學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精語(yǔ)法·剖析過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:had+been+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用法例子決定動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要看動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，它們就是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，它們就是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞就需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thevegetablesdidn'ttastegood。Theyhadbeencookedfortoolong。蔬菜不好吃，煮的時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)了。Bytheendoflasttermmorethan3,000Englishwordshadbeenlearntbyusatourmiddleschools。到上學(xué)期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了3000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞.注意:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法的區(qū)別在于前者表示相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在來(lái)說(shuō)已被完成的動(dòng)作,后者表示相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻來(lái)說(shuō)已被完成的動(dòng)作.Thispollutedriverhasbeencleaned。這條被污染了的河流已被凈化.（到現(xiàn)在為止）HesaidthisbookhadbeentranslatedintoJapanese。他說(shuō)這本書(shū)已被譯成日語(yǔ)。（到他說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)所體現(xiàn)的時(shí)間為止）間接引語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中常用兩種方式引用別人的話(huà)，一種是直接引語(yǔ),另一種是間接引語(yǔ)。概念例句直接引語(yǔ)直接引述別人的原話(huà),把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)Johnsaid,“Ilikereadingstorybooks."約翰說(shuō):“我喜歡看故事書(shū)?！遍g接引語(yǔ)用自己的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà)Johnsaidthathelikedreadingstorybooks.約翰說(shuō)他喜歡看故事書(shū)。本單元主要學(xué)習(xí)直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的方法。如果把直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，一般會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變成賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等一般都要作相應(yīng)的改變,變動(dòng)的規(guī)則如下表所示。變化直接引語(yǔ)中間接引語(yǔ)中例句時(shí)態(tài)變化一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)Hesaid，“I'mafraidIcan'tfinishthework?！薄鶫esaidthathewasafraidhecouldn’tfinishthework.他說(shuō)他恐怕完成不了那項(xiàng)工作?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)Tomsaid，“Mymumiscooking?！薄鶷omsaidthathismumwascooking.湯姆說(shuō)他的媽媽在做飯。一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)Janesaid,“IwatchedTVlastnight."→JanesaidthatshehadwatchedTVthenightbefore。簡(jiǎn)說(shuō)前天晚上她看電視了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)Shesaid，“I’venotheardfromhimsinceMay."→ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.她說(shuō)她自從5月份就沒(méi)收到他的來(lái)信。過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)Shesaid，“Ihadfinishedmyjob。”→Shesaidthatshehadfinishedherjob.她說(shuō)她做完了她的工作.一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)Shesaid，“I’lldoit.”→Shesaidthatshewoulddoit.她說(shuō)她會(huì)做這件事的.注意：直接引語(yǔ)如果有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變.例如:Hesaidtome，“Iwasbornin1978.”→Hetoldmethathewasbornin1978。他告訴我他于1978年出生。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞CanmayCouldmightShesaid,“Ican/mayswim.”→Shesaidthatshecould/mightswim。她說(shuō)她能/可能游泳。musthadtoShesaid,“Wemusthandintheresultoftheresearch。”→Shesaidthattheyhadtohandintheresultoftheresearch.她說(shuō)他們一定要把研究的成果上交。代詞ThistheseThatthoseHesaid,“Ilikethis/thesebooks.”→Hesaidthathelikedthat/thosebooks。他說(shuō)他喜歡那本/那些書(shū)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)nowthenHesaid，“It’snineo’clocknow.”→Hesaidthatitwasnineo’clockthen。他說(shuō)那時(shí)是九點(diǎn)了。TodaytonightthatdaythatnightHesaid,“Ihavebeenbusytoday/tonight.”→Hesaidthathehadbeenbusythatday/thatnight.他說(shuō)他那天/那天晚上很忙。yesterday。..daysagoThedaybefore。..daysbeforeShesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday/twodaysago.”→Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore/twodaysbefore.她說(shuō)她三天前已經(jīng)去了那里。TomorrownnextweekthenextdaythenextweekShesaid,“I’llgotheretomorrow/nextweek.”→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday/thenextweek。她說(shuō)她第二天/第二周就要去那里。續(xù)表變化直接引語(yǔ)中間接引語(yǔ)中例句其他BringhereTakethereHesaid，“Hewillbringithere."→Hesaidthathewouldtakeitthere.他說(shuō)他會(huì)把它帶到那里。comegoHesaid,“Shecamehereyesterday.”→Hesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore。他說(shuō)她一天前已經(jīng)去了那里。直接引語(yǔ)可能是陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句或祈使句，變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)有不同的方法，本單元出現(xiàn)的是陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的情況，其具體用法如下表所示：轉(zhuǎn)變方法例句陳述句→間接引語(yǔ)陳述句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用that引導(dǎo)從句，在口語(yǔ)中?？墒÷?Hesaid，“I'mstillworkingbecausethere'salottodo?！薄鶫esaid（that）hewasstillworkingbecausetherewasalottodo.他說(shuō)因?yàn)橛泻芏鄸|西要做，所以他仍然在工作。一般疑問(wèn)句→間接引語(yǔ)一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，并將疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序.主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是said時(shí)，要改為asked，沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)的，可以接一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)，如me,him，her或us等。Hesaid，“Didyouseehimlastnight?”→HeaskedmewhetherIhadseenhimthenightbefore.他問(wèn)我是否前一天晚上見(jiàn)過(guò)他。注意事項(xiàng)直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如:Hesaid，“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”→Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound。他說(shuō)光的傳播速度要比聲音快.如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there，動(dòng)詞come不必改為go。如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday/tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。特殊疑問(wèn)句和祈使句變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的具體用法如下表所示:轉(zhuǎn)變方法例句特殊問(wèn)句→間接引語(yǔ)原句中的疑問(wèn)詞作連接詞，從句改為陳述語(yǔ)序。Theteacherasked，“Howdidyourepairit?"→TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.老師問(wèn)我怎么修理它的。祈使句→間接引語(yǔ)將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式,在不定式前根據(jù)意思加上tell,ask,order等動(dòng)詞,即“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。“Makesurethedoorisshut,”shesaidtoherlittleson。→Shetoldherlittles