第1頁（共1頁）南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)2016年博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題考生答題須知：1．所有題目（包括填空、選擇、圖表等類型題目）答題答案必須做在考點(diǎn)發(fā)給的答題紙上，做在本試題冊上無效。請考生務(wù)必在答題紙上寫清題號(hào)。2．評卷時(shí)不評閱本試題冊，答題如有做在本試題冊上而影響成績的，后果由考生自己負(fù)責(zé)。3．答題時(shí)一律使用藍(lán)、黑色墨水筆或圓珠筆作答（畫圖可用鉛筆），用其它筆答題不給分。4．答題時(shí)不準(zhǔn)使用涂改液等具有明顯標(biāo)記的涂改用品。PARTIVocabulary(15points)SectionADirections:Choosethewordthatistheclosestsynonymtotheunderlinedword.1.Thegovernmentslatednewelectionsinthespring,largelyasaresultofthepublicclamor.A.demandB.viewC.requestD.opinion2.Themostprolificwriterisnotnecessarilythebest.A.written-aboutB.productiveC.artfulD.religious3.Imaginemyvexationwhentheysaidtheywouldcometodinnerandthendidn'tshow.A.enlightenmentB.astonishmentC.annoyanceD.contrariness4.Anytroopofwildanimalsshouldbeapproachedwarily.A.fearlesslyB.confidentlyC.silentlyD.prudently5.Thereislittlelearninginvolvedwhenoneisreprimandedtwoorthreemonthsafterthedeed.A.recommendedB.reproachedC.recompensedD.reversed6.Archaeologistsareinterestedinpottery,figurinesandothervestigesofancientcivilizations.A.tracesB.shardsC.productsD.artifacts7.Packagingisdesignedsoastoencourageimpetuousshopping.A.extravagantB.carefulC.impotentD.impulsive8.Panofhisgeneralthriftistobemeticulousinverifyingmonthlyexpenses.A.painstakingB.dilatoryC.meretriciousD.gaudy9.Thejurorscametoadeadlockinthedefendant'strialformurder.A.adecisionofguiltyB.adecisiontopunishbyelectrocutionC.animpasseD.anunusualverdict10.Amongthelowestofthejudicialranks,justicesofthepeaceneverthelessfrequentlyexercisejurisdictionoveravarietyofmisdemeanors.A.guidanceB.sovereigntyC.authorityD.suzerainty11.Amistakeisrarelyatonedforbyasingleapology,howeverprofuse.A.extravagantB.producedC.divergentD.repetitious12.HerofficeintheFirstNationalBankbuildingisprovisional.A.permanentB.temporaryC.corruptD.craven13.Theburglarsransackedtheroomtakinganythingofvaluetheyfound.A.demolishedB.tookoverC.inhabitedD.thoroughlysearched14.Thewholeoftheendowmentwasusedtorefurbishtheschoolgymnasium.A.millionairesB.endorsementsC.governmentsD.donations15.Themassacreofinnocentpeoplecannoteverbecondoned.A.overlookedB.praiseC.condemnedD.satisfiedSectionBDirections:Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.16.Whenherealizedthetruenatureoftheproposal,he________allcommunicationwiththegroup.A.convertB.avertedC.severedD.make17.Theworseningfinancialsituationmadeitobviousthataneconomicdepressionwas_____.A.attainableB.remoteC.imminentD.eminent18.Allofthedentalinstrumentsneedtobe_______beforethenextpatientisseen.A.heatedB.scaldedC.sterilizedD.burned19.Rockclimbingissopopularnowthatmanypeopleareableto________thesteepestfacewithgreatagility.A.scaleB.surpassC.overcomeD.mount20.Ifyoucallthe911emergencynumber,theywill________firemen,policemen,andparamedicsimmediately.A.assignB.detachC.attachD.dispatch21.Hisevident_______tohiswifedespiteherindiscretionprovedhimtobeamanofintegrity.A.personalityB.characterC.fidelityD.morality22.Idon'tknowwhyhehasbeengiven________.Itwasn'thisaccomplishmentbuthiswife's.A.acclaimB.confidenceC.reimbursementD.robustness23.AfteraconcerttourinAsia,CanadaandtheU.S.,hewill_______workonafive-languageopera.A.confineB.indulgeC.resumeD.undergo24.WhenPh.Dcandidates________theirimpendingprofessorships,theyconsiderhousingbenefitsofferedbytheprospectiveuniversities.A.anticipateB.assumeC.applyD.demand25.Mysupplyofconfidenceslowly________asthedeadlineapproached.A.withdrewB.eliminatedC.exterminatedD.diminished26.Thebattleisofgreatsignificancewhenviewedinthe________oftheprogressofthewar.A.prospectiveB.respectiveC.perspectiveD.prescriptive27.Ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltorats,yet,uponexaminationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.A.depositionB.destructionC.deprivationD.reduction28.Inthatcountry,hospitaldoctorsdon'tgosightseeingveryoftenbecausetheirwork________almostalltheirtime.A.takesupB.takesoffC.takesapartD.takesover29.Accordingtothelawofthatcountry,theParliamentwillhavetobe________beforetheGeneralElection.A.decomposedB.dispersedC.dissolvedD.disintegrated30.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto________theconsequences.A.answerforB.runintoC.abidebyD.stepintoPARTⅡGrammar(15points)SectionADirections:Choosetheletterthatindicatestheerrorinthesentence.31.SwitzerlandisbestknownforitsmajestymountainrangeandthousandsflocktotheAlpsABCeachyeartotakeadvantageoftheiridealskiingconditions.D32.PoliceweresenttodispersethecrowdsbutendedupbyshootingdownprotestersanditABwasinthischaosthattheseedsofpoliticalliberationweresown.CD33.Eventoday,throughthehustleandbustleofNevskyProspect,StPetersburg'smainstreet,ABtheclassicalbeautyofthecitymesmerizestheeye.CD34.Sheisfuriousofherson'sgradesinschool,whichexplainswhyMarkisjealousofJulia'shighABCmarksontheexam.D35.Smog-chokedSouthernCaliforniademandsthem.It'sacarforpeoplewhoneverwanttogoAtoagasstationagain.Butthefactis,forallthetalk,sellinggas-lessmachineshasbeenaBChard-sell.D36.Peoplethought:Hey,eatacarpandyouwillbetakinginwhatitisthatgivesyouthesefishABtheirlonglife-span.Ofcourse,ithasn'tdonealotofgoodforthesecarp.CD37.Indecidingtoundertakedangerouspursuits,peopleusuallystrivefortheirmaximumApersonalabilityrating,whentheyarechallengedbutcanhevictorious,ratherthanmerelyBCsurmountingthemediocre.D38.Inproposingsuchphilanthropicdonations,thedirectorofthecompanycertainlyspokefromABagenuineconcernfortheneedyandnotanydesireforpersonalaccolades.CD39.Thearmor,infantryandothermilitaryforceswereheldupbytheenemycounterattack,ABCthuscausedthedelayintheadvance.D40.JustaschildrentheworldoverlikeChristmasrooming,adultssolikeChristmaseveningABCwhenpeaceandcalmreturntothehousehold.D41.Eachemployeewithamodicumofintelligencewouldbeabletoundertakesuchabasicprocess.ABCD42.TheeconomicsituationwillimprovegiventhatthereisforecasttobelessunemploymentABandclosuresthaninpreviousyears.CD43.Thethreemostimportantissuesofconcerntocitizenstodayareprisonreform,ABabusingchildrenandtoxicwaste.CD44.IwasonthevergeofincurringMr.Rochester'swrathbynotlisteningtohisprohibitions,ABwhilearayoncemoreshonealmostimperceptiblyonthehallwaywallandIheardhismuffledCDsteponthecarpet.45.TheaboveisthemostimportantaspectwhichapescanbetoldfrommoreprimitivesocialABCDgroupings.SectionBDirections:Choosetheanswerthatbestfillsintheblank.46.________thattheearthwasflat?A.UsedittobethoughtB.DiditusedtobethoughtC.WasitneedtobeingthoughtD.Doesitusedtobethought47.Itismostinappropriate________inthecollegeVIPlounge.A.foranystudentstobethereB.fortheretobeanystudentsC.tobeanystudentsthereD.tohavethereanystudents48.She________muchmoreaccurateresponsesnow,hadshetakenmorepainsindevisingthequestions.A.gotB.wouldhavegotC.hadgotD.wouldbegetting49.Anextensivefoundationinthebasicsciencesshouldberequiredofallsciencestudents,________.A.whethertheyarefuturephysicistsorchemists.B.betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists.C.theyarefuturephysicistsorchemists.D.theyshouldbefuturephysicistsorchemists.50.Thegeneralopinionisthatheis________tocomplain.A.somuchamilquetoastB.tooamilquetoastC.toomuchofamilquetoastD.somuchofamilquetoast51.Althoughofcoursethereareexceptions,itseemsreasonablydearthatincertaincountries-Rwanda,SomaliaandpartsoftheformerYugoslaviacometomind-hungerislessaresultofanabsolutefoodshortage,________apolicydecisionorthepoliticalsituation.A.thanofB.ratherthanC.buttheresultofD.thanis52.TheozonelayerplaysasgreataroleinthesuabilityofspaceshipEarthas________thewatersofitslakes,ponds,oceans,rivers,andstreams.A.doB.doesC.playD.are53.PerhapsIshouldnothavedoneso,butIchangedmymindaboutthenewjobeventhoughIwas________lastweek.A.tobestartedB.tohavestartedC.tohavebeenstartingD.start54.Despiteanoverlayofquasi-literaryFrenchvocabularystemmingfromtheNormanInvasionof1066,thedailyvocabularyofEnglishremainedGermanic,_______itsgrammaticalstructure.A.thesameareB.andsoareC.asdidD.andsowere55.Althoughmoneyisalwaysuseful,itisn'tall________.A.whatthereistolifeB.towhichthereisinlifeC.thereistolifeD.thatisinlife56.________eversohumble,there'snoplanelikehome.A.ItbeB.BeitC.ItwasD.Wasit57.________allcustoms,nomatterhowsacrosanct,areessentiallylearnedreactionsappropriate,perhapsonlytotheholdersthereofisabasicassumptionofanthropologists.A.NearlyB.ItisnearlyC.ThatnearlyD.Whennearly58.Althoughwomenclustertohimlikemothsaroundaflame,heisnone______happierforit.A.butB.theC.matchD.any59.ThemajorreasonwhyAmericansenjoyanabundantfoodsupplyisthatthearablelandattheirdisposalforfoodproductionis________.A.threetimesmoretheworldaverageB.threetimesasmuchtheworldaverageC.threetimestheworldaverageD.theworldaverageisthreetimes60.Thesoundoftheroaringofatigeris________heardbyjungledwellers________feelingsofunease,forayeardoesnotelapsewithoutvictimsfallingtothetiger'sferocity.A.always...withB.ever...withoutC.ever...withD.never...withoutPARTⅢClonetest(10points)Directions:Choosethewordthatbestcompletesthemeaning.Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction-capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring__61__profits,aswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists,62havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof63_thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchsocietyisthattheownershipof64amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant65ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas66capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence.Therearemany67withthethesisabove,nottheleastof68isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot69theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsociety,asthe70ofsomenewindustriesindicates.71,geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave72manynewfinesandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In73withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesis,however,itmustalsobe74thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapital(i.e.,majorcorporations)soon75totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge.Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpower,westillfindknowledgeincreasingly76.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-skill,low-payingservice77.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe78ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplater,nomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyinEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere79formarryyearsintheUnitedStates,butwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand80themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor.61.A.quantitativeB.extensiveC.comprehensiveD.sophisticated62.A.moreoverB.howeverC.thereforeD.nevertheless63.A.aggressionB.proficiencyC.productivityD.evolution64.A.dominantB.impressiveC.magnificentD.significant65.A.sourceB.factorC.componentD.element66.A.adequateB.profitableC.materialD.spiritual67.A.advantagesB.consequencesC.problemsD.potentials68.A.themB.thoseC.whichD.that69.A.denyB.refuseC.admitD.acknowledge70.A.emergenceB.innovationC.extinctionD.discovery71.A.InadditionB.ForexampleC.AboveallD.Inshort72.A.producedB.createdC.improvedD.facilitated73.A.lineB.needC.doubtD.match74.A.idealizedB.recognizedC.supervisedD.summarized75.A.steppedinB.settleddownC.leanedoverD.minedout76.A.accessibleB.importantC.popularD.abundant77.A.enterprisesB.employmentC.professionsD.industries78.A.controlB.masteryC.searchD.pursuit79.A.handicapB.penaltyC.inconvenienceD.shortcoming80.A.enforceB.punishC.confineD.condemnPARTⅣREADINGOOMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:Answerallquestionsbasedontheinformationinthepassagesbelow.Passage1Letusassume,forthemoment,thatlaborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wageandthatareductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldlead,throughstrikesorotherwise,toawithdrawalfromthelabormarketoflaborwhichisnowemployed.Doesitfollowfromthisthattheexistinglevelofrealwagesaccuratelymeasuresthemarginaldisutilityoflabor?Notnecessarily.For,althoughareductionintheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflabor,itdoesnotfollowthatafallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wageintermsofwage-goodswoulddoso,ifitwereduetoariseinthepriceofthelatter.Inotherwords,itmaybethecasethatwithinacertainrangethedemandoflaborisforaminimummoney-wageandnotforaminimumrealwage.Theclassicalschoolhastacitlyassumedthatthiswouldinvolvenosignificantchangeintheirtheory.Butthisisnotso.Forifthesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwagesasitssolevariable,theirargumentbreaksdownentirelyandleavesthequestionofwhattheactualemploymentwillbequiteindeterminate.Theydonotseemtohaverealizedthat,unlessthesupplyoflaborisafunctionofrealwagesalone,theirsupplycurveforlaborwillshiftbodilywitheverymovementofprices.Thustheirmethodistiedupwiththeirveryspecialassumptions,andcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcase.Nowordinaryexperiencetellsus,beyonddoubt,thatasituationwherelaborstipulates(withinlimits)foramoney-wageratherthanarealwage,sofarfrombeingamerepossibility,isthenormalcase.Whilstworkerswillusuallyresistareductionofmoney-wages,itisnottheirpracticetowithdrawtheirlaborwheneverthereisariseinthepriceofwage-goods.Itissometimessaidthatitwouldbeillogicalforlabortoresistareductionofmoney-wagesbutnottoresistareductionofrealwages.Forreasonsgivenbelow,thismightnotbesoillogicalasitappearsatfirst;and,asweshallseelater,fortunatelyso.But,whetherlogicalorillogical,experienceshowsthatthisishowlaborinfactbehaves.Moreover,thecontentionthattheunemploymentwhichcharacterizesadepressionisduetoarefusalbylabortoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesisnotclearlysupportedbythefacts.ItisnotveryplausibletoassertthatunemploymentintheUnitedStatesin1932wasdueeithertolaborobstinatelyrefusingtoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesortoitsobstinatelydemandingarealwagebeyondwhattheproductivityoftheeconomicmachinewascapableoffurnishing.Widevariationsareexperiencedinthevolumeofemploymentwithoutanyapparentchangeeitherintheminimumrealdemandsoflabororinitsproductivity.Laborisnotmoretruculentinthedepressionthanintheboom-faxfromit.Norisitsphysicalproductivityless.Thesefactsfromexperienceareaprimafaciegroundforquestioningtheadequacyoftheclassicalanalysis.81."Laborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wage".Thesentencemeans________.A.afallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflaborB.ariseinthepriceofwage-goodswouldleadtoawithdrawaloflaborC.thedemandoflaborisforariseofexistingmoney-wageD.thedemandoflaborisforreductioninthevalueofrealwages82.Theclassicalschoolrefersto________.A.thosescholarswithtraditionalideaB.thetraditionalschoolC.theexpertswhoholdtothestandardtheoryD.alloftheabove83.Accordingtotheauthor,thesupplycurveforlabordependsonthe________.A.redmoneywagesB.movementofpriceC.functionofmoney-wagesD.bothA&B84.“Their"methodcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcasebecausetheyhavenotrealizedthat________.A.afallinthevalueofrealwageswouldleadtoawithdrawalofthelaborfrommarketoflaborB.areductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldleadtoawithdrawalfromthelabormarketoflaborC.thesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwagesD.thedemandoflaborisonlyforaminimummoney-wages85.Howdoselaborusuallybehave?A.Laborwouldstipulateformoney-wage.B.Laborwouldviolentlyresistareductionofrealwages.C.Laborwouldstrenuouslyresistareductionofbothmoney-wagesandrealwages.D.Laborwouldstipulateforrealwages.86.Thelastparagraphofthuspassageindicatesthat________.A.laborresistedareductionofmoney-wages,whichcharacterizedthedepressionofthe1930sintheU.S.B.labordemandedarealwage,whichcharacterizedthedepressionof1930sintheU.S.C.neitherlaborrefusingtoworkforalowermoney-wagenordemandingarealwagecouldcharacterizethedepressionof1930sintheU.S.D.bothA&BPassage2Thelawofprivateinternationaltribunalswithrespecttoconflictsofinterestofarbitratorsisquiteextensive,albeitbynomeansuniform.Itrelatesbothtowhatwilldisqualifyanarbitratorandtowhatthearbitratormustdiscloseduringtheselectionprocess.Mostnationallegalsystemshavestatutoryrulesastothetypeofinterests,relationships,andexperiencesthatdisqualifyanarbitrator.Notinfrequently,thedisqualifyingfactorsareidenticalforarbitratorsandjudges,althoughtheymaytreatdomesticandinternationalarbitrationsomewhatdifferently,andmayindeedsupplementtheinternationalroleswithadditionalfeatures.Acloserlookrevealsthatcourtsandarbitrationagenciestendtoapplytheregulationsrelativelylightly,recognizingthatarbitratorsmoveinthehighlyinterconnectedworldofaffairs,anddonotstandalooffromcommerceasjudgesdo.Accordingly,acquaintanceshipwiththepartiesandtheircounseldoesnotsufficetodisqualify,whereasactualbusinessorlegalconnectionswill.Inasmuchasjudgesdonotseekmorework,althougharbitratorsgenerallydo,suspicionsarisethatanarbitrator'sfavormayinclinetothepartyorcounselwhohasinthepastandmayagaininthefutureprovideemployment.Theuncertaintyintheheldisatitsmosttroublingwhenarbitratorsareparty-appointed.Somearguethatsucharbitratorsshouldfulfillhesamefunctionsandsatisfythesamequalificationsasthird-partyarbitrators,othersdisputeanyrealclaimtoobjectivity.Thelatterviewhashadconsiderablecurrency,particularlyintheUnitedStates,wherecourtsanddraftersofstatelawsregardsuchadvocatesaspawnsoftheappointers.Imposingstandardofneutralityanddisinterestednessonthemwouldhefutile.Itfollowsfromthisdichotomybetweenparty-appointedandnon-party-appointedarbitratorsthatopiniononthequestionoftheirnationalityisalsosplit.Apartyneedstobeexpectedtochooseafellownational.Thisquestionofnationalityisacutewhenonepartytothearbitrationisagovernmentalagencyandoneormoreofthearbitratorsarelikewisenationals;aforeignenterprisecontractcallingforsucharbitrationmaybefoolhardy.Theslateislargelyblankwithrespecttorolesfortheconductofarbitratorsoutsidethefieldofconflictofinterests.Consideringonlythematterofex-partecommunications,Americancaselawisastonishinglax,refusingtosetasideawardswheresuchcommunicationobtainedbetweenanarbitratorandapartywithoutthepresenceoftheotherparty,therebyviolatingevidentiaryrulesrequiringtheattendanceofbothpatties.Thedifferencesinviewsonthistopicindicatehowusefulasetofguidelinesmightbe.87.Thebesttitleforthispassageis__________.A.InternationalArbitrators:CausesandSolutionsB.Arbitrators:CausesandSolutionsC.Arbitrators:ProblemsinPracticeD.InternationalArbitratorsandConflictsofInterests88.Theexpression"Theymaytreat"refersto__________.A.arbitratorsandjudgesB.nationallegalsystemsC.experiencesD.disqualifyingfactors89.Courtsandagencies__________.A.donotapplytheirregulationsstrictlyB.oftenconsiderarbitratorsasjudgesC.understandthegeneralrelationshipbetweenbusinessandarbitratorsD.maybedescribedbyalloftheabove90.Athird-partyarbitratorisonewhoischosen__________.A.tosupplementthetwoarbitratorschosenbythecontendingsidesB.toreachafinaldecisionafterthetwoarbitratorshavesubmittedtheirdecisionC.bysomeonenotinvolvedinthematterindisputeD.asapawnoftheappointers91.Aforeignenterprisescontractisabadidea__________.A.inallcasesB.wheneachpartnerpicksanarbitratorC.whenthirdpartyarbitratorsareinvolvedD.whenagovernmentagencyisonesideofthecontract92."Ex-partecommunications"referto__________.A.somethingthatcannotbedeterminedbythetextB.allpartiesbeingpresentwhenmattersinvolvingthemarediscussedC.therequirementtosetasideadecisionD.impartialityPassage3AskanAmericanschoolchildwhatheorsheislearninginschoolthesedaysandyoumightevengetareply,providedyouaskitinSpanish.Butdon'tbother,here’stheanswer:Americansnowadaysarenotlearninganyofthethingsthatwelearnedinourday,likereadingandwriting.Apparentlytheseareconsideredfustyoldsubjects,inventedbywhitemalestooppresswomenandminorities.Whataretheylearning?InaVermontcollegetownIfoundtheanswersittinginatoystonebookrack,nexttotypicalkids'bookslike"HeatherHasTwoMommiesandDaddyis'Dysfunctional"'.It'sateacher'sguidecalled"HappytoBeMe",subtitled"BuildingSelf-Esteem”.Self-esteemasitturnsout,isabigsubjectinAmericanclassrooms.ManyAmericanschoolsseebuildingitasimportantasteachingreadingandwriting.Theycallit"wholelanguage"teaching,borrowingterminologyfromthegranolapeopletocompeteintheeducationmarketplace.Nooneeverspentamomentbuildingmyself-esteemwhenIwasinschool.Infact,fromthedayIfirststeppedinsideaclassroommyself-esteemwasonebigdemolitionsite.Allthatmatteredwas"thesubject",beitgeography,history,ormathematics.IwaspraisedwhenIrememberedthat"near","fit","friendly","pleasing","like"andtheiroppositestookthedativecaseinLatin.IwasreviledwhenIforgotwhatacosinewasgoodfor.Generally,IlivedmyschoolyearsbeneathatorrentofcastigationasconsistentIeventuallyceasedtohearit,aspeoplewholiveneartheseaeventuallystophearingthewaves.Schoolshavechanged.Revilingisout,foronething.Moreimportant,subjectshavechanged.WhereasIlearnedEnglish,modernkidslearnsomethingcalled"languageskills".WhereasIlearnedwriting,modernkidslearnsomethingcalled"communication".Communication,thebooktellsus,issevenpercentwords,twentythreepercentfacialexpression,twentypercenttoneofvoice,andfiftypercentbodylanguage.Sothiscolumn,withitscarefullychosenwords,wouldearnatmostagradeofsevenpercent.Thatis,iftheschoolevengaveoutsomethingasoppressiveanddemandingasgrades.Theresultisthat,inplaceofEnglishclasses,Americanchildrenaregettingacoursein"HowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople".Considerthenewattitudetowardjournalwriting:IrememberonehighschoolEnglishclasswhenwewererequiredtokeepajournal.Theideawastoemulatethosegreatwriterswhoconfidedindimes,searchingtheirsoulandhoningtheircriticalthinkingonpaper."HappytoBeMe"statesthatjournalsareagreatwayforstudentstogetintouchwiththeirfeelings.Tellstudentstheycanwriteonesentenceorawholepage.Reassurethemthatnoone,notevenyou,willreadwhattheywrite.Aftertheunit,hopefullyallstudentswillbefeelinggoodaboutthemselvesandwillwanttosharesomeoftheirentrieswiththeclass.Therewasatimewhennoself-respectingbookforEnglishteacherswoulduse"great”or"hopefully"thatway.Moreover,backthenthepurposeofEnglishcourses(anantiquetermfor"Unit")wasnottohelpstudents"feelgoodaboutthemselves".Whichisgood,becauseallthatrevilingdidn’tmakemefeelparticularlygoodaboutanything.93.Inparagraph2,"wholelanguage"teachingisininvertedcommasbecause__________.A.thewriterisusingdirectspeechB.thewriterisquestioningtheeducationconceptC.thewordsquotedhavebeenextractedfromatranslationD.thewriterisquotingfromanothersource94.Inparagraph3,theauthorisclearlyexpressinghisideaaboutself-esteem.Hebelievesthatitis__________.A.essentialthatself-esteemshouldbepromotedinAmericanschoolsbecausetheauthorusedtosufferfromalackofself-esteemasachildB.equallyimportanttoequipchildrenwiththenecessaryskillsandknowledgetheywillrequireinthefutureC.importanttorememberhowmushschoolchildrenusedtosufferfromalackofself-esteemD.reassuringtoobservethatchildrenbenefitfromthepromotionofapositiveimage96.Whichofthefollowingisthewriterimplyinginparagraph4?A.Self-criticismhasgonetoofar.B.Evaluatingcriteriaareinappropriatenowadays.C.Communicationisamorecomprehensivecategorythanlanguageskills.D.Thiscolumndoesnotmeetthedemandingevaluatingcriteriaoftoday.96.Wemayinferfromparagraph4thatthewritergenerallydisagreeswithoneofthefollowingideas__________.A.thewholeconceptofcommunicationisbeingperceiveddifferentlyB.thewayAmericanchildrencommunicateamongthemselvesismoreimportantthananythingelseC.academicskillsshouldbeencouragedandpromotedintheAmericaneducationsystemD.theprogressthatAmericanchildrencouldbemonitorwithmoretraditionalmethods97.Inthispassage,thewriterisclearlystatingtheintentionwhichistogetthereaderto_____.A.confirmcurrenteducationtrendsandteachingmethodsB.rethinkandreorganizeeducationalstrategiesC.thinkaboutthevariouselementswhichconstitutewhatwecall"communication"nowadaysD.reassuretheparentsaboutthemethodologycurrentlybeingusedinAmericanschools98.What'sthebestsummaryforthispassage?A.Neweducationaltheorieswillrevolutionizethewayourchildrenlearn.B.Theinfluenceofnewmethodologywillspreadworldwide.C.Personalvalueslikeself-esteemwillbecomepredominantforschoolchildreninthefuture.D.Currenteducationtrendsmayjeopardizetheprospectsoffuturegenerations.Passage4"Sloganeering"didnotoriginateinthe1960s.Thetermhasarichhistory.ItoriginatedfromtheGaelic