NormsofWritingaResearchPaperComponentsofResearchPaperAuthors’NameReferencesBody

KeyWordsAbstractAuthors’AffiliationTitleGatheringData(材料收集)___1.Compiletheworkingbibliography___2.Preparethebibliographyoncardsincorrectform(3"x5"cards)___3.Beginextensiveworkinthelibraryreferenceroom;besuretocheck:___a.generalbibliographies___b.tradebibliographies___c.indexes(booksandcollections,literatureinperiodicals,newspaperindexes,pamphletindexes)___d.libraryelectroniccatalogueWritingthePaper(寫作開始)___1.Developthefinaloutline;testyouroutline___2.Preparetowrite:___a.putyournotecardsintheorderthatyouroutlineisin___b.consideryour(realandimagined)readersandhowtheirexpectationsmayaffectyourtoneandstyle___3.Writetheroughdraft___4.Checkyourdocumentationcarefully___5.Reviseandrewrite___6.Checktheformatofthetext,citations,notes,andbibliography___7.Proofread翻譯論文的英文標(biāo)題應(yīng)注意以下四點(diǎn)：(1）不能按漢語的語序逐字對照翻譯，應(yīng)按英語的表達(dá)方式用名詞短語表達(dá)，一般不用完整的句子。

1)ThePaperTitle(2)標(biāo)題應(yīng)力求簡練，實(shí)詞10個(gè)左右，省略沒有實(shí)際意義的詞，如：thestudyof研究,theinvestigationof成果調(diào)查,theobservationof觀察,theresearchof研究,theanalysisof分析,thecomparisonof比較,等。如果標(biāo)題過長，可以分出一部分作為副標(biāo)題。(3)

盡量避免用縮寫詞，因?yàn)橛⑽目s寫詞太多，容易使讀者費(fèi)解。國外核心學(xué)術(shù)期刊中，對縮寫詞的使用非常謹(jǐn)慎，第一次出現(xiàn)必須先寫全名，縮寫附后加括號。國外學(xué)術(shù)期刊論文標(biāo)題使用縮寫的情況不占1%，而我國學(xué)術(shù)期刊中論文標(biāo)題用縮寫詞的卻達(dá)10%以上，這也是不能與國際接軌的一個(gè)方面。

(5)利用檢索工具統(tǒng)計(jì)分析醫(yī)學(xué)論文英文標(biāo)題利用Wordsmith及Range32等對所收集的2000個(gè)論文標(biāo)題進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，得到具體數(shù)據(jù)如下：總形符19475個(gè)，標(biāo)題平均長度為9.72個(gè)詞，平均詞長為5.59個(gè)字母。其中AmericanJournalofMedicine中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)標(biāo)題4個(gè)，AnnalsofInternalMedicine重復(fù)標(biāo)題有41個(gè)，ArchivesofInternalMedicine沒有重復(fù)標(biāo)題，BritishMedicalJournal上有10個(gè)重復(fù)的標(biāo)題。下表

醫(yī)學(xué)論文英文標(biāo)題中頻率最高的前10個(gè)詞RankWordlistFreqencypercentage1of10385.33%2and7363.77%3in7243.72%4the6082.55%5for4452.88%6A3881.99%7to2761.41%8with2611.34%9patients1830.93%10disease1610.82of(表示動賓關(guān)系，所屬關(guān)系，或性質(zhì)特征等)in/among(在某范圍中或人群中)for(作為…，對于)with(患有某種疾病，用某種研究方法,搭配需要等)on(表示對?的作用、影響，關(guān)于)等To(詞語搭配需要,如relatedto,)由于論文標(biāo)題一般由名詞詞組組成，所以比較多地使用介詞。論文標(biāo)題中使用最多的介詞有1duringcardiacsurgery.4:5:6:Managementof

venousthrombo-.2foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areviewof

theevidencefo3foranAmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollege

of

Physicians4foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areview

of

theevidenceforan5AmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollegeof

Physiciansclinical6guideline.13:Diagnosisandtreatmentof

lowbackpain:ajoint7practiceguidelinefromtheAmericanCollege

of

Physiciansand8geriatricmedicine.15:Cost-effectiveness

of

screeningand9growthfactorindeterminingthecauseof

obstructivecholestasis.10ofobstructivecholestasis.17:Validity

of

modelsforpredicting檢索19475個(gè)詞,

of

共出現(xiàn)1038次，分析以下各行中of

的使用第1、2、4、6行均為動賓關(guān)系，其共同特征為前邊有一個(gè)由動詞變化而來的名詞。第3、5、7、8、9、10均為所屬關(guān)系。介詞in

的使用頻率僅次于介詞of，共出現(xiàn)724次，后面跟人群，患者，疾病的范圍或者指某一方面或部位。*Blindnessaftertreatmentofmalignanthypertension惡性高血壓治療后的視覺缺失（研究）*Self-accessEnglishLearninginwebenvironment網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下的自主英語學(xué)習(xí)*Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer:Randomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy原發(fā)性肝癌二級預(yù)防的隨機(jī)分組前瞻性研究*Essentialfattyacidsinfullterminfantsfedbreastmilkorformula足月嬰兒母乳喂養(yǎng)和配方喂養(yǎng)必需脂肪酸對比研究a.名詞短語（N+Preposition）*Recentlytrainedgeneralpediatricians:perspectivesonresidencytrainingandscopeofpractice.*

EvaluationandmanagementoftheinfantexposedtoHIV-1intheUnitedStates.*

Utilityoflumbarpunctureforfirstsimplefebrileseizureamongchildren6to18monthsofage.*

Effectsoftheaccreditationcouncilforgraduatemedicaleducationduty-hourlimitsonsleep,workhours,andsafety.*UnderstandingtheDevelopmentandPreventionofType2DiabetesinYouth

青春期II型糖尿病的發(fā)生和預(yù)防措施研究

Preventingstrokeinpatientswithatrialfibrillation房顫患者中風(fēng)預(yù)防*

Screeningforenvironmentaltobaccosmokeexposureamonginner-citychildrenwithasthma.b.動名詞短語*MalignantHypertensionandCigarettesmoking惡性高血壓與抽煙

相關(guān)性研究Gastroesophagealrefluxandcow’smilkallergyininfants:Aprospectivestudy

嬰兒胃食管返流與牛奶過敏有關(guān)的前瞻性研究c.名詞并列結(jié)構(gòu)*Abnormalpainintheemergencyroom:176consecutivecases腹痛急診連續(xù)176例研究*Qualityofinpatientcareforasthma:challengesandopportunities.哮喘住院病人護(hù)理質(zhì)量調(diào)查:面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇*DiabetesMellitus:NewDiagnosticCriteria

糖尿病新的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)d.副標(biāo)題的應(yīng)用e．其它句式*OnControllingRectalCancer

關(guān)于控制直腸癌的探討*BiologistsofChinaarealsoconsideringstrengtheningtheresearchonbiodiversity(次類動詞接動名詞/名詞，還有：admit,avoid,appreciate,deny,escape,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recollect,understand,suggest,etc.)

*HomeorHospitalBirth?*Isthetreatmentofborderlinehypertensiongoodorbad?RetrospectiveStudyofEpidemiologyandDrugAbuse2)Traumaticbraininjuryinhighschoolathletes3)Changesinsleeppositionduringinfancy:Aprospectivelongitudinalassessment4)Long-termfollow-upcareforpediatriccancersurvivors.標(biāo)題參考譯文:1.大量名詞詞組的連接都是由介詞和并列連接詞來完成。2.英文中為副標(biāo)題，而漢語不一定是副標(biāo)題；3.注意信息的等價(jià)性,而不是字?jǐn)?shù)相等;標(biāo)題翻譯提示作者單位在作者之后，按從小到大順序排列，實(shí)詞大寫第一個(gè)字母，如：DepartmentofNephrology,ShanghaiChildren’sHospital,Shanghai200040,P.R.China上海市兒童醫(yī)院腎病科（附所在城市，郵編，中國）。3.作者單位(Author’sAffiliation)關(guān)鍵詞:

體育鍛煉;減肥;肌肉總量;智力發(fā)展Keywords:physicaltraining;weightloss;mentaldevelopment;musclemass4)關(guān)鍵詞

而英國一些期刊的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要力求祥實(shí)，大都有七部分組成：Objectives;Design;Setting;Subjects;Mainoutcomemeasurements;Results;Conclusion.摘要的長度在400詞左右。有的作者對寫摘要不夠重視，三言兩語，不能體現(xiàn)文中的主要內(nèi)容，這樣不易采用。英文摘要的寫作既有格式和內(nèi)容的要求，又有科技英語語言特點(diǎn)的要求，舉例說明如下：ScreeningforHIV:AReviewoftheEvidencefortheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceAbstract:BackgroundandPurpose:HIVinfectionaffects850,000to950,000personsintheU.S.ThemanagementandoutcomesofHIVinfectionhavechangedsubstantiallysincetheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceissuedrecommendationsin1996.ThestudyistosynthesizetheevidenceonrisksandbenefitsofscreeningforHIVinfection.DataSources:MEDLINE,theCochranceLibrary,referencelists,andexperts.StudySelection:Studiesexampleofscreening,riskfactorassessment,accuracyoftesting,follow-uptesting,andefficacyofinterventions.DataExtractions:Dataonsettings,patients,interventions,andoutcomeswereabstractedforincludedstudies;qualitywasgradedaccordingtocriteriadevelopedbytheTaskForce.DataSynthesis:NotrialsdirectlylinkscreeningforHIVwithclinicaloutcomes.ManyHIV-infectedpersonsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyreceivediagnosisatadvancedstagesofdisease,andalmostallwithprogresstoAIDSifuntreated.Screeningbasedonriskfactorscouldidentifypersonsatsubstantiallyhigherriskbutwouldmissasubstantialproportionofthoseinfected.ScreeningtestsforHIVareextremelyaccurate(>99%).Acceptanceratesforscreeninganduseofrecommendedinterventionvarywidely.Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy(HAART)substantiallyreducestheriskforclinicalprogressionordeathinpatientswithimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.Alongwithotheradverseevents,HAARTisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforcardiovascularcomplications,althoughabsoluteratesarelowafter3to4years.Limitations:Dataareinsufficienttoestimatetheeffectsofscreeningandinterventionsontransmissionratesorinpatientswithlessimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.LongtermdataonadverseeventsassociatedwithHAARTarenotyetavailable.Conclusions:BenefitsofHIVscreening

appeartooutweighharms.Theyieldfromscreeninghigher-prevalencepopulationswouldbesubstantiallyhigherthanthatfromscreeningthegeneralpopulation.finishedObjectives

的語言特點(diǎn)是以動詞不定式開頭，言簡意賅。如：1)Toidentifytheefficacyandsafetyof…2)Todescribecomplicationof….3)Toassesstheeffectivenessof…..4)Todeterminewhether/if…..5)Toexaminetherelationbetween….6)Toevaluatethesystemicavailabilityand…Languagefeaturesofanabstract7)Toinvestigatetheefficacyandsafetyof8)Toestablishaanimalmodel…9)Tomeasuretheserumconcentrationsof10)undertakeaprospective,singleblind,randomizedtrial11)Tosummarizetheevidenceontheefficacyof12)Toascertain（findout）theoutcomeassociatedwith13)Toreviewtheclinicalfeatures,treatment,andoutcomeofchildren…Methods

語言特點(diǎn)是用完整的句子敘述，謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí),被動語態(tài)。該部分包括設(shè)計(jì)如：experimentalstudy;casecontrolstudy;prospective,double-blindstudy;cross-overstudyofdurationofsixweeks;包括研究對象：subjects,patients,rats…;分組studygroupandcontrolgroup；包括用藥時(shí)間，檢測方法byradioimmunoassay等.Immunofuorescencemethod免疫熒光法Immunoelectroabsorption免疫電吸附法Immunoelectrophoresis免疫電泳法Immunoelectromicroscopicmethod免疫電鏡法Radioimmunoassay放射免疫測定法Radioallergeosorbenttest放射變應(yīng)原吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)Radioactiveisotopescanning放射性核素掃描Radioisotopescanning放射性同位素掃描Radionuclideangiography放射性核素血管造影臨床檢查方法Radionuclideemissioncomputedtomography

放射性核素計(jì)算機(jī)體層掃描Quantitativegeldiffusiontest定量凝膠擴(kuò)散實(shí)驗(yàn)Quantitativemaculo-perimetry定量黃斑視野檢查法Quantitativeperimetry定量視野檢查法Quantitativeprecipitationtest定量沉淀實(shí)驗(yàn)Immunologicsurveillance免疫監(jiān)視Immunogold-silverstaining免疫金銀染色法Results

語言特點(diǎn)是用完整的句子敘述，謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí)，提供研究數(shù)據(jù)對比。如：increasedby20%;droppedremarkably;remainedthesame;thefindingswerecorrelatedwith;therewasanincrease/decreaseinpatient’sheartrate/respiratoryvolume;therewasacorrelationbetweensmokingandcarcinoma…Conclusion

謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，完整的句子表明該研究的臨床意義、前景、尚未解決的問題。Forexample:Itcanbeconcludedthat…；Thefindings/thestudysuggest(s)that．．．Thereportdemonstratesthat…;weconcludethat…ExampleofafullAbstract:PaperTitle:AdultWeightChangeandRiskofPostmanopausalBreastCancer

A.HeatherAliassen,etal.JAMA2006;296:193-201

ABSTRACTContextEndogenous(內(nèi)源的)hormonesareaprimarycauseofbreastcancer.Adiposityaffectscirculatinghormones,particularlyinpostmenopausalwomen,andmaybeamodifiableriskfactorforbreastcancer.Objective

Toassesstheassociationsofadultweightchangesince18yearsandsincemenopausewiththeriskofbreastcanceramongpostmenopausalwomen.Example:Design,Setting,andParticipantsProspectivecohortstudy(定群研究)withintheNurses’HealthStudy.Atotalof87143postmenopausalwomen,aged30to55yearsandfreeofcancer,werefollowedupforupto26years(1976-2002)toassessweightchangesince18years.Weightchangesincemenopausewasassessedamong49514womenwhowerefollowedupforupto24years.MainOutcomeMeasureIncidenceofinvasivebreastcancer.Results

Overall,4393casesofinvasivebreastcancerweredocumented.Comparedwiththosewhomaintainedweight,womenwhogained25.0kgormoresinceage18yearswereatanincreasesriskofbreastcancer(relativerisk[RR],1.45;95%confidenceinterval[CI],1.27-1.66;P<.001fortrend),withastrongassociationamongwomenwhohavenevertakenpostmenopausalhormones(RR,1.98;95%CI,1.55-2.53).Comparedwithweightmaintenance,womenwhogained10.0kgormoresincemenopausewereatanincreasedriskofbreastcancer(RR,1.18;95%CI,1.03-1.35;P=.002fortrend).Womenwhohadneverusedpostmenopausalhormones,lost10.0kgormoresincemenopause,andkepttheweightoffwereatalowerriskthanthosewh