Unit3EnvironmentalProtection-ReadingandThinking&LearningAboutLanguage詞匯短語(yǔ)過(guò)關(guān)斬將一.默寫單詞1.emissionn.排放物；散發(fā)物；排放2.meltvi.&vt.(使)融化；熔化；軟化3.ecologyn.生態(tài)；生態(tài)學(xué)4.releasevt.&n.排放；釋放；發(fā)布5.comprehensiveadj.全部的；所有的；詳盡的6.worldwideadv.遍及全球地adj.世界各地的；影響全世界的7.trendn.趨勢(shì)；趨向；動(dòng)向8.broadcastvt.&vi.(broadcast，broadcast)播送；廣播；傳播n.廣播節(jié)目；電視節(jié)目9.policyn.政策；方針；原則10.footprintn.足跡；(某物所占的)空間量；面積11.seizevt.抓??；奪??；控制12.reformvi.&vt.改革；(使)改正；改造n.改革；變革；改良13.undergovt.(underwent，undergone)經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受(變化、不快等)14.implementvt.使生效；貫徹；執(zhí)行15.submitvt.&vi.提交；呈遞；屈服16.annualadj.每年的；一年的n.年刊；年鑒17.tropicaladj.熱帶的；來(lái)自熱帶的18.chaosn.混亂；雜亂；紊亂19.nuclearadj.原子能的；核能的；原子核的20.sensitiveadj.敏感的；善解人意的；靈敏的二.拓展詞匯1.starvevi.挨餓；餓死vt.使挨餓→starvationn.餓死→starvingadj.挨餓的2.habitableadj.可居住的；適合居住的→habitabilityn.可居住；適合居住3.sustainvt.維持；遭受；承受住→sustainableadj.可持續(xù)的；合理利用的→sustainabilityn.持續(xù)性；能維持性4.frequentlyadv.頻繁地；經(jīng)常→frequentadj.頻繁的；時(shí)常發(fā)生的→frequencyn.頻率；頻繁5.restrictvt.限制；限定；束縛→restrictionn.限制；約束；束縛→restrictedadj.受限制的6.harmoniousadj.和諧的→harmonyn.協(xié)調(diào)；和睦；融洽7.moderateadj.適度的；中等的；溫和的vi.&vt.緩和；使適中→moderationn.適度；節(jié)制；溫和三.翻譯短語(yǔ)1.referto參考；涉及；指的是；適用于2.alongwith沿(順)著；連同……一起；與……一道；隨同……一起3.haveanimpacton對(duì)……產(chǎn)生影響4.leadto導(dǎo)致；通向5.dealwith處理；涉及；做生意6.onbehalfof代表(代替)某人基礎(chǔ)句法精益求精1.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).(教材P26)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，地球正在變得越來(lái)越暖。2.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere，suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide，trapsomeoftheheat，keepingEarth’sclimatewarmandhabitable.(教材P27)大氣中的溫室氣體，如甲烷和二氧化碳，會(huì)捕獲一些熱量，使地球氣候保持溫暖并適宜居住。3.Withoutthisprocess，Earthcouldnotsustainlife.(教材P27)沒(méi)有這個(gè)過(guò)程，地球就無(wú)法維持生命。4.Thereisstrongandcomprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide，notonlycausingseriousdamage，butalsocostinghumanlives.(教材P27)有充分和全面的證據(jù)表明，氣溫上升已導(dǎo)致世界范圍內(nèi)極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害的增加，這不僅造成嚴(yán)重的破壞，而且還造成生命損失?！净A(chǔ)練】一.單詞拼寫1.Thehouseshouldbe(適合居住的)bythenewyear.2.Theconcertwillbe(播放)liveontelevisionandradio.3.TheRoughGuidetoNepalisa(全面的)guidetotheregion.4.His(腳印)wereclearlyevidentintheheavydust.5.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtocleanupindustrial(排放物).6.Policehave(發(fā)布)nofurtherdetailsabouttheaccident.7.Thegovernmenthasagreedtolift(限制)onpressfreedom.8.Theyrejectedademandfortheremovalofall(原子核的)weapons.【答案】1.habitable2.broadcast3.comprehensive4.footprints5.emissions6.released7.restrictions8.nuclear二.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Ihavesomedoubtmycousinwillaccepthisinvitation.2.Accesstotheclub(restrict)tomembersonly.3.Sherefusedtosubmitthreats.4.Millionsofpeoplewillface(starve)nextyearasaresultofthedrought.5.Weweredelayedattheairport.Otherwisewe(be)herebylunchtime.6.(not，feel)well，hewenttoseethedoctor.7.Ifhe(seize)thechanceofescapingfromtheburningbuilding，hemighthavelosthislife.8.Beforethethiefcouldrunaway，thebravegirlseizedhimthecollar.【答案】1.whether2.isrestricted3.to4.starvation5.wouldhavebeen6.Notfeeling7.hadn’tseized8.by三.選詞填空dealwith，amountsof，haveanimpacton，takeresponsibilityfor，referto，alongwith1.Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed，hundredsofothers.2.Moderncomputerscanorganizelargedataveryquickly.3.Inhisspeech，hearecenttriptoCanada.4.WhenIworkedinFloridaItouristsallthetime.5.Smallchangesinanindividual’slifecanthewholecommunity.6.Eachofusmustourownactions.【答案】1.alongwith2.amountsof3.referredto4.dealtwith5.haveanimpacton6.takeresponsibilityfor四.補(bǔ)全句子1.Thequestionisstillunderdiscussion.(同位語(yǔ)從句)我們能否降低成本這個(gè)問(wèn)題仍在討論之中。2.Sportsareenjoyable.(notonly...butalso...)運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅有益于身體，而且令人愉悅。3.everyhighschoolstudentwishestobesuccessfulintheNationalCollegeEntranceExamination.(doubt)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，每個(gè)高中生都希望在高考中取得成功。4.Hefelloffthebike，.(現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))他從自行車上摔了下來(lái)，頭撞到了一塊大石頭上。5.Withoutthehelpofhisparents，hesosmoothly.(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)如果沒(méi)有他父母的幫助，他不會(huì)這么順利就取得成功的?！敬鸢浮?.whetherwecanreducethecost2.notonlybeneficialtoyourbodybutalso3.Thereislittledoubtthat4.hittinghisheadagainstabigstone.5.wouldnothavesucceeded五.課文語(yǔ)法填空Thereislittledoubt1.____________Earthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwithmeltingiceand2.____________(rise)sealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.Themainreason3.____________thechangeisthatthe“man-made”greenhouseeffectmademoreheatenergy4.____________(produce)byburningfossilfuels5.____________(trap)intheatmosphere，6.____________willresultinfurtherwarmingandlong-lastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thereisstrongandcomprehensive7.____________(evident)thattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherand8.____________(nature)disastersworldwide，notonly9.____________(cause)seriousdamage，butalsocostinghumanlives.It’snecessaryforpeopleallovertheworldtotakeappropriateactionsandmeasures10.____________(reduce)greenhousegasemissions.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文主要介紹了“人為”溫室效應(yīng)引起的全球氣候變化需要全世界的關(guān)注。【答案】1.that考查固定搭配。Thereislittledoubtthat...“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)……”。2.rising考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。risingsealevels“不斷上升的海平面”和前面的meltingice“不斷融化的冰”呼應(yīng)。3.for考查固定搭配。thereasonfor“……的原因”。4.produced考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。此處producedbyburningfossilfuels是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞heatenergy，produce和energy之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞形式。5.trapped考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，made的賓語(yǔ)是moreheatenergy，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是trap，trap與energy構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。6.which考查關(guān)系詞。該句是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句缺少主語(yǔ)，故用which。7.evidence考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？崭袂坝行稳菰~strongandcomprehensive修飾，因此需要填evident的名詞形式。8.natural考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？崭窈笥忻~disasters，故需填形容詞作定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾名詞。9.causing考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。notonly...butalso...通常連接并列成分，前后形式應(yīng)該相同，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。10.toreduce考查習(xí)慣用法。takeactionsandmeasurestodosth“采取措施干某事”?！咎崮芫殹恳?閱讀理解AHowcrowdedyourneighborhoodiscanaffectthehealthofourplanet，anewstudyfinds.Scientistsmeasuredtheeffectthatpeoplehaveontheenvironmentusingacarbonfootprint.Thatfootprintreflectstheamountofcarbondioxide—agreenhousegas—thatissentintotheatmospherebecauseofpeople’sdailyactivities.Carbonfootprintstendtobelowforcitizens.Livinginasuburboutsideacity，however，canbeopposite.Peoplelivinginthecitycentershavelowcarbonfootprints，theresearchersfound.“Itismucheasiertohavealowcarboneffectifyourhomeisclosetowhereyouwork，shopandplay，”explainsJones.Livingwithinwalkingorbikingdistancecutsbackontheamountofcarbondioxidecomparedwithmovingpeoplebycars.Andcitieswithbusandsubwaynetworksallowpeopletotravelgreatdistanceswhilekeepingtheamountofgreenhousegaseslow.Noteveryonecanaffordtoliveinthecity，however.Suburbsoffermorespace，allowingpeopletobuildlargerhomes.Suburbsmayofferbetterschoolstokids.Butthosehomesareusuallyfarawayfromwheretheirownerswork，playorlearn.Sopeoplewholiveinsuburbsoftendrivelongdistances.Theaveragehouseholdinalargecitysendsoutabout40tonsofcarbondioxideperyear.Theaveragesuburbanhousehold，however，sendsoutcloseto50tonsofcarbondioxideperyear.Thenewfindingsareanimportantcontributiontoclimateresearch.Theywouldgivescientistsabetterunderstandingofhowculturemightmixwithlocationstoinfluenceourcarbonfootprints.Youmaynothaveanycontroloverthelocationofyourhome.Still，everyonecantakestepstoshrinktheircarbonfootprints.That’sbecausehowmuchwepolluteisinfluencednotjustbywherewelive，butalsobyhowwelive.Toshrinkyourfootprints，startsmall.Turnofflightswhenthey’renotinuse.Recycleorreusethingsinsteadofthrowingthemaway.Andaspeoplegetusedtomakingsmallchanges，theleaptobiggeroneswillgeteasier.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。本文開頭指出了最近的研究結(jié)果——住在城市還是郊區(qū)決定碳排放量。并詳細(xì)闡釋了導(dǎo)致碳排放不同的原因。最后號(hào)召讀者從小事做起，減少碳排放。1.Whydopeoplelivinginsuburbshavehighercarbonfootprints?A.Becausetheyoftendrivetowork，playordootherthings.B.Becausetheirhomestakeuptoomuchspace.C.Becausetheyoftenusebusesandsubwaystotravelgreatdistances.D.Becausetheyhavetosendtheirkidstoschoolsbycar.【答案】A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Livingwithinwalkingorbikingdistance...withmovingpeoplebycars”及第四段“Sopeoplewholiveinsuburbsoftendrivelongdistances.”可知：距離工作地點(diǎn)步行可達(dá)或是騎車可達(dá)的人，碳足跡更少。而住在郊區(qū)的人經(jīng)常開車，碳足跡更多。2.HowareParagraphs3to5mainlydeveloped?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Byexplainingprocesses.【答案】B查文章的寫作手法。第三段至第五段從碳足跡、居住環(huán)境兩個(gè)方面對(duì)比了居住在城市和郊區(qū)的情況，并最終用數(shù)據(jù)鮮明地得出了居住在城市和郊區(qū)的碳排放量。3.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Peoplelivinginbigcitiesproducemorecarbondioxide.B.Cultureplaysthemostimportantroleininfluencingtheenvironment.C.Anyprocessofmakingnewproductsmaypollutetheenvironment.D.One’ssmallstepcanmakeabigdifferencetotheenvironment.【答案】D推理判斷題?？疾閷W(xué)生讀懂言外之意的能力。結(jié)合最后一段“Toshrinkyourfootprints，startsmall”以及“Andaspeoplegetusedtomakingsmallchanges”這兩句話中的small可知，保護(hù)環(huán)境減少碳足跡要從小處著手。4.Inwhichpartofawebsitemaythispassageappear?A.Health. B.Sports.C.Culture. D.Environment.【答案】D文章出處題。本文是關(guān)于碳排放的，最可能的主題就是環(huán)境。開頭第一段開宗明義：“...anewstudyfinds.Scientistsmeasuredtheeffectthatpeoplehaveontheenvironmentusingacarbonfootprint.”BWhenathletesatthe2020TokyoOlympicscollecttheirmedals，they’llnotonlybewearingsomethingthatcelebratestheirsportingperformance，butsomethingthatsymbolizeslastingness.Forboththe2020OlympicsandParalympics，organizersaimtomakeallofthegold，silver，andbronzemedalsoutofusedelectronics.Thisstrongmessageabouthowtomakeuseofe-wastehasgottenalotofJapaneseinvolved.StartinginApril2017，theJapaneseOlympicCommitteebegancollectingoldlaptops，digitalcameras，smartphonesandotherabandonedelectronics.Theinitiative(倡議)hasachievedgreatsuccess.Already，thequantityneededforbronzemedalshasbeenmet，andthey’reinthehomestretchforsilverandgoldmedals，meaningthecollectionprocesscanpackupattheendofMarch.Whenlookingjustatthenumberofcellphonescollected，theamountofwasteisshocking.Inaperiodofabout18months，alittleover5millionsmartphoneswerecollectedthankstocooperationwithNTTDOCOMO.Japan’slargestmobilephoneoperatorallowedthepublictoturninphonesattheirshops，whichcountedalotintheproject’ssuccess.Afterbeingtakenapartandsorted，thesmallelectronicsunderwentasmeltingprocesstoextract(提煉)allthegold，silver，andbronzeelements.Thankstothisinitiative，theworldwidestrugglewithe-wastewillhaveaglobalplatform.AccordingtoastudypublishedbytheUnitedNationsUniversity—44.7millionmetrictonsofe-wasteweremadein2016.Only20%ofthatwasactuallyrecycled.Unfortunately，thisfigureissettorisesignificantlyinthecomingyears，movingto52.2millionmetrictonsby2021.SowhiletheTokyoOlympicsinitiativemightbejustadropinthebucket，it’sagoodstartinshowingwhatthepubliccandoifthey’remademoreawareoftheissue.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文，介紹了日本將回收利用廢棄的電子產(chǎn)品中的金屬，用于制作2020年奧運(yùn)會(huì)獎(jiǎng)牌。5.WhatcanbelearntaboutTokyoOlympicsinitiativefromthepassage?A.E-wasteintheworldisincreasingsignificantly.B.It’seasytogetelementsneededfromtheusedelectronics.C.Onlyproducersofelectronicsparticipatedintheproject.D.NTTDOCOMOcontributedtothesuccessoftheproject.【答案】D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Inaperiodofabout18months...withNTTDOCOMO.”可知，在大約18個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，通過(guò)與NTTDOCOMO的合作，收集了500多萬(wàn)部智能手機(jī)，故選D。6.Whichcanbestreplacetheunderlinedword“homestretch”inParagraph2?A.startingperiod B.collectioneffortC.finalstage D.hardsearch【答案】C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中畫線單詞所在的句子可知，制作銅牌所需要的數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了，并且到了最后關(guān)頭，收集過(guò)程可以在3月底完成。inthehomestretch固定短語(yǔ)，意為“最后關(guān)頭”，故選C。7.WhatinfluencedoestheTokyoOlympicsinitiativehave?A.Itoffersaneffectivemethodtosolvetheproblemofe-waste.B.Itshowsthepowerofadvancedtechnologyindailylife.C.Itsavestheexpensespentinmakingallthemedals.D.Itencouragesthepublic’sinvolvementindealingwithe-waste.【答案】D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“SowhiletheTokyoOlympicsinitiative...ifthey’remademoreawareoftheissue.”所以盡管東京奧運(yùn)會(huì)的提議只是杯水車薪，這是一個(gè)很好的開始，展示了如果公眾對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題有了更多的認(rèn)識(shí)，他們能做些什么。故猜測(cè)此舉能激發(fā)公眾參與電子垃圾的回收。故選D。8.Whatisthewriter’sattitudetotheTokyoOlympicsinitiative?A.Positive B.NegativeC.Ambiguous D.Indifferent【答案】A推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文的描述，可知作者對(duì)于東京奧運(yùn)倡議是持積極的態(tài)度，故選A。二.完形填空MynameisMirandaGibson.Ihavebeenatthetopofatreeforfivemonthsnow.Somepeoplemightwonder__1__onearthIwouldchoosetodothat.Ihavewalkedthroughthisforestmanytimes.On12December2011，__2__rolledintotheforestandthedestruction(摧毀)began.Icouldn’t__3__thethoughtthattheseforestswouldbe__4__forever.So，on14December2011，Ipackedupmylife，__5__ofmyjobplans，andclimbed60meterstothetopofthistree.Ihavebeenhereeversince.Lifeinthetreetopscanbe__6__attimes.IhavetimeswhenIfeelfrustrated(沮喪)andwishIcould__7__，toanywhere，justhavea__8__ofsceneryforaminute!Therearetimestoo，whenIfeelterribly__9__.Imissmyfriendsandfamily.__10__thesetimes，Ifindmyselflovingthe__11__.Livingonthetreehasbeeninspiring.Iamwillingto__12__uphereforaslongasittakes，__13__Ihonestlyhopeitwon’tbetoo__14__beforeIcanputmyfeetonthegroundbelowandstandinaforestthatwillneverbe__15__.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議類文章。講述了MirandaGibson為了保護(hù)森林而選擇住在一棵樹上五個(gè)月的故事。1.A.why B.when C.how D.where【答案】A作者在一棵樹上住了五個(gè)月，人們肯定想知道為什么作者選擇這么做。故選A。2.A.water B.animals C.machinery D.tourists【答案】C2011年12月12日大型機(jī)械駛?cè)肷?，森林的毀滅由此開始。roll意為“movesmoothlyonwheelsorasifonwheels”，只有machinery(大型機(jī)械)符合題意。故選C。3.A.bear B.help C.keep D.spare【答案】A作者不能容忍森林被摧毀。bear容忍；help幫助；keep保持；spare留出。故選A。4.A.sold B.stolen C.protected D.lost【答案】D根據(jù)上文的destruction可知，森林會(huì)被機(jī)械設(shè)備毀滅，即永遠(yuǎn)失去。sell出售；steal偷竊；protect保護(hù)；lose失去。故選D。5.A.grewout B.fellshort C.ranout D.letgo【答案】D作者打點(diǎn)行裝，放棄了工作計(jì)劃，爬到了60多米的樹上。growout長(zhǎng)出；fallshort缺乏；runout用光，耗盡；letgo放棄，摒棄(想法、態(tài)度或控制)。故選D。6.A.refreshing B.risky C.challenging D.rewarding【答案】C根據(jù)下文可知，作者感到沮喪，想念朋友家人，所以樹上的生活充滿挑戰(zhàn)。refreshing使精力充沛的；risky冒險(xiǎn)的；challenging有挑戰(zhàn)的；rewarding有益的；值得做的。故選C。7.A.getup B.getaway C.givein D.giveup【答案】B因?yàn)樽髡邔?duì)于樹上的生活感到沮喪，所以有時(shí)想離開去別的地方一會(huì)兒。getup起身；getaway離開；givein屈服；giveup放棄。故選B。8.A.change B.look C.search D.touch【答案】A作者感到沮喪，有時(shí)想離開去別的地方一會(huì)兒，換另一處風(fēng)景。change改變；look觀看；search搜尋；touch觸碰。故選A。9.A.confused B.nervous C.sorry D.lonely【答案】D作者在覺(jué)得孤單的時(shí)候會(huì)想念朋友家人。confused困惑的；nervous緊張的；sorry抱歉的；lonely孤單的。故選D。10.A.Beyond B.Without C.Despite D.Unlike【答案】C上文談到樹上的生活很艱難，下文談到作者仍然熱愛(ài)。前后在邏輯上是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選C。11.A.height B.experience C.background D.position【答案】B作者熱愛(ài)的是住在樹上來(lái)保護(hù)森林的經(jīng)歷。height高度；experience經(jīng)歷；background背景；position位置。故選B。12.A.return B.stop C.stay D.hide【答案】C住在樹上總是激勵(lì)人心的，所以作者愿意一直住下去。return返回；stop停止；stay停留；hide隱藏。故選C。13.A.but B.though C.because D.so【答案】A上文提到作者愿意一直住下去，而下文提到能夠站在地面上，前后在邏輯上是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選A。14.A.soon B.long C.near D.bad【答案】B作者真誠(chéng)地希望用不了多久就能夠站在地面上。故選B。15.A.moved B.logged C.burned D.missed【答案】B作者希望站在永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被砍伐的森林中。move移動(dòng)，搬家；log砍伐；burn燃燒；miss錯(cuò)過(guò)，想念。故選B。三.語(yǔ)法填空Vegetarianism(素食主義)isbecomingonerisingtrendintheUK，asmorepeoplearedecidingnot1.____________(eat)meatandanimalproducts.Vegetariansarepeoplewhodon’teatmeat，whilevegansarepeoplewhodon’teatoruseanyanimalproduc