PAGEPAGE1SectionⅧGrammar單元語法項目(一)——條件句和混合條件句語法圖解探究發(fā)覺A．①IfcurrentOlympicchampionMarionJonestooksuchdrugs,shewouldprobablyhavebrokenthatworldrecordmorethanonce.②IfPeterwasamoreskillfulplayer,hewouldhavescoredmorepoints.B．③BenJohnsonwouldstillbethe100metresworldrecordholder,ifhehadnotbeencaught.④Ifhehadbrokenthatrecord,hewouldbeaworld-famousrunnernow.[我的發(fā)覺](1)A組句子中，從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設，而主句表示與過去事實相反的結果。由此可知混合條件句可以用來談論“非真實的、經常是想象中的現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)，可能對過去有影響”，其構成形式是：“if＋主語＋動詞的過去式，主語＋would_have_done”。(2)B組句子中，從句表示與過去事實相反的假設，而主句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的結果。由此可知混合條件句可以用來談論“想象中的過去事務可能對現(xiàn)在有影響”，其構成形式是：“if＋主語＋had_done，主語＋would＋動詞原形”。在英語中，我們一般把條件句分為兩種，即真實條件句和非真實條件句。非真實條件句亦可稱為虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設、揣測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實。一、if條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣主從句構成時態(tài)if虛擬條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反if＋主語＋動詞過去式主語＋would/should/could/might＋動詞原形與過去事實相反if＋主語＋had＋過去分詞主語＋would/should/could/might＋have＋過去分詞與將來事實相反if＋主語＋eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(動詞過去式,wereto＋動詞原形,should＋動詞原形))主語＋would/should/could/might＋動詞原形IfIwereabird,Icouldfly.假如我是一只鳥的話，我就能飛了。Ifwehadstartedearlier,wewouldnothavemissedthetrain.假如我們早點動身，就不會錯過這列火車了。Ifheshouldn'tcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.要是他明天來不了，我們將把會議推遲到下周一。[即時演練1]用所給動詞的適當形式填空①(2024·北京高考改編)Ifthenewsafetysystemhad_been_put(put)touse,theaccidentwouldneverhavehappened.②(湖南高考改編)Sorry,Iamtoobusynow,ifIhad(have)time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.③IfIwere(be)you,Iwould_go(go)toseethefilmLostonJourney.④Ifyouhad_worked(work)hardlastyear,youwould_have_passed(pass)thetest.⑤Ifsheshould_come/came/were_to_come(come)tomorrow,Iwould_ask(ask)herforhelp.二、混合虛擬條件句在虛擬語氣中，虛擬條件句與主句所指的時間不一樣(如一個是過去的，一個是現(xiàn)在的)，這時主、從句謂語動詞的形式須要依據詳細的時間來調整，從而構成混合虛擬條件句，即錯綜時間條件句。該句式中不僅僅存在時間的不同，更重要的是事實和假設的混合，其基本用法如下：1．想象的過去事務可能對現(xiàn)在或將來有影響句子時間意義謂語形式從句與過去事實相反haddone主句與現(xiàn)在/將來事實相反would/should/could/might＋動詞原形Ifyouhadtakenhisadvicethen,youwouldbebetternow.假如你當時聽取了他的建議，你現(xiàn)在會好些。Ifyouhadn'twatchedTVlatelastnight,youwouldn'tbesosleepynow.假如你昨晚看電視不看到那么晚，你現(xiàn)在就不會這么困倦。IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.假如昨天我對他說了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。2．想象的過去事務可能對現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作有影響句子時間意義謂語形式從句與過去事實相反haddone主句與現(xiàn)在正在進行的事實相反would/should/could/might＋bedoingIfIhadstudiedhard,Iwouldbestudyingincollegenow.假如我努力學習的話，我現(xiàn)在就在高校里學習了。Ifhehadn'tleftforShanghai,hewouldbehelpingmenow.假如他不去上海的話，他現(xiàn)在就幫助我了。Ifyouhadnotgivenmealift,Iwouldbewalkingintherainnow.假如你不讓我搭車，我現(xiàn)在還冒雨走著呢。3．想象中的現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)可能對過去有影響句子時間意義謂語形式從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞的過去式(be→were)主句與過去事實相反would/should/could/might＋havedoneIfIwereyou,IwouldhavegonetowatchtheExpothen.假如我是你，當時我就去看世博會了。Ifshedidn'tspeakafewlanguages,shewouldn'thavegotthatjob.假如她不會說幾種語言，她就不能得到那份工作了。[即時演練2]用所給動詞的適當形式填空①(2024·江蘇高考改編)Ifithad_not_been/hadn't_been(be)forhisinvitationtheotherday,Ishouldnotbeherenow.②(2014·北京高考改編)Wewould_be(be)backinthehotelnowifyoudidn'tlosethemap.③IfIwerenottomakeapreparationformyexperimentthismorning,Iwould_have_gone(go)toseethefilmwithyoulastnight.④Ifhehad_listened(listen)tome,hewouldnotbeinsuchtroublenow.⑤Ifyouhadnotstudiedtheproblemcarefully,youwould_find(find)itdifficultnow.三、虛擬條件句的特別用法1．省掉if的條件從句結構：若條件句把if省略，則須要把were,had,should放在主語前，形成部分倒裝結構。Hadyoutakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.(＝Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.)假如你聽了我的建議，你就不會考試不及格了。2．含蓄虛擬條件句：有時虛擬條件不用條件從句而用不定式、分詞、介詞、名詞、連接詞、定語從句、短語或上下文示意(常見without,butfor,otherwise,or等表達)，此時句子的時態(tài)要依詳細狀況而定。Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(＝IfIhadn'tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。Withoutelectricity(＝Iftherewerenoelectricity),lifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.假如沒有電，今日的生活就會完全不同。Butforyourhelp(＝Ifithadnotbeenyourhelp),itwouldhavecausedaseriousloss.要不是你的幫助，那將會導致巨大的損失。Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(＝Ifhewereatruefriend,hewouldnotdosuchathing.)一個真正的摯友是不會做這樣的事的。3．含虛擬語氣的句子：but＋真實狀況MarywouldtellussomethingaboutLondon,butsheisn'tfromLondon.瑪麗很想告知我們一些關于倫敦的事情，但她不是來自倫敦的。(前面表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，but后的從句表示一個客觀狀況)[即時演練3]用所給動詞的適當形式填空①(2024·天津高考改編)—DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't_have_been(be)abletoreachheryesterday.②(2015·安徽高考改編)Itisluckywebookedaroom,orwewould_have(have)nowheretostaynow.③(2015·重慶高考改編)Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn't_have_written(not，write)hisfamousnovelAFarewelltoArms.④(福建高考改編)Were(be)therenomoderntelecommunications,wewouldhavetowaitforweekstogetnewsfromaroundtheworld.⑤(福建高考改編)—Pityyoumissedthelectureonnuclearpollution.—Iwould_have_attended(attend)it,butIwasbusypreparingforajobinterview.Ⅰ.用所給動詞的適當形式填空1．(2024·江蘇高考改編)Were(be)itnotforthesupportoftheteachers,thestudentcouldnotovercomeherdifficulty.2．Ifithad_rained(rain)lastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.3．Ifshehadgotfinancialaid,shewould_graduate(graduate)fromacollegethisfall.4．Welostourwayinthatsmallvillage,otherwisewewould_have_visited(visit)moreplacesofinterest.5．Ifyouwere(be)me,wouldyoutalktothem?6．Ifheweretoleave,youwould_hear(hear)aboutit.7．Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingready,wewould_be(be)havingaterribletimetomorrow.8．Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwise,hewould_have_scored(score)agoal.9．Were(be)Iyou,Iwouldstayathomeonsuchaterriblenight.10．Ishould_have_returned(return)thebooklastweek,butIwassobusythatIforgottodoso.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Without/But_for_your_help,_Iwouldhavefailed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就會失敗了。2．If_he_had_received_six_more_votes,_hewouldbeourchairmannow.他要是多得六票，現(xiàn)在就是我們的主席了。3．IfMarywereagirlofstrongcharacter,shewould_have_said“No”toherboss.假如瑪麗是一位特性強的姑娘，當時她就會拒絕老板了。4．Had_you_followed_your_father's_advice,_youwouldbemuchbetternow.(省略if)假如你聽從你父親的看法的話，你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。5．Ifithadn't_beenforthedoctor'scare,Iwould_not_be_speakingtoyounow.要不是有醫(yī)生的照料，我此時就不會在這里和你說話了。6．Ifyouhad_goneonboardtheplane,youwould_not_be_enjoyingyourlifeherenow.假如你登上那架飛機，你現(xiàn)在就不會在此享受生活了。7．Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,youwould_be_all_right_now.假如你(那時)聽從醫(yī)生的建議的話，現(xiàn)在就不會有事了。8．IfIwereateacher,Iwould_have_lots_of_students.假如我是一名老師，我會有許多的學生。單元語法項目(二)——情態(tài)動詞語法圖解探究發(fā)覺①Butyoung,strongmenmustrealizethatthiscanhappentothem,too.②Inthenextfewmonths,hehadtohavetwooperationsandtoundergochemotherapytreatment.③However,wemustnotforgetthatheisdifferentfromotherstars.④ManypeopledoubtedArmstrong'sabilitytobecomeatopcyclistagainbuttheyneednothaveworried.⑤Therewasa40%chancehewouldsurviveand60%chancehemightdie.[我的發(fā)覺](1)句①中的must和句②中的hadto，表示“義務和須要”。(2)句③中的mustnot表示“禁止”。(3)句④中的neednot表示“沒有必要”。(4)句⑤中的might表示“推想”。情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有確定的意義，表示說話人的心情、看法或語氣的動詞，但不能單獨作謂語，只能和其他動詞原形一起構成謂語。常見的情態(tài)動詞有：can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would)。一、常見情態(tài)動詞用法情態(tài)動詞表示推想can(能)；may(可能)；could(可能)；might(可能)；must(確定)；should(應當)；oughtto(應當)；will/would(會)表示義務、責任、必要性must(必需)；haveto(不得不)；should(應當)；oughtto(應當)；need(有必要)；needn't(沒有必要)；don'thaveto(不必)；hadbetter(最好)表示實力can(能夠)；could(能夠，過去式)；beableto(能夠)表示懇求、許可、禁止CanI...？；MayI...？；CouldI...?(委婉形式);MightI...?(委婉形式);Willyou...？；Wouldyouplease...？；ShallI...？；can't(不許);maynot(不行以);mustn't(禁止)表示習慣和傾向usedtodo(過去經常);woulddo(過去的習慣行為);willdo(經常)表示意志will(與第一、二、三人稱連用，意為“情愿”)；shall(與其次人稱和第三人稱連用表示吩咐、承諾、劇烈的意愿)；dare(敢)Isawhergooutjustnow.Shecan'tbeathomenow.我剛才望見她出去了。她現(xiàn)在不行能在家?！狹ay/MightIsithere?—Ofcourseyoucan.——我可以坐這兒嗎？——當然可以。Youhaven'teatenanythingthismorning;youmustbehungry.你今日早晨沒吃任何東西，確定餓了吧。Sheshouldn'tbeoutinsuchanearlymorning.她不會這么一大早就出去的。Hewouldcometohelpuswhenhewasfree.過去，他閑時常來幫我們。Thecarwon'tstart.車子啟動不了。[即時演練1]單句改錯①(2015·重慶高考改編)YoumaybeCarol.Youhaven'tchangedabitafteralltheseyears.may→must②(2015·北京高考改編)—Can'tyoustayalittlelonger?—It'sgettinglate.Ireallyshould gonow.Mydaughterishomealone.should→must③(北京高考改編)MustIhaveawordwithyou?Itwon'ttakelong.Must→Can④Whenhewasalittleboy,heusedtoswimmingintherivernearby.swimming→swim⑤It'shardtosaywhatkindofpersonheis.Sometimesheisveryfriendly;atothertimeshemaybeverycold.may→can⑥Dareyoutotellyourparentsyourschoolrecords？去掉to⑦—CouldIusethiscomputer?—Yes,youcould.答語中的could→can⑧Ifyoumaygo,atleastwaittilltherainstops.may→must二、某些情態(tài)動詞的特別用法1．shall在疑問句中，用于第一人稱表示說話人征求對方的看法或向對方發(fā)出懇求；用于其次、三人稱，表示說話人對對方的吩咐、警告、承諾等?！猄hallIturndowntheradioabit?—Yes,please.(No,pleasedon't.)——我可以把收音機的音量關小點嗎？(征求對方建議)——可以。(不，請不要。)YoushallhavetheEnglishbookassoonasIfinishit.我一完成，你就會有這本英語書的。(表示許諾)2．should可用在表示驚異、懷疑、不滿等語氣的名詞性從句中，意為“竟然、竟會”。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotpasssoeasyanexam.令人感到驚異的是，他竟然連這么簡單的考試都沒有通過。3．will,would在疑問句中用于其次人稱，表示說話人向對方提出懇求或詢問，用would語氣更加委婉；will表示現(xiàn)在的習慣性動作或狀態(tài)，would表示過去的習慣性動作或狀態(tài)；will用于各種人稱，表示意志、意愿、決心、承諾等，would表示過去時間的意志、意愿等。HardasItryandtry,thedoorwon'topen.我努力地試了又試，這個門就是打不開。(主語的意愿)IwouldclimbthehillwhenIwasayoungboy.我是個小男孩時常爬這座山。(過去的習慣性動作)4．must表示“偏要，硬要”(指做令人不開心的事)。Mustyoushoutsoloudly?你非得這么大聲嗎？5．was/wereableto表示過去勝利地做成了某事，相當于managedtodosth./succeededindoingsth.。could僅表示客觀上有某種實力，不說明實施該實力后的結果。ThemathsproblemwashardbutIwasabletoworkitout.這道數學題目雖難，但我做出來了。Bythetimeshewaseight,shecouldreadGreekandLatin.她八歲就會希臘文和拉丁文了。6．幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.既然航班已經取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。(相當于youhadbettergobytrain)(2)cannot/can't...too/enough...“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。留意這個句型的變體cannot...over...Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.駕車的時候，越當心越好。[即時演練2]選詞填空：must/shall/should/would①(2014·四川高考改編)IstillremembermyhappychildhoodwhenmymotherwouldtakemetoDisneylandatweekends.②(2014·江蘇高考改編)Itwassadtomethatthey,sopoorthemselves,shouldbringmefood.③John,lookatthetime.Mustyouplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?④—Daddy,canyoubuymeanewiPadwhenyougotoBeijing?—Youshallgetoneifyouareadmittedtoakeymiddleschool.⑤ShallTomgotherewithmetomorrow?三、情態(tài)動詞＋havedone含義形式推想must＋have＋過去分詞確定發(fā)生……(對發(fā)生在過去的事情的推想)→否定式can't(couldn't)＋have＋過去分詞may(might)＋have＋過去分詞或許發(fā)生……(對發(fā)生在過去的事情的推想，可能性較小)→否定式may(might)not＋have＋過去分詞虛擬語氣could＋have＋過去分詞本能夠做……(事實上沒做)needn't＋have＋過去分詞本沒有必要做……(事實上已經做了)should(oughtto)＋have＋過去分詞本應當做……(事實上沒做)shouldn't(oughtn'tto)＋have＋過去分詞本不應當做……(事實上已經做了)Shecan'thavebeentoyourhouse;shedoesn'tknowyouraddress.她不行能去過你家；她不知道你的地址。(對過去的否定推想)Sheistwohourslate.Whatcanhavehappened?她晚了兩個小時?？赡軙l(fā)生什么事情呢？(疑問句中對過去的推想)Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.昨晚確定下雨了，因為地面是濕的。(確定句中對過去的推想)Sheislate.Shemayhavemissedthebus.她遲到了。她可能沒趕上公交車。(可能性較小)Hemaynothavereadthebook.他或許沒有看過那本書。(否定句中可能性較小)Tom,youaretoolazy.Theworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.湯姆，你太懶散了，這項工作本應當昨天就完成的。(本應當完成，但事實上沒完成)Youneedn'thavewokenmeup;Idon'thavetogotoworktoday.你沒必要叫醒我；今日我不上班。(本沒必要做，但事實上做了)Youcouldhavecomeherealittleearlier.你原來可以早一點到這里來的。(本能夠早一點來的，但事實上來得不早)[即時演練3]完成句子①(2015·福建高考改編)—Sorry,Mum！Ifailedthejobinterviewagain.—Oh,it'stoobad.Youshould_have_madefullpreparations.——對不起，媽媽！我這次面試又沒過?！叮媸翘愀饬?。你本該做好充分打算的。②(2014·陜西高考改編)Mybook,TheHouseofHades,ismissing.Whocould_have_takenit?我的書《哈迪斯之屋》不見了，誰有可能拿走了呢？③Lookwhatyou'vedone!Youought_to/should_have_donetheexperimentmorecarefully.看你都做了什么！你本應當更細致地做這個試驗。④Youneedn't_have_toldthemwhathadhappenedbetweenus.你本不必告知他們我們之間發(fā)生了什么事。⑤Youcould_have_passedtheexamearly,butyouweresocarelessastomakesomanymistakes.你原