《2026考研閱讀應(yīng)試方法論》講義課程目錄：閱讀應(yīng)試思維導(dǎo)學(xué)篇閱讀應(yīng)試思維理論認(rèn)識篇閱讀應(yīng)試思維題型應(yīng)用篇——細(xì)節(jié)題和主旨題閱讀應(yīng)試思維實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇——真題帶練（英語一2005—2025和英語二2010—2025）導(dǎo)學(xué)：請結(jié)合具體的實(shí)例來進(jìn)行思考：1.180°嗎？例2.眼見一定為實(shí)嗎？你看的到顏色嗎？一、突破固有認(rèn)知二、突破傳統(tǒng)閱讀方法論的固有認(rèn)知（一）大綱對閱讀部分的要求理解具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和詞組的含義；作出判斷、推理和引申；理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度；理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文邏輯關(guān)系；分析文中使用的修辭手法、論證方法等；比較文中事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度等的異同。（二）傳統(tǒng)閱讀方法論的固有認(rèn)知了解文章背景知識才能做題。搞明白句與句的邏輯、段與段的邏輯、整個文章的邏輯才能做題。文章主旨非常清楚才能做題。題型分類特別清楚才能做題。弄清文章類型固定套路才能做題。求證正確答案是怎么對的、求證錯誤答案是怎么錯的才能做題。平常練習(xí)時不考慮時間因素做題?！ㄈ┐蚱苽鹘y(tǒng)低分思維，升維建立高分思維體系閱讀理解考察兩個方面：查找細(xì)節(jié)能力；獲取主旨能力突破細(xì)節(jié)層面的固有認(rèn)知維度低分思維高分思維定位通過題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位回答題干問題所問做題答案見過，求證100%正確選項(xiàng)比錯已知信息原文原文+題干+選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容把每個單詞都讀懂，翻譯成中文邏輯判斷突破主旨層面的固有認(rèn)知維度低分思維高分思維目標(biāo)追求掌握文章全部主旨信息靈活利用部分主旨信息獲取方式①通讀全文，厘清句與句以及段與段之間的邏輯②讀題干+串讀文章③歸納“事后諸葛亮”式的文章定式，①讀九項(xiàng)②題干之間的邏輯③選項(xiàng)共性④前后題共性⑤研究或?qū)嶒?yàn)的結(jié)論⑥作者態(tài)度⑦已做題目的定位句⑧最后一段的段落主旨⑨例子題的觀點(diǎn)句面對新文章缺乏靈活性特點(diǎn)①英語能力要求高②死搬硬套①不追求完美主義②借助選項(xiàng)固有缺陷③動態(tài)、靈活應(yīng)對202301（二）TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass.isharmfultotheenvironmentisahottopicingardeningcirclesisoverpraisedintheannualshowisruiningtheviewofwestLondonThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners’.disappointmentwiththeRHSresistancetofakegrassuseangerovertheproposedtaxconcernaboutrealgrasssupplyInParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout .thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrassthedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrassthewaytotakecareofartificiallawnsthechallengesofinsecthabitatprotectionWhatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?Urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.Takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality.Reminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules.Replaceitwithsustainablealternatives.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass .isbeingimprovedcontinuouslyhasseenamarketsharedeclineisbecomingincreasinglyaffordablehasbeenacontroversialproduct三、本課程學(xué)習(xí)建議（一）聽課建議 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作，刻意訓(xùn)練！聽完、聽懂理論課（2-3遍，并認(rèn)真做筆記，理清思路）通過做題來深度理解方法，做題一定要以“篇”為最小單位！每道題必須用盡可能多的角度思考做題以20篇為一個單元，總結(jié)反思升華?。ㄕJ(rèn)識，實(shí)踐，再認(rèn)識，再實(shí)踐?。ǘ┧㈩}建議 四遍刷題法180分鐘做完（480分鐘），第一遍限時做完，“慢鏡頭效應(yīng)”（三）復(fù)盤建議 過程分析法 而非傳統(tǒng)復(fù)盤方法——分析答案對錯的原因！如何用過程分析復(fù)盤做對的題？第一步：寫出選出正確選項(xiàng)的思考過程。第二步：反思在該過程中，哪些動作是可有可無的？哪些是必不可少的？將來做題時如何去掉多余動作？第三步：換個角度，是否還有別的方法？你能想到幾種？如何用過程分析復(fù)盤做錯的題？第一步：寫出選出錯誤選項(xiàng)的整個思考過程。第二步：找出思考過程中的錯誤節(jié)點(diǎn)。如何找呢？反思：在復(fù)現(xiàn)思考過程中，如果把該過程中哪個節(jié)點(diǎn)改一下，就能選出答案。第三步：反思錯誤過程節(jié)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的原因。是沒有掌握理論中的某一部分，還是對這部分內(nèi)容的理解存在偏差？第四步：將來做題時，如何規(guī)避該錯誤過程節(jié)點(diǎn)。考研閱讀應(yīng)試思維理論認(rèn)識篇一、什么是精準(zhǔn)定位（一）傳統(tǒng)定位方法的困境200904P3:①TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.②BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.③Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay .werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritingsgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairsabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorldcreatedanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland（二）精準(zhǔn)定位的底層邏輯一是確定題干究竟想要問什么；二是從哪個角度來回答。題干方面題干完整時，看題干本身可以得知題干究竟想要問什么。才能明確得知題干想要問的問題是什么。選項(xiàng)方面選項(xiàng)共性：暗示了回答問題的方向（“結(jié)構(gòu)共性：didsth/illdosth/does/dosth語義共性:內(nèi)容：AD/CAD方向：AD/CAD/AD選項(xiàng)有限性：約束了回答問題只有四個維度*“題干+選項(xiàng)共性”的綜合性分析，參考步驟如下：第一步，分析題干；第二步，對選項(xiàng)求同，找出其共性；第三步，題干結(jié)合選項(xiàng)共性鎖定回答問題的方向；第四步，根據(jù)題干問題所問，回到原文找到精準(zhǔn)定位句。200904P3:①TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.②BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.③Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay .werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritingsgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairsabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorldcreatedanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland202302(一)P2:①InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.②ThestateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto .curbshort-termrentalspeculationensurethesupplyofcheaphousingpunishillegaldealingsinhousingallowafreeshort-termrentalmarket“S”形定位法？P7：①Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitotherstrugglingcitiesandtowns.②Theonlywaytosolvetheissue,however,isbycreatingmorehousing.③“Ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.”30.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis .anirrationaldecisionanunfeasibleproposalanunnecessarymeasureaninadequatesolution2017江蘇卷DElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel’sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?Storingiceforfutureuse.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.Changingtheirrigationtime.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.二、什么是選項(xiàng)比錯（一）選項(xiàng)比錯的前提選項(xiàng)比錯的前提是真實(shí)地接受精準(zhǔn)定位到的信息。1、文本信息的“偏見”是做題的唯一依據(jù)16題目：根據(jù)上述信息，下列哪一項(xiàng)是正確的？說明了小強(qiáng)很認(rèn)真。8小時用來休息。強(qiáng)調(diào)了小強(qiáng)偏愛研究考研完型。揭示了小強(qiáng)復(fù)習(xí)考研的情況。2、什么是已知信息？顯性信息：字面意思明說的信息。201401(一)P1：①Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearch”scheme.②OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit—andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.③Whatcouldbemorereasonable?21.GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto .motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarilyprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefitsencouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobseekingguaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttobenefits201901(二)so-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,andfriendsandtheirownconsciences.②Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardsocalledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp .regulateachild'sbasicemotions.improveachild'sintellectualability.fosterachild'sensifyachild'spositivefeelings.200503P2：①Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.②ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.③Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.④“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow .itsfunctioninourdreams.themechanismofREMsleep.therelationofdreamstoemotions.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.獲取其隱含假設(shè)的普適性做法是取反帶入！具體操作：取反后能讓結(jié)論明顯不成立的就是結(jié)論成立需要的必要條件，也是我們需要接受的隱性信息。例1.兔子這么可愛，為什么要吃兔兔？字面意思：兔子是可愛的（東西）。隱含假設(shè)：可愛（的東西）是不能吃（的東西）。（所以才能做出“兔子是不能吃的（東西）”這一論斷）例2.我愛你，所以我才管你。字面意思：你是我愛（的人）。隱含假設(shè)：我愛（的人）是該接受我管理（的人）（所以才能做出“你是該接受我管理（的人）”這一論斷）3.字面意思：（1）劉大夫認(rèn)為抽煙不好。（2）隱含假設(shè)：（1）“你”有抽煙的事實(shí)。“你”沒有戒煙。劉大夫認(rèn)為自己的判斷是合理的?！澳恪辈徊杉{劉大夫的建議，這在劉大夫看來是不合理的。以劉大夫的觀點(diǎn)來看，抽煙弊大于利。201602(一)P2：①AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”②Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”③Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.④Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.⑤Itneedsconstantguardianship.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing .graduallydestroyedeffectivelyreinforcedproperlyprotectedlargelyovershadowed1、答案已知且唯一（而非多個）2、選項(xiàng)的有限性（只有四個，而不是十多個）（四）選項(xiàng)比錯的底層邏輯從逆向角度切入，在有限的選項(xiàng)范圍內(nèi)，依據(jù)精準(zhǔn)定位得到的信息，分析比較出一個出錯概率最小的選項(xiàng)，該選項(xiàng)等同于最佳答案。把選出最佳答案轉(zhuǎn)化為比出出錯概率最小的選項(xiàng)。（出錯概率最小≠完全正確）思考路徑：根據(jù)精準(zhǔn)定位到的信息，排除不沾邊的選項(xiàng)，留下沾點(diǎn)邊的選項(xiàng)。如果只有一個選項(xiàng)沾邊，就只能選它；如果有兩個沾邊，進(jìn)行再次比較，從兩個中比出一個相對出錯概率較小的選項(xiàng)（句意優(yōu)先）。如果有三個沾邊，進(jìn)行再次比較，從三個中比出一個相對出錯概率較小的選項(xiàng)（句意優(yōu)先）。做選擇題需要刻意培養(yǎng)的意識：頭腦中放棄“選對的”的意識，只做排除：“完全錯”或“相對不好”的選項(xiàng)！因?yàn)閯e的沒法選！【例】小強(qiáng)同學(xué)身高198cm，長的很高。他喜歡體育運(yùn)動，尤其喜歡打籃球。由于籃球打的好，所以班上女同學(xué)都特別喜歡他。36關(guān)于小強(qiáng)的身高，下面哪個正確？A表明了小強(qiáng)比小明矮B揭示了小強(qiáng)酷愛運(yùn)動C強(qiáng)調(diào)了小強(qiáng)深受女同學(xué)喜歡【例】小強(qiáng)同學(xué)身高198cm，長的很高。他喜歡體育運(yùn)動，尤其喜歡打籃球。由于籃球打的好，所以班上女同學(xué)都特別喜歡他。36關(guān)于小強(qiáng)的身高，下面哪個正確？A表明了小強(qiáng)比小明矮B揭示了小強(qiáng)酷愛運(yùn)動C強(qiáng)調(diào)了小強(qiáng)深受女同學(xué)喜歡D說明了小強(qiáng)比小紅矮202302（一）P1：①CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.②Now,withrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?ItshousingsupplyisataverylowlevelItscommunitiesareinneedoffundingItsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowlyItshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol202101(一）P1：①Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?②Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.③Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares .willeasetrainoperation’sburdenhaskeptpacewithinflationisabigsurprisetocommutersremainsanunreasonablemeasure200703(一)①Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.②Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.③Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.④Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.⑤Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen—andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.⑥Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustgeneration.32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave .ahighersenseofsecuritylesssecuredpaymentslesschancetoinvestaguaranteedfuture（五）如何進(jìn)行選項(xiàng)比錯第一步，對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行求異,找出各自之間最明顯的區(qū)別；第二步，根據(jù)精準(zhǔn)定位部分的信息對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行逐一比錯；第三步，在給定的四個選項(xiàng)中，比較出一個出錯概率最小的選項(xiàng)。201904(二)P1：①AmoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou.②It'seasytobeatplastic.③They’repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay—encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.P2：①ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.②Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals:Leadwithyourwallets.36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto .demandnewlawsontheuseofplasticsurgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplasticsinvitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisisdisclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis202001(二)P1：①Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfromotherssotheycanidentifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.②Tofindoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,LolehQuinnattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscandetectsocialsignalsfromroboticrats.P2：①Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat—onesocialandoneasocial—forfourdays.②Therobotratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputermousewithwheelstomovearoundandcolorfulmarkings.21.Quinnandhercolleaguesconductedatesttoseeifratscan .pickupsocialsignalsfromnon-livingratsdistinguishafriendlyratfromahostileoneattainsociabletraitsthroughspecialtrainingsendoutwarningmessagestotheirfellows（六）選項(xiàng)比錯過程中的注意要點(diǎn)1、句意不完全一致并不一定錯選項(xiàng)意思與精準(zhǔn)定位句句意不完全一致時也有可能是正確答案。202301（一）P4：①SuchdebatesreflectfiercediscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.P5：①AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.②Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.23.Thestudyinparagraph5showsthat .climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschoolspolicymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducationTexasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooksenvironmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervision2、整體句意優(yōu)先整體句意——句意重心——句子的主干部分例：漂亮的翠花，她是我們家鄰居，寫了一本名叫《生活中的優(yōu)雅》的書，本書于2004年出版，到目前為止已經(jīng)賣出去了40萬冊。主干：翠花寫了一本書句意重心不在主干的特殊情況，常見的有以下三種：Therebe名詞詞組+同位語從句例如：“Thereisanimportantideathat...”，“觀點(diǎn)句”，某人說例如“ ”，S+V.在這個句型中，句意重心是引號內(nèi)的說話內(nèi)容。S+V+O,butS+V+O.201803(一)fair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain’sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.②DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.③Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.④Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.3、內(nèi)容做題法在選項(xiàng)比錯中的妙用小強(qiáng)是個好人。/小強(qiáng)不是個好人。（1.內(nèi)容一樣2.方向不一樣）方向是以內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)的在考場上，你只有可能把方向讀反或讀錯，但不可能讀出沒有出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容！什么是內(nèi)容做題法是內(nèi)容做題法。隱含假設(shè)是指一個結(jié)論所要成立的前提條件，也可以稱為必要條件。A=>BA是B的的充分條件（足夠性）B也是A的必要條件（不可缺少性）充分、必要條件的性質(zhì)：充分條件：只能說明ABB是否可以推出A！必要條件：如果沒有BA！A=>BA140斤”B100充分、必要條件的性質(zhì)：充分條件：只能說明ABB是否可以推出A！必要條件：如果沒有BA！命題形式原命題IfA,B否命題IfnotA,notB逆命題IfB,A逆否命題IfnotB,notAA140斤”；B100斤”140100否命題：如果小強(qiáng)體重不是140斤，那么小強(qiáng)體重小于等于100斤。逆命題：如果小強(qiáng)體重超過100斤，那么小強(qiáng)體重140斤。100140原命題與逆否命題互為逆否命題；逆命題和否命題互為逆否命題！201803(一)fair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain’sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.②DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.③Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.④Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients’rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.內(nèi)容做題法的局限性——內(nèi)容做題法不是萬能的a.四個選項(xiàng)都沾邊。b.c.無具體內(nèi)容（虛空）：好像什么都說了，好像什么都沒說。d.全集的話：否定詞+絕對的話；不止是(morethan)….三、精準(zhǔn)定位+選項(xiàng)比錯的實(shí)際應(yīng)用實(shí)際分類：（一）定位明顯的題型1、特征：題干結(jié)合選項(xiàng)的共性后，能夠提供回答問題的方向，可以幫助我們深度理解題干問題所問。2、解題思路：找到精準(zhǔn)定位句+選項(xiàng)比錯，比出一個出錯概率最小的即可解決。200702ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.②Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).③Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.④SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.⑤Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessment(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause .thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedurescreativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednowvosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeatthedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschangedWecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat .202302（二）P3：①ButprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethepanaceathattheInteriorDepartment’sOutdoorAdvisoryCommitteewouldhaveusbelieve.②Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andconcessionairesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.P4：①M(fèi)oreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetarespitefromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundsmay .spoilvisitorexperiencehelppreservenaturebringoperationalpressureboostvisitstoparks200704P2：①Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout .whetherthereisanyweakpointwhatsortofdatahasbeenstolenwhoisresponsiblefortheleakagehowthepotentialspiescanbelocated200802P4：①Thisisnowchanging.②AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.③Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.④Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.⑤Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.⑥Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.⑦Otherexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.⑧Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses .WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat .Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto .coverthecostofitspublicationsubscribetothejournalpublishingitallowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreelycompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmissionWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?3、“防并列”思路——防止并列句出題在實(shí)際做題的過程中，可以回答題干所問的部分不止一句，我們將通過除第一句外的精準(zhǔn)定位句做出題目的情況統(tǒng)稱為并列句出題。200802P2：①Nolonger.②TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingfreeaccesstoscientificresultsareality.③TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.④Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.⑤Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.⑥Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses .WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat .（二）定位不明顯的題型1、特征：根據(jù)題干所問，無法直接在原文中找到與題干所問結(jié)構(gòu)直接對應(yīng)的、可以回答題干所問的句子。2、解題思路：拿句意間的邏輯做判斷，通過語義找到可以回答問題所問的部分。200804Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.②Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.③Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis .moralconsiderationsmilitaryexperiencefinancialconditionspoliticalstand200803P3：①Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients—notably,protein—tofeedexpandingtissues.②Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.③Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.④YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight—5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto .Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?Geneticmodification.Naturalenvironment.Livingstandards.Dailyexercise.201402(一)Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.②ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.thedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.②Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.③Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.④Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.26.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto .thegrowingdemandfromclientstheincreasingpressureofinflationtheprospectofworkinginbigfirmstheattractionoffinancialrewards201402(一)P3：①Therearemanyreasonsforthis.②Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.③ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.④Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.⑤Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.Pursuingabachelor’sdegreeinanothermajor.200603P4：①Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.②Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.③Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.④Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.⑤Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’ .managementefficiencybiomasslevelcatch-sizelimitstechnologicalapplication（三）定位不到出題句的題型1、特征：根據(jù)題干所問，不容易定位到或者直接定位不到某一或某幾句出題句。2、原因：（1）