificantlyunderpredictedthe

trutheffectforthemselvescomparedtothatforotherpeople.（第二，與他人相比，參與

者對自己真實(shí)效應(yīng)的低估更為顯著?！?可知，人們在對“真實(shí)效應(yīng)”的認(rèn)識上存在一些偏

差，尤其是對于他們自己而言。他們往往低估了這種效應(yīng)的影響，認(rèn)為自己能夠做出更

明智的判斷。故選D。

30.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Thisstudyisparticularlyimportantinlightoftheamount

ofmisinformationpresentinsocialmedia.Manypeoplehavethepowertoinfluencepublic

opinionaboutimportantmatters.Floodingsocialmediafeedswithmisinformationwilllead

peopletobelievethisinformationistruejustbecauseitisstated.（鑒于社交媒體上存在大量

錯誤信息，這項(xiàng)研究尤為重要。許多人有能力在重要問題上影響公眾輿論。充斥在社交

媒體上的錯誤信息會讓人們相信這些信息是真實(shí)的，僅僅因?yàn)樗顷愂龀鰜淼?。）”可知?/p>

人們?nèi)菀资艿街貜?fù)信息的影響，從而誤導(dǎo)人們的判斷，因此劃線詞意為“易受影響的”,

subject（易遭受……的，受……支配的，可能受……影響的）與其是同義詞。故選B。

WhenIteachresearchmethods,amajorfocusispeerreview.Asaprocess,peerreview

evaluatesacademicpapersfbrtheirquality,integrityandimpactonafield,largelyshaping

whatscientistsacceptas“knowledge”-Byinstinct,anyacademicfollowsupanewideawith

thequestion,4tWasthatpeerreviewed?”

AlthoughIbelieveintheimportanceofpeerreviewandIhelpdopeerreviewsfor

severalacademicjournals-Iknowhowvulnerabletheprocesscanbe.

IhadmyfirstencounterwithpeerreviewduringmyfirstyearasaPh.Dstudent.One

day,myadviserhandedmeanessayandtoldmetohavemy-writtenreviewbacktohimina

week.Butatthetime,Icertainlywasnota“peer"」wastoonewinmyfield.Manipulated

data（不實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)）orsubstandardmethodscouldeasilyhavegoneundetected.Knowledgeis

notself-evident.Onlyexpertswouldbeabletonoticethem,andeventhen,expertsdonot

alwaysagreeonwhattheynotice.

Let'ssayinmylifeIonlyseewhiteswans.MaybeIwriteanessay,concludingthatall

swansarcwhite.Anda“peer”says,“Waitaminute,Tveseenblackswans."Iwouldhaveto

refinemyknowledge.

Thepeerplaysakeyroleevaluatingobservationswiththeoverallgoalofadvancing

knowledge.Forexample,iftheabovestorywerereversed,andpeerreviewerswhoall

believedthatallswanswerewhitecameacrossthefirststudyobservingablackswan,the

studywouldreceivealotofattention.

Sowhywasafirst-yeargraduatestudentgettingtostandinfbranexpert?Whywould

myreviewcountthesameasanexpert'sreview?Oneanswer:Theprocessreliesalmost

entirelyonunpaidlabor.

Despitethefactthatpeersareprofessionals,peerreviewisnotaprofession.Asaresult,

thesameover-workedscholarsoftenreceivemassesofthepeerreviewrequests.Besidesthe

laborinequity,asmallpoolofexpertscanleadtoanarrowedprocessofwhatispublishable

orwhatcountsasknowledge,directlythreateningdiversityofperspectivesandscholars.

Withoutalargeenoughreviewerpool,theprocesscaneasilyfallvictimtobiases,arising

fromasmallcommunityrecognizingeachother'sworkandcompromisingconflictsof

interest.

Despitethesechallenges,Istilltellmystudentsthatpeerreviewoffersthebestmethod

fbrevaluatingstudiesairdadvancingknowledge.Asaprocess,peerreviewtheoretically

works.Thequestioniswhethertheissueswithpeerreviewcanbeaddressedby

professionalizingthefield.

31.Whatcanweieamaboutpeerreviewinthefirstparagraph?

A.Itgeneratesknowledge.B.Itiscommonlypracticed.

C.Itisamajorresearchmethod.D.Itisquestionedbysomescientists.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheexampleofswans?

A.Complexityofpeerreviewensuresitsreliability.

B.Contradictionsbetweenscientistsmaybebalanced.

C.Individualscanbelimitedbypersonalexperiences.

D.Expertsshoulddetectunscientificobservationmethods.

33.Whatistheauthor'smajorconcernaboutpeerreview?

A.Workloadforscholars.B.Toughnessoftheprocess.

C.Diversificationofpublications.D.Financialsupporttoreviewers.

34.Thepassageismainlyabout______.

A.whatfuelspeerreviewB.whypeerreviewisimperfect

C.hownewhandsadvancepeerreviewD.whetherpeerreviewersareunderrated

試卷第12頁，共20頁

【答案】31.B32.C33.D34.B

【導(dǎo)語】本文是?篇說明文，主要講的是作者對于同行評議不完美的原因的分析。

31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Byinstinct,anyacademicfollowsupanewideawiththe

question,uWasthatpeerreviewed?”（出于本能，任何學(xué)者在提出新想法后都會問：“這個

想法經(jīng)過同行評議了嗎？可知，從第一段中我們可以了解到同行評議是普遍的做法。

故選B。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段"Let'ssayinmylifeIonlyseewhiteswans.MaybeIwritean

essay,concludingthatallswansarewhite.Anda"peer"says,uWaitaminute,Tveseenblack

swans.”Iwouldhavetorefinemyknowledge.（比方說，在我的生活中，我只看到白天鵝。

也許我可以寫一篇文章，總結(jié)說所有的天鵝都是白色的。一個“同伴”說，“等一下，我

見過黑天鵝?！拔业猛晟莆业闹R。）“可知，從天鵝的例子可以推斷出個人可能會受到

個人經(jīng)歷的限制。故選C。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Theprocessreliesalmostentirelyonunpaidlabor.（這個

過程幾乎完全依賴于無償勞動力。）”和倒數(shù)第二段“Asaresult,thesameover-worked

scholarsoftenreceivemassesofthepeerreviewrequesis.（結(jié)果，同樣是那些過度勞累的學(xué)

者經(jīng)常收到大量的同行評審請求。）“可知，作者對同行評議的主要擔(dān)憂是對評審的財(cái)政

支持。故選D。

34.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“AlthoughIbelieveintheimportanceofpeer

reviewandIhelpdopeerreviewsforseveralacademicjoumals-Iknowhowvulnerablethe

processcanbe.（雖然我相信同行評議的重要性，我也為幾家學(xué)術(shù)期刊做同行評議，但我

知道這個過程有多脆弱。：T可知，本文主要講的是作者對于同行評議不完美的原因的分

析，因此B選項(xiàng)“whypeerreviewisimperfect（為什么同行評議是不完美的）”是本文的主

旨。故選B。

Today,whatwehave,isanalways-in-your-pocket,24/7newscycle.Whenyouopena

newsapp,you'llnoticeabriefmomentwhenthe“oldnews“isstillthere.Inaflash,the

ancienthistoryofafewhoursagoissweptawayfbrthenext“breakingnews”.35

It'sendless,butyouhadbetterkeepup.

Researchersintroducethisworldtothephrase,unoisebottleneck”.Anoisebottleneckis

whereweareoverwhelmedwithsomuchinformationornoisethatourcognitive（認(rèn)知的）

abilitiescan'tkeepup.36Thus,whileourattentioncanwatchhoursofvideos,our

long-termlearningprocessescan't.

37WewatchTVholdingourphones,andwelistentomusicwhileshopping.

However,thehumanbrainmighthavestructurallimitationrootedinthecognitive

architecturewhichcausestheslowingdownthatoccurswhentwotasksareperformedatthe

sametime.

Inshort,yourbrainisnotasgoodasyouthinkitis.Youareahumanbeingwhocan

onlytakeinsomuchaday.Understandingthenoisebottleneckallowsustofixit.So,here

arethreetipstogetyougoing:

Clearyourcontent-setupanewaccountonsocialmediaandfollowonlyaccountsor

peoplethatyouthinkarereallyvaluable.

Single-task-youdon'tneedtoridthephone