說明文閱讀專題復習 學習目標了解說明文的分類和語篇結構特征；熟知說明文高頻詞句和命題特點；掌握說明文閱讀的策略并能學以致用。StepIRevision【Task1】說明文高頻詞匯過關1.research 2.survey 3.investigation4.study 5.experiment 6.examine7.test 8.collect 9pare10.analyze 11.researcher 12.expert/specialist/professor13.scientist 14.participant 15.publish16.conduct 17.explore 18.observe19.record 20.remove 21.consume22.select 23.show 24.indicate25.demonstrate 26.illustrate 27.reveal28.advocate 29.suggest 30.reflect31.trend 32.phenomenon 33.issue34.aspect 35.data/statistic/figure 36.evolution37.overturn 38.process 39.program/project40.discover 41.flexible 42.stable43.detect 44.sensor 45.finding46.conclusion 47.average 48.result49.oute 50.limitation 51.potential52.effect/impact/influence 53.monitor 54.work55.state 56.contrary 57.case【Task2】翻譯下列句式Itisrecentlyreportedthat...Anewstudyshowsthat...Arecentresearchhasfoundthat...Astudyrecentlypublishedby...foundthat...Thestudysuggeststhat...Accordingtoastudyin...StepIITeacher’sguidance高考說明文行文邏輯Type①：新發(fā)明、新事物型新發(fā)明的背景/目的(以舊事物的缺點引出新發(fā)明)首題設置點(研發(fā)目的)新發(fā)明的介紹(研究者的身份、權威＋產品性能、參數(shù)＋工作原理等)重考察產品個別特性 新發(fā)明的評價評議(消費者/專家評價＋市場前景＋下一發(fā)展方向)觀點態(tài)度、推理判斷題出處Type②：現(xiàn)象闡述型提出現(xiàn)象（現(xiàn)象描述，轉折之后有重點）寫作目的題出處分析現(xiàn)象的原因、特點細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題出處(忌絕對化表達)現(xiàn)象造成的影響、結果人們的看法(引用某個研究者的看法)觀點態(tài)度題、推理判斷題出處預言、警告，呼吁、措施段落主旨大意題出處Type③：研究報告型研究對象、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)或結論文章主旨大意/最佳標題出處研究背景、原因分析重點考察研究目的、原因研究方法、過程、數(shù)據(jù)(介紹實驗步驟，注意提到的某個步驟的目的)考察某個步驟目的新發(fā)現(xiàn)：與之前的縱橫對比(注意新發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同之處)推理判斷題出處結論闡述、專家評議、應用前景推理判斷、觀點態(tài)度題出處2.閱讀步驟(1)說明文對主旨類型題目考查頻次最多，找到說明對象是關鍵（首段+二段）(2)尋讀后續(xù)段落的主旨句，掌握文章的篇章結構（可參考上述3種類型）(3)閱讀題目，定位文章，分析線索句，選出最佳答案StepIIIExercise完成高考真題卷上對應的閱讀理解并在學案上畫出文章框架【Type1.新事物新發(fā)明型】2021年新高考II卷D篇【Type2現(xiàn)象闡述型】2021年全國乙卷C篇【Type3研究報告型】2020年全國II卷B篇StepIVHomeworkPassage①There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtoeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstopleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3Dprinted,ratherthanfarmtotable.Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbeinganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解膠體)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹飪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock“food”thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.Future3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”Despiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovere.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊狀物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetimeconsuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinveryplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhighendrestaurants.（1）Whatbenefitdoes3

Dprintingbringtofoodproduction？______A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes. B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions. D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.（2）Whatcanwelearnabout3

Dfoodprinting

fromParagraph3？______A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesof

food.（3）AccordingtoParagraph4，3

Dprintedfood

______A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials（4）Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3

Dfood

printingfromspreadingwidely？______A.Theprintingprocessisplicated.B.3

Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3

Dfoodprinting.（5）Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage？______A.3

DFoodPrinting：DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3

DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3

DFoodProductionD.3

DFoodPrinting：FromFarmtoTablePassage②Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(圖像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(圖像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimals…inthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthe…h(huán)umanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.(6).Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapes B.makesenseofhumanfacesC.feelhappyorangry D.municatewitheachother(7).Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder. B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent. D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethetest.(8).Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies. B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.Amajorlimitationofthestudy. D.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.Passage③Languageshavebeeningandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlessingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhuntergatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobeefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenationstateandthespreadofuniversalpulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettermunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestionmark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.(9).Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhuntergatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D.Theywerecloselyconnected.(10).Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A.plex. B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern.(11).Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800. B.About3,400. C.About2,400. D.About1,200.(12).Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated. B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages. D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.Passage④Playingtennisregularlycouldhelpkeeppeopleoffdeath,butfootball,rugbyandrunningmaynothelppeopletolivelonger,astudysuggests.Astudyfollowedmorethan80,000peopleforanaverageofnineyearstofindoutifcertainsportsprotectedthemagainstearlydeath.Itfoundthatpeoplewhoplayedracketsportsregularlyweretheleastlikelytodieoverthestudyperiod,reducingtheirindividualriskby47percentparedwithpeoplewhodidnoexercise.Swimmersalsoreducedtheirchanceofdeathby28percent,aerobics(有氧運動)fansby27percentandcyclistsby15percent.Yetrunningappearedtohavenoimpactatallondyingearly,andneitherdidplayingfootballorrugby.Scientistssaythedifferencemaylieinthesocialaspectwhichgoesalongsidesportsliketennisandsquash(壁球),whichofteninvolveclubsandorganizedactivitiesoutsideofthegame.Itmeansthatpeopleoftenhavelargersocialnetworksandtendtokeepupactivitiesintolaterlife,bothofwhichareproventobegoodforhealth.Incontrast,peoplewhoplayteamsportsoftendonotmoveontoanewsportoncetheirteamsbreakupforfamily,orinjuryreasons.Theybeewatchersratherthanparticipantsintheirchosenactivity.Theresearchersfoundthatplayingracketsportswasassociatedwitha56percentlowe