專題05議論文專練一1.（2022春·湖北武漢·高三武漢市第一中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）Ingeneral,oursocietyisbeingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(官僚主義的)managementinwhichmanbeesasmall,welloiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,wellequippedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“humanrelations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotchangethefactthatmanhasbeepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandheisboredwithit.Infact,thebluecollarandthewhitecollarworkershavebeeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkersandemployeesareanxious,seeminglybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobortheywouldsaythattheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Infact,theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessempty.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlypetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofselfrespect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissiveness(順從)andindependence.Fromthemomentontheyaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowpetitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialitiesaretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.1．By“awelloiledcoginthemachinery”,theauthorexpressestheideathatmanis.A．a(chǎn)replaceableponentofsociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothlyB．expectedtoworkinreasonableharmonywiththerestofsocietyC．responsibleforthesmoothrunningofsocietyandbusinessoperationsD．a(chǎn)nessentialpartofsocietythoughindividual’sfunctionisinsignificant2．Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat.A．theyhavetofacethefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceB．theyarefilledwiththewellfoundedfearofbeingunemployedC．theydon’thaveanygenuinesatisfactionorinterestinreallifeD．theyareforcedtogiveuptheirindividualityandindependence3．Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothosewho.A．holdwellpaidandlifelongjobs B．enjoyhighsocialstatusandreputationC．stayawayfromoverpetitiveness D．outperformtheirfellowpetitors4．Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststheweshould.A．turntotheproductionmodeofourancestors B．enablemantofullydevelophispotentialitiesC．offerhigherwagestoworkersandemployees D．takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted【答案】1．A

2．D

3．C

4．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為一篇議論文，作者認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)代官僚主義管理制度下，人出現(xiàn)普遍焦慮的現(xiàn)象，為了擺脫這一現(xiàn)狀，社會(huì)制度應(yīng)該向鼓勵(lì)人及其潛能充分開發(fā)的人文主義工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變。1．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段“Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,wellequippedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“humanrelations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotchangethefactthatmanhasbeepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandheisboredwithit.(起潤(rùn)滑作用的是更高的工資、設(shè)備完善的工廠和播放的音樂(lè)以及心理學(xué)家和“人際關(guān)系”專家；然而，所有這些潤(rùn)滑并不能改變這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：人已經(jīng)變得無(wú)能為力，他不再全心全意地參與工作，他對(duì)工作感到厭倦)”可推斷，通過(guò)“welloiledcoginthemachinery(機(jī)器上潤(rùn)滑良好的齒輪)”，作者認(rèn)為，盡管運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，人卻是社會(huì)一個(gè)可替代的組成部分，地位無(wú)足輕重。故選A。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Infact,theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.(事實(shí)上，他們?cè)诨钪退廊サ臅r(shí)候，從來(lái)沒(méi)有面對(duì)過(guò)人類作為情感上和智力上獨(dú)立和有生產(chǎn)力的人存在的基本現(xiàn)實(shí))”可知，工人和雇員焦慮的真正原因是他們被迫放棄自己的個(gè)性和獨(dú)立性。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowpetitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.(這種持續(xù)不斷地需要證明自己與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一樣好或更好的需要，導(dǎo)致了持續(xù)不斷的焦慮和壓力，這正是不快樂(lè)和疾病的根源)”可知，作者認(rèn)為，過(guò)多的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致的焦慮和壓力是不快樂(lè)的根源，因此，生活中真正的幸福屬于那些遠(yuǎn)離過(guò)度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的人。故選C。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialitiesaretheaimsofsocialarrangements.(我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度，從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和最大限度的消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理下的工業(yè)主義，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐匀思捌錆撃艿某浞珠_發(fā)為社會(huì)安排目的的人文主義工業(yè)主義)”可知，為了解決目前的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，作者建議我們應(yīng)該使人充分開發(fā)自己的潛力。故選B。2.（2021·浙江·天臺(tái)中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）Areyouamoviegoer?If,likeme,you’reafanoffilm,thenthere’snobetterplacetowatchsomethingthanonthebigscreenatthecinema.Youenterthedarktheatreandtakeyourseat,readytobeentertained.Butwhileyouareabsorbedinsomemoviemagic,manyothersarenowgettingtheirfilmfixathome.Overthelastfewyears,cinemashaveseenaeback.Customershavebeenattractedbyfortableseats,andlotsofchoiceofthingstowatch.Multiplexesinparticularcanscreenuptotwentyfilmsatthesametime,suitingalldifferenttastes.Inaddition,3Dandeven4Dmoviescangivetheaudienceanextraimmersiveexperience.So,what’snottolikeaboutatriptothecinema?Oneanswertothatquestionisconvenience.Ratherthangoingout,it’ssomucheasiertostayinandwatchmoviesonaTVscreenviaanonlinestreamingservice.There’splentyofchoice,andit’srelativelycheapaswell.But,personally,Ifindthere’retoomanydistractions,andwatchingathomeisnotsuchanevent.Imissthecinema!Thecoronaviruspandemichasputthefutureofcinemasunderthespotlight.Somehavehadtoclosebecauseofreducedticketsales.IntheUK,it’sbroughtaboutasurgeinTVwatchingandonlinestreaming.It’sreportedthathalfofUKadultswillkeepandcontinueusingtheirnewstreamingsubscriptions.Thisisn’tgreatnewsforcinemas.Theyrelyonthereleaseofabigblockbustertobringthecrowdsback,butthelaunchofnewfilms,suchasJamesBond:NoTimeToDie,arebeingdelayed.Disneyhasreleasedits$200mblockbuster,Mulan,onlineinsteadofinmovietheatres.JohnFithian,fromtheNationalAssociationofTheatreOwners,toldVarietymagazine:“Thisideaofwaitingoutthepandemictomakeyourmoviesmoreprofitabledoesn’tmakesensetome.Therewon’tbeasmuchofanindustrylefttoplayyourmoviesinifyoudothat.”5．What’smainlytalkedaboutinparagraph2?A．Whypeopledon’tliketogotothecinema.B．Whathashelpedcinemasmakeaeback.C．Howcinemashavedevelopedinthelastfewyears.D．Whethercinemascanremainpopularinthefuture.6．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutwatchingfilmsathome?A．Itcanhardlysuitalldifferenttastes. B．It’stimeconsumingduetodistractions.C．Itoffersavarietyoffilmsfreeofcharge. D．It’snotasenjoyableanexperienceasgoingtocinemas.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“surge”inparagraph4mean?A．Suddenincrease. B．Shorttermbenefit.C．potentialinfluence. D．Fiercepetition.8．WhichviewwouldJohnFithianagreewith?A．Thereleaseofblockbusterscannotbringthecrowdsback.B．Thepandemichasn’thadagreateffectonthefilmindustry.C．Delayingthereleaseofblockbusterscanbringinmoreprofits.D．Releasingfilmsonlineisanalternativeduringthepandemic.【答案】5．B

6．D

7．A

8．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要就疫情影響下的電影業(yè)未來(lái)進(jìn)行了論述，作者比起在家，更喜歡去電影院看電影。5．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Overthelastfewyears,cinemashaveseenaeback.Customershavebeenattractedbyfortableseats,andlotsofchoiceofthingstowatch.Multiplexesinparticularcanscreenuptotwentyfilmsatthesametime,suitingalldifferenttastes.Inaddition,3Dandeven4Dmoviescangivetheaudienceanextraimmersiveexperience.(在過(guò)去的幾年里，電影院已經(jīng)卷土重來(lái)。舒適的座椅和眾多的觀賞選擇吸引了顧客。特別是多廳影院，可以同時(shí)放映20部電影，適合各種口味。此外，3D甚至4D電影可以給觀眾帶來(lái)額外的身臨其境的體驗(yàn)。)”可知，第二段主要講的是電影院又流行起來(lái)的原因，故選B項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“But,personally,Ifindthere’retoomanydistractions,andwatchingathomeisnotsuchanevent.(但就我個(gè)人而言，我發(fā)現(xiàn)有太多讓人分心的事情，在家看電影完全不是那么回事)”可推知，作者在家看電影沒(méi)有在影院看電影那種愉快的感受。故選D項(xiàng)。7．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Thecoronaviruspandemichasputthefutureofcinemasunderthespotlight.Somehavehadtoclosebecauseofreducedticketsales.”以及后文“inTVwatchingandonlinestreaming”可知，疫情對(duì)影院有極大的影響：一些影院由于門票銷售減少而不得不關(guān)閉。影院的關(guān)閉后，看電視和在線流媒體的數(shù)量應(yīng)該激增。故畫線詞意思是“突然增多”。故選A項(xiàng)。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Disneyhasreleasedits$200mblockbuster,Mulan,onlineinsteadofinmovietheatres.Thisideaofwaitingoutthepandemictomakeyourmoviesmoreprofitabledoesn’tmakesensetome.Therewon’tbeasmuchofanindustrylefttoplayyourmoviesinifyoudothat.(迪士尼已將其2億美元的大片《花木蘭》從影院改為在線發(fā)布。在我看來(lái)，等待疫情結(jié)束讓你的電影更賺錢的想法是沒(méi)有意義的。如果你這樣做，就不會(huì)有那么多的產(chǎn)業(yè)可以播放你的電影了)”可推知，他是支持疫情期間不要延遲上映新的電影，在網(wǎng)上上映不失為一種好的選擇。故選C項(xiàng)。3.（2021秋·吉林長(zhǎng)春·高三長(zhǎng)春吉大附中實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校?？茧A段練習(xí)）Ifyouwereborninthe2000s,youarecalledtheohohs.The21stcentury.Thatwouldmakeyouyoung,creative,connected,global,andnodoubtsmart.Maybegoodlooking,too.Right?Butwhatdootherpeoplethinkaboutyourgeneration?Someadultsworrythatyou’remoreinterestedinthescreeninfrontofyouthantheworldaroundyou.Theythinkofyouasthe“facedowngeneration”becauseyouuseyourphonesomuchandtheywonderhowyouwilldealwithschool,friends,andfamily.Aretoday’steenagerstoobusytextingandtakingselfiestobeesuccessfulinreallife?Otheradultsworrythattoday’syoutharespoilt(溺愛(ài))anddon’twanttofacethechallengesofadultlife.Manychildrenborninthe1990sand2000swereraisedby“helicopterparents”whowerealwaystheretoguideandhelpthemwithabusyschedulefilledwithhomeworkandafterschoolactivitiessuchasdancing,drawing,orsports.Withparentswhodoeverythingforthem,today’syouthseemtoprefertoliveliketeenagersevenwhentheyareintheir20sor30s.Doesthefacedowngenerationneedaheadsup?Well,probablynot.Thefactisthatmanyoftoday’steenagersarebettereducatedandmorecreativethanpastgenerations.Theyseemtobewillingtobeeleaders.Moreyoungpeoplethanevervolunteertohelptheirmunities.TherearealsobraveyoungpeoplesuchasMalalaYousafzai,theteenagerwhowonthe2014NobelPeacePrizeforpushinggirls’rightstogotoschool.Soifyou’reoneoftheohohs,there’sreasontobehopefulaboutthefuture.Thingsarelookingupforthefacedowngeneration.ChancesarethatyouwilldoGR8(great)andLOL(laughoutloud).9．WhatisthefunctionofParagraph1?A．Toshowapublicconcern. B．Tostartadebate.C．Toexplainascientificterm. D．Tointroducethetopic.10．Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingmayworrysomeadults?A．Ohohs’pooreyesight. B．Ohohs’tightschedules.C．Ohohs’lackofindependence. D．Ohohs’strongcreativity.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“headsup”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Earlywarning. B．Warmwele.C．Effectivemedicine. D．Sincereencouragement.12．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Theauthorisoneoftheohohs. B．Ohohsarelikelytohaveabrightfuture.C．Ohohswillspendlesstimeonphones. D．Ohohswillmeetmorechallengesthanadults.【答案】9．D

10．C

11．A

12．B【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講述對(duì)在21世紀(jì)出生的一代年輕人的看法。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Ifyouwereborninthe2000s,youarecalledtheohohs.The21stcentury.Thatwouldmakeyouyoung,creative,connected,global,andnodoubtsmart.Maybegoodlooking,too.Right?Butwhatdootherpeoplethinkaboutyourgeneration?（如果你出生在21世紀(jì)，你會(huì)被叫作ohohs。21世紀(jì)使你變得年輕、有創(chuàng)造力、有聯(lián)系的、全球化的并且無(wú)疑是聰明的?；蛟S也是長(zhǎng)得好看的。對(duì)嗎？但是其他人怎么認(rèn)為你們這一代呢？）”可知，文章第一段引出ohohs這一話題，故選D項(xiàng)。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Otheradultsworrythattoday’syoutharespoilt(溺愛(ài))anddon’twanttofacethechallengesofadultlife.Manychildrenborninthe1990sand2000swereraisedby“helicopterparents”whowerealwaystheretoguideandhelpthemwithabusyschedulefilledwithhomeworkandafterschoolactivitiessuchasdancing,drawing,orsports.（其他大人們擔(dān)心今天的年輕人被溺愛(ài)并且不想面對(duì)成人生活的挑戰(zhàn)。許多出生在20世紀(jì)90年代和21世紀(jì)的孩子被直升機(jī)式的父母撫養(yǎng)。這些父母總是用忙碌的作息表、作業(yè)和課后活動(dòng)指導(dǎo)和幫助孩子，例如：跳舞、畫畫或運(yùn)動(dòng)。）”可知，ohohs一代總是有父母幫著規(guī)劃生活和學(xué)習(xí)，他們并不獨(dú)立。所以缺乏獨(dú)立性會(huì)使大人們擔(dān)心，故選C項(xiàng)。11．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“Well,probablynot.Thefactisthatmanyoftoday’steenagersarebettereducatedandmorecreativethanpastgenerations.（當(dāng)然，可能不。事實(shí)上今天的許多青少年比上一代人受到了更好的教育并且更有創(chuàng)造力。）”可知not表示否定，即不需要headsup。再根據(jù)本句是對(duì)ohohs一代的表?yè)P(yáng)和積極的概括，可推斷headsup是個(gè)消極詞匯，故選A項(xiàng)。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Soifyou’reoneoftheohohs,there’sreasontobehopefulaboutthefuture.（所以如果你是ohohs中的一個(gè)，有理由對(duì)將來(lái)充滿希望。）”可知，ohohs一代會(huì)擁有一個(gè)光明的未來(lái)，故選B項(xiàng)。4.（2021·江蘇常州·常州高級(jí)中學(xué)校考二模）Doyoulikewritingafewparagraphseverydayaboutyourexperiences,hopes,memoriesorfeelings?Ifyoudon't,it'stimetomakeachangenow.Hereiswhy.Youwillgraduallybeebetteratexpressingyourself.WhenIamforcedtowriteeverydaybecauseofabookdeadline(最后期限),Iamalwaysamazedathowquicklymywritingandverbal(口頭的)municationskillsimprove.Whenwebeelazywithwords,itismoredifficulttodescribefeelings,shareexperiencesandmakeourselvesunderstood.Youwillrememberthingslongforgotten.Asyouwriteaboutmemories,itislikeopeninganoldphotoalbum.Yourpenbeginstoexplorefeelingsanddetailsyouhaveforgotten,anddreamsyouhaveleftbehind.Yousuddenlyrememberpeopleyouwouldliketocontactagain.Writingisanactivitythatavoidsdistractions(分心)longenoughforyoutoexplorethosewonderfulmomentsofthepast.Sometimestheyarefrightening.Sometimestheyarewonderfulandalmostalwaystheyarehelpful.Writingaboutdailyexperiencesandfeelingsprovidesarecordedhistorythatwillinfluencehowyoumakefuturedecisions.There'sareasonthatthegreatestleadersinhistorywerestudentsofhistory.Theylearnedfromwhathadhappenedbefore.Yourhistoryisimportant.Don'tletitbeforgotten.Writingremindsyouofyourdreamsandkeepsyoumovingtowardthem.Itisameansofkeepingtrackofyourpurposeandthegoalsthatwillleadyoutoachievethem.Reviewingwhatyouhavewrittenisaperfectwaytoseeyourprogressandtoshowwhenyouhavebeendistractedandmayneedtogiveallyourattentionagaintoyourwriting.Writingalittleeverydaycouldprovidethematerialthatsomedaybeesapublishedbook.WhenIwroteaboutmyfouryearoldgranddaughterwhohadlostinthemountains,Ineverdreameditwouldbeinabook.13．WhatdidtheauthorwanttoshowbygivingtheexampleinParagraph2?A．Weshouldn'tbelazywithwords.B．Adeadlineencouragesustoworkhard.C．Writinghelpsusbetterexpressourselves.D．There'regoodwaystoimproveourwritingskills,14．AccordingtoParagraph3,whatdoeswritinghelpusdo?A．Improveourmemoryquickly. B．Thinkofourpastexperiences.C．Successfullyachieveourdreams. D．Explorehappymomentsinothers'lives.15．WhatdoesParagraph5mainlytellaboutwriting?A．Itcanbeencouraging. B．Itcanbedistracting.C．Itcanbedisappointing. D．Itcanbeinteresting.16．Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthepassage?A．Totellhowtopublishbooksoneday.B．Toexplainwhytheauthorloveswriting.C．Totellhowtoimproveourwritingskills.D．Toencourageustowriteaboutourliveseveryday.【答案】13．C

14．B

15．A

16．D【分析】這是一篇議論文。作者認(rèn)為每天堅(jiān)持寫作是非常有好處的，并從五個(gè)方面證明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Youwillgraduallybeebetteratexpressingyourself.”（你會(huì)逐漸變得更善于表達(dá)自己。）可知，本段主要講了寫作對(duì)自我表達(dá)的好處。作者隨后舉例子也是想證明寫作可以幫助我們更好地表達(dá)自己。故選C項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Writingisanactivitythatavoidsdistractions(分心)longenoughforyoutoexplorethosewonderfulmomentsofthepast.”可知，寫作是這樣一種活動(dòng)，它可以讓你避免分心太久，讓你去探索過(guò)去那些美妙的時(shí)刻。也就是說(shuō)，我們可以通過(guò)寫作來(lái)重新思考和回憶過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷。故選B項(xiàng)。15．主旨大意題。首句“Writingremindsyouofyourdreamsandkeepsyoumovingtowardthem.”（寫作讓你想起自己的夢(mèng)想，讓你不斷朝著夢(mèng)想前進(jìn)。）是本段的中心句，可知全段都在寫寫作對(duì)于夢(mèng)想和目標(biāo)的推動(dòng)作用。選項(xiàng)A中的encouraging意為：令人鼓舞的，鼓舞人心的。與中心句意思一致。故選A項(xiàng)。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Ifyoudon't,it'stimetomakeachangenow.Hereiswhy.”（如果你不喜歡，現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候做出改變了，以下是原因。）可知，全文內(nèi)容都是作者列舉的要養(yǎng)成寫作習(xí)慣的原因。那么作者寫這些原因的目的顯然是說(shuō)服讀者“makeachangenow”做出改變，即：養(yǎng)成每天寫一點(diǎn)東西的習(xí)慣。故選D項(xiàng)。5.（2022·上海閔行·統(tǒng)考一模）Buildinggoodtransportationisagoodidea.Tohaveenvironmentalvalue,newtransportationhastosufficientlyreplaceoreliminatedrivingtocutenergyconsumptionoverall.Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.Trafficlanesshouldbeeliminatedorconvertedintobikeorbuslanes.Ideally,theseshouldbebinedwithhigherfueltaxes,andparkingfees.Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.Butthey’renecessary,becauseyoucan’tmakepeopledriveless,inthelongrun,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.Lengthymuting(通勤)timeisaforcefulfactorwhichcanslowthegrowthofsuburbs.Thefartherpeopleliveawayfromcities,thelongermutingtimetheyneed,whichmeansmorepollutiontheircarsproduce.If,inamisguidedefforttodosomethingofenvironmentalvalue,governmentstakestepsthatmakelongdistancecarmutingfasterormoreconvenient—byaddinglanes,buildingbypass,employingtrafficcontrolmeasuresthatmakeitpossibleforexistingroadstoacmodatemorecarswithfewerdelays—weareactuallyencouragingpeopletolivestillfartherfromtheirjobs,stores,andschools.Asaresult,governmentsareforcedtofurtherextendroadnetworks,waterlines,andotherfacilities.Ifyoucutmutingtimeby10percent,peoplewhonowdrivefiftymileseachwaytoworkcanfindreasontomovefivemilesfartherout,becausetheirtraveltimewon’tchange.Trafficcongestion(擁堵)isn’tanenvironmentalproblem;trafficis.Relievingcongestionwithoutdoinganythingtoreducethetotalvolumeofcarscanonlymaketherealproblemworse.Highwayengineershaveknownforalongtimethatbuildingnewcarlanesonlytemporarilyreducescongestion,becausethenewlanesaddadditionaldriving.Wideningroadsmakestrafficmovefasterintheshortterm,buttheimprovedconditionseventuallyattractadditionaldrivers,andcongestionreappears.Withmorecarontheroads,peoplethinkaboutwideningroadsagain.Movingdriversoutofcarsandintootherformsoftransportationcanhavethesameeffect,ifexistingtrafficlanesarekeptinservice:roadspacestimulatesroaduse.Oneoftheargumentsthatcitiesinevitablymakeinpromotingtransportationplansisthatthenewsystem,byrelievingautomobilecongestion,willimprovethelivesofthosewhocontinuetodrive.Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.17．Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesusthehintthathisremendationsare______.A．notwidelysupported B．costlytocarryoutC．generallyrecognized D．temporarilybeneficial18．Accordingtothepassage,whatwillhappenifmutingtimefordriversisreduced?A．Driverswillbeemoreproductiveemployees.B．Masstransportationwillbeextendedfartherintosuburbanareas.C．Driverswillbemorewillingtolivefartherfromtheirworkingplace.D．Masstransportationwillcarryfewerpassengersandreceivelessgovernmentfunding.19．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsthemeasurestoimprovetraffic?A．Theyareenvironmentallybeneficialandshouldbecarriedoutimmediately.B．Theyarewellintentionedbutultimatelyleadtoenvironmentalharm.C．Theywilldefinitelyarousepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.D．Theywillonlyworkiftheycanmakedrivingmoreeconomicalandproductive.20．Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto______.A．supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.B．opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.C．provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.D．indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.【答案】17．A

18．C

19．B

20．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。作者提出了為緩解交通對(duì)環(huán)境造成的破壞，需要減少汽車使用，把汽車出行變得不方便。這一觀點(diǎn)并不為大眾所接受。他通過(guò)指出減少通勤時(shí)間的好處和現(xiàn)行的一些緩解措施的不足分析支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。17．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第五句“Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.(更不用說(shuō)，我必須努力讓自己被廣泛地理解)”可知，作者的想法目前并沒(méi)有被廣泛接受，即沒(méi)有被大眾廣泛支持。故選A項(xiàng)。18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Ifyoucutmutingtimeby10percent,peoplewhonowdrivefiftymileseachwaytoworkcanfindreasontomovefivemilesfartherout,becausetheirtraveltimewon’tchange.(如果你將通勤時(shí)間減少10%，那么現(xiàn)在每天單程開車50英里上班的人就有理由再往外走5英里，因?yàn)樗麄兊男谐虝r(shí)間不會(huì)改變)”可知，如果通勤時(shí)間減少，人們會(huì)愿意住得離上班的地方更遠(yuǎn)些。故選C項(xiàng)。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一二句“Trafficcongestion(擁堵)isn’tanenvironmentalproblem;trafficis.Relievingcongestionwithoutdoinganythingtoreducethetotalvolumeofcarscanonlymaketherealproblemworse.Highwayengineershaveknownforalongtimethatbuildingnewcarlanesonlytemporarilyreducescongestion,becausethenewlanesaddadditionaldriving.（交通擁堵不是環(huán)境問(wèn)題；交通本身就是。不采取任何措施減少汽車總量來(lái)緩解擁堵只會(huì)使真正的問(wèn)題變得更糟。公路工程師們?cè)缇椭溃藿ㄐ碌能嚨乐皇菚簳r(shí)減少擁堵，因?yàn)樾萝嚨涝黾恿祟~外的駕駛。）”可知，作者認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有的比如增加車道目的在不緩解擁堵，但實(shí)際上增加了駕駛，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看反而對(duì)環(huán)境有害。故可推測(cè)出作者認(rèn)為這些措施是出自好心，但對(duì)環(huán)境有害。故選B項(xiàng)。20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句“Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.(這意味著新的交通系統(tǒng)必須通過(guò)減少汽車使用來(lái)支持)”和最后一句“Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.(從來(lái)沒(méi)有人通過(guò)爭(zhēng)論某個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)會(huì)使旅行變得不那么方便來(lái)推廣這個(gè)交通系統(tǒng)，盡管從環(huán)境角度來(lái)看，不方便的旅行是一個(gè)值得追求的目標(biāo))”可知，在作者眼里，為了緩解環(huán)境壓力，把開車出行變得不那么方便，不那么讓人開心是一個(gè)好方法在，這也是他在本文中推崇的。故選D項(xiàng)。6.（2022秋·河北邯鄲·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）Lastsummer,StevenEatonreceivedmorethan200youngpeopleonhisorganicfarm.Noneofthemsaidthattheywantedtomakemoneyfromfarming.Someofthemdescribeditasakindofprotestagainsttheideathatsuccessmeansabigpaycheckandmanytookitasameanstoprotecttheenvironment.StevenEatonunderstandssuchidealists(理想主義者)andhewasoneofthemaboutadecadeago.In2010,hewasinalawschoolinWashington,DC,butnotenjoyingitmuch.ThenheappliedtoworkonafarminWestVirginiainsummer.“IfeltlostwhenIwasinthecity.It’sinthefieldthatIfoundpeaceandharmonyinmylife,”recallsEaton,whonowrunsanorganicfarmclosetoNewYorkCity.“SoIwentbacktoWestVirginiaaftergraduation.”Farming—theindependenceandtheconnectiontosomethingasrealassoilandfood—wastheonethingthathewantedtothrowhimselfinto.Andhe’sbeendoingiteversince.Butitwasn’talwaysabighappyfolkdance.“IhadalotoffailuresinthefirstcoupleofyearsandIdidn’treallyknowwhatIwasdoing,”helaughs.Eventually,helearnedtoberealisticaboutfarming.“It’sgoodtobeanidealist.Butifyou’regoingtostickwithit,andexpecttomakealivingatit,you’vegottoberealisticaboutthebusinessaspects:Money,managingmoney,borrowingmoney,andallthethingsthatabusinesspersonhastodo.Youhavetolearntolikethatandbewillingtobegoodatthat.Thatmayevenmeanburningalittlemorefossilfuel,soyoucangetyourproducetocities,wherepeoplepayhigherprices.”Thatsenseoffarmingasapracticalformofidealismisprobablythebiggestthingtheyoungpeoplehavetolearn.Whenyou’refarming,youhavetoputsurvivalfirst.21．Whydidmanyoftheyoungpeoplewanttobeefarmers?A．Tomakealotofmoney. B．Toapplytheirlearningtopractice.C．Toprotecttheenvironment. D．Tostudythepollutioninagriculture.22．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesStevenEatonasalawstudent?A．Idealistic. B．Realistic. C．Selfless. D．Successful.23．WhatmessagedoesStevenEatonwanttoconveytotheyoungpeople?A．Putenvironmentbeforeprofit.B．Berealisticaboutthebusinessaspects.C．Sticktoyouridealismforever.D．Findamucheasierjobthanfarming.24．WhatdoestheauthorthinkofStevenEaton’sadvice?A．Outdated. B．Useless. C．Funny. D．Valuable.【答案】21．C

22．A

23．B

24．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。作者認(rèn)為年輕人在選擇職業(yè)時(shí)可以有一定的理想主義成分。但是，在從事具體的工作時(shí)就得腳踏實(shí)地，知道妥協(xié)，不走極端。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Noneofthemsaidthattheywantedtomakemoneyfromfarming.Someofthemdescribeditasakindofprotestagainsttheideathatsuccessmeansabigpaycheckandmanytookitasameanstoprotecttheenvironment.(他們中沒(méi)有一個(gè)人說(shuō)過(guò)他們想從務(wù)農(nóng)中賺錢。他們中的一些人認(rèn)為這是對(duì)成功意味著高薪的一種抗議，許多人認(rèn)為這是一種保護(hù)環(huán)境的手段)”可知很多年輕人想成為農(nóng)民是為了保護(hù)環(huán)境。故選C項(xiàng)。22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“StevenEatonunderstandssuchidealistsandhewasoneofthemaboutadecadeago.(史蒂文·伊頓(StevenEaton)了解這些理想主義者，大約十年前他就是其中之一)”可知，StevenEaton在法學(xué)院讀書時(shí)也是一個(gè)理想主義者。故選A項(xiàng)。23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段“Butifyou’regoingtostickwithit,andexpecttomakealivingatit,you’vegottoberealisticaboutthebusinessaspects:Money,managingmoney,borrowingmoney,andallthethingsthatabusinesspersonhastodo.Youhavetolearntolikethatandbewillingtobegoodatthat.Thatmayevenmeanburningalittlemorefossilfuel,soyoucangetyourproducetocities,wherepeoplepayhigherprices.(但如果你打算堅(jiān)持下去，并期望以此為生，你就必須對(duì)商業(yè)方面的問(wèn)題保持現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度：錢、理財(cái)、借錢，以及所有商業(yè)人士必須做的事情。你必須學(xué)會(huì)喜歡它，并愿意做好它。這甚至可能意味著燃燒更多的化石燃料，這樣你就可以把你的產(chǎn)品送到城市，那里的人們支付更高的價(jià)格)”可知，StevenEaton希望年輕人對(duì)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)應(yīng)該務(wù)實(shí)些。故選B項(xiàng)。24．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thatsenseoffarmingasapracticalformofidealismisprobablythebiggestthingtheyoungpeoplehavetolearn.Whenyou’refarming,youhavetoputsurvivalfirst.(把農(nóng)業(yè)當(dāng)作一種理想主義的實(shí)際形式，這可能是年輕人必須學(xué)習(xí)的最重要的東西。當(dāng)你種地的時(shí)候，你必須把生存放在第一位)”可推斷，作者認(rèn)為StevenEaton的建議還是很接地氣的而有價(jià)值的。故選D項(xiàng)。7.（2022·天津·一模）Howoftenonehearschildrenwishingtheyweregrownup,andoldpeoplewishingtheywereyoungagain.Eachagehasitspleasuresanditspains,andthehappiestpersonistheonewhoenjoyswhateachagegiveshimwithoutwastinghistimeinuselessregrets.Childhoodisatimewhentherearefewresponsibilitiestomakelifedifficult.Ifachildhasgoodparents,heisfed,lookedafterandloved,whateverhemaydo.Itisimpossiblethathewilleveragaininhislifebegivensomuchwithouthavingtodoanythinginreturn.Inaddition,lifeisalwayspresentingnewthingstothechild—thingsthathavelosttheirinterestforolderpeoplebecausetheyaretoowellknown.Butachildhashisparents,heisnotsofreetodowhathewishestodo;heiscontinuallybeingtoldnottodothingsorbeingpunishedforwhathehasdonewrong.Whentheyoungmanstartstoearnhisownliving,hecannolongerexpectotherstopayforhisfood,hisclothes,andhisroom,buthastoworkifhewantstolivefortably.Ifhespends