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1LearningEnglishinaNewEnvironmentIwasalittleshyabouttalkingtopeoplewhenIfirstarrivedinAmerica,butIhadastrongdesiretobroadenmyhorizonsandmeetnewpeople.OnceIgatheredthecouragetostartconversationswithpeople,Ifoundhoweasyitwastomakenewfriends.Everyday,IheardenoughnewEnglishexpressionstomakemyheadspin.IfoundthatwhenIwashonestandaskedaboutthemeaningsofunfamiliarexpressions,Americanswereveryhelpfulandtookpainstoexplainthemtome.NativespeakersofEnglishtendtospeakveryfast,andatfirstIwasjuststunnedandlookedatthemwithadazedexpressiononmyface.Isolvedthatproblembyaskingpeopletospeakmoreslowly.broaden?開闊,拓寬horizon眼界,視野courage勇氣spin暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向takepainstoexplain煞費(fèi)苦心地解釋tendtospeak傾向于說stunned驚愕地dazed茫然地在新的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)英語第一次到美國,與人說話時(shí)我總有些害羞,但是我非??释軌蜷_闊視野,結(jié)識(shí)新朋友。當(dāng)我鼓起勇氣開始與人交談,我發(fā)現(xiàn)原來結(jié)交新朋友是多么容易的事啊。每天耳邊出現(xiàn)的繁多的新英語表達(dá)法把我弄得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向。我發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)我誠實(shí)地向美國人詢問那些不熟悉的說法的意思時(shí),他們非常樂于助人,并煞費(fèi)苦心地向我解釋。以英語為母語的人說話一般很快,一開始我只能驚愕地一臉茫然地看著他們。我讓他們說得慢一些,這樣我就解決了這個(gè)問題。2TooDifficultToSpellApolicemanreturnedtohispolicestationoneeveningandreportedtothesergeantthathehadfoundanoldcarwithnolicenseplates.“Wherewasit?”askedthesergeant.“InEcclesiastesStreet,beyondthebridge,”answeredthepoliceman.Thesergeantopenedthereportbookandbegantowrite.Heaskedthepolicemanhowtospellthenameofthestreet,buthewasnotsurewhetherthespellingwascorrect.Atlasthedecidedthenamewastoodifficultforhimtospell.Soheorderedthepolicemantowritethereport.Thepolicemanalsotriedtospellthenameofthestreet,buthecouldn't,either.Thenthepolicemanputhishelmetonandbegantowalkoutslowly.“Whereareyougoing?”thesergeantasked.“BacktoEcclesiastesStreet,”answeredthepoliceman.“I'mgoingtopushthecarroundthecornerintoGreenStreet.”sergeant?警官licenseplate汽車牌照helmet?頭盔太難拼寫一天傍晚,一個(gè)警察回到警察局,向警官報(bào)告說他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一輛沒有牌照的舊汽車?!败囋谀睦??”警官問。“在Ecclesiastes大街,在橋的那邊?!本旎卮?。警官打開報(bào)告本開始記錄。他問警察如何拼寫那條大街的名字,但是他吃不準(zhǔn)他的拼寫是否正確。最后他覺得這個(gè)名字太難,他拼不出來。所以,他命令警察來寫報(bào)告。警察拼了半天,也拼不出來。警察戴上他的頭盔,慢慢地往外走。“你到哪里去?”警官問?!盎氐紼cclesiastes大街去,”警察回答,“我要把那輛車推到Green大街的拐角上去?!?WhereDoestheWord“Robot”ComeFrom?ThewordrobotcomesfromtheCzechwordrobota,meaningheavylabour.Arobotisamachinethatworksautomatically.Robotscandoawidevarietyoftasks.Theyareespeciallysuitablefordoingjobstooboring,difficult,ordangerousforhumanbeings.Robotsefficientlycarryoutsuchroutinetasksaswelding,drillingandpaintingautomobilebodyparts.Theyalsoproduceplasticfoodcontainersandwrapicecreambars.Someindustrialrobotscanevenmakeelectronicequipmentandwatches.Thescienceandtechnologythatdealswithrobotsiscalledrobotics.Atypicalrobotperformsataskbyfollowingasetofinstructionsthattellsitexactlywhatmustbedonetocompletethejob.Theseinstructionsareenteredandstoredintherobot's“brain”ofacomputerorpartofacomputer.efficiently有效率地routine日常的,例行的weld焊接drill鉆孔electronic電子的“Robot”(機(jī)器人)是如何得此名字的?機(jī)器人(Robot)來源于捷克語Robota一詞,意思是“累人的活”。機(jī)器人就是一種能自動(dòng)操作的機(jī)器。機(jī)器人可以做許多工作,尤其適用于從事那些人們看來單調(diào)、困難、危險(xiǎn)的工作。機(jī)器人能有效地做那些重復(fù)性的勞動(dòng),如焊接、鉆孔和為汽車零部件噴漆。它們還能用于制造塑料食品包裝容器或包扎雪糕等工作。有些工業(yè)機(jī)器人還能組裝電子設(shè)備和手表。研究機(jī)器人的科技叫人工智能學(xué)。一臺(tái)典型的機(jī)器人必須通過精確執(zhí)行它被告知的完成一項(xiàng)工作的一系列指令才能完成任務(wù),這些指令儲(chǔ)存在其“頭腦”即計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)。4ReadingIthinkthatpeopleshouldspendmoretimereading.Readinghasalotofadvantages.Oneofthemisthatithelpsyoudevelopreadingskills.Youhavetoreadifyouwanttobecomeagoodreader.Inotherwords,themoreyouread,thebetteryougetatreading.Second,ithelpsdevelopagoodvocabulary.Readingexposesyoutonewwords,andyouseehowthosewordsareused.Third,readinghelpsyoudevelopgoodwritingskills.Ifyoureadalot,itwillhelpyoubecomeagoodwriter.Finally,youcanlearnalotfromreading.Youlearnaboutcurrenteventsfromreadingnewspapers.Anovelthatissetinanothercountrywillhelpyoulearnaboutthatcountryandhowpeoplelivethere.Thereisnolimittowhatyoucanlearn.Allthismakesreadingabeneficialactivity.expose?使……暴露于currentevent時(shí)事beneficial?有益的閱讀我認(rèn)為人們必須花更多的時(shí)間閱讀。閱讀有很多好處。其中一條就是它能夠幫助你發(fā)展閱讀技巧。如果你想成為一個(gè)好的讀者你必須閱讀。換句話說,你讀的越多,你的閱讀技巧也就越好。第二,閱讀可以幫助你擴(kuò)大詞匯量。閱讀可以使你接觸新的單詞,你可以知道這些詞語是如何使用的。第三,閱讀幫助你發(fā)展寫作技能。如果你讀的多,這會(huì)有助于你的寫作。最后,你可以從閱讀中學(xué)到很多。你可以從閱讀報(bào)紙中了解時(shí)事。一部以其他國家為背景的小說可以幫助你了解這個(gè)國家和那里的人民。你所能學(xué)到的東西是無限的。所有這些都使閱讀成為了一項(xiàng)有益的活動(dòng)。5ThreeJokesJoke1Co-workerssympathizedwithmymotherwhenshecomplainedthatherbackwasreallypainfulfrommovingfurniture.“Whydon'tyouwaittillyourhusbandgetshome?”someoneasked.“Icould,”mymothertoldthegroup,“butthecouchiseasiertomoveifhe'snotonit.”Joke2Afourthgraderaskedtheteacher'sassistant,“howoldareyou,Mrs.Glass?”“Youshouldneveraskanadult'sage,”Ibrokein.“That'sokay.”Harriettsmiled.“I'mfifty.”“Wow,youdon'tlookthatold,”theboysaid.Iwasabouttobreatheasighofreliefwhenanotherchildchimedin,“Partsofherdo.”Joke3Myelderlyneighbourandhiswifeweretoldtherecouldbea45-minutewaitforatableatapopularrestaurantastheyhadnoreservations.“Youngman,we'reboth90yearsold,”hetoldthewaiter,“wemaynothave45minutes.”Theywereseatedimmediately.co-worker同事sympathize?同情couch?長沙發(fā)afourthgrader四年級(jí)的學(xué)生asighofrelief松了口氣chime(in)?插話笑話三則笑話一當(dāng)母親抱怨她的背因搬動(dòng)家具酸痛無比時(shí),同事們都很同情她?!澳銥槭裁床坏饶阏煞蚧貋砟兀俊庇腥藛?。“我是可以等的”,母親說,“不過他不躺在上面時(shí)沙發(fā)床搬起來更容易些?!毙υ挾粋€(gè)四年級(jí)的學(xué)生問教師助理:“你幾歲了,格拉絲女士?”“你不應(yīng)該問一個(gè)成年人的年齡,”我打斷說?!斑@沒關(guān)系,”哈里特笑著說?!拔椅迨?。”“喔,您看起來不像那么老,”男孩說。我正準(zhǔn)備松一口氣,另一個(gè)孩子插話說,“有些部位已經(jīng)像了?!毙υ捜业纳狭四昙o(jì)的鄰居和他的妻子在一家生意很好的飯店被告知他們必須等四十五分鐘,因?yàn)樗麄儧]有訂位?!澳贻p人,我們倆都已經(jīng)九十歲了,”他告訴服務(wù)員,“我們也許已經(jīng)沒有四十五分鐘可等了。”他們立即被安排了座位。6The21stBirthdayAllofhislifeGeorgefromCapeanamazingfamilytradition.Itseemsthathisfather,grandfatherandgreat-grandfatherhadallbeenabletowalkonwaterontheir21stbirthday.Onthatday,they'dwalkacrossthelaketotheboatclubfortheirfirstlegaldrink.SowhenGeorge's21stbirthdaycamearound,heandhispalCorkytookaboatouttothemiddleofthelake.Georgesteppedoutoftheboatandnearlydrowned!Corkyjustmanagedtopullhimtosafety.Furiousandconfused,Georgewenttoseehisgrandmother.“Grandma,it'smy21stbirthday,sowhycan'tIwalkacrossthelakelikemyfather,hisfather,andhisfatherbeforehim?”GrannylookedintoGeorge'seyesandsaid,“Because,youdumbass,yourfather,grandfatherandgreatgrandfatherwereborninJanuary.YouwereborninJuly.”legal合法的drown?淹死furious憤怒21歲生日生于CapeBreton的喬治自出生以來就聽說了一個(gè)令人驚奇的家族軼事。他的父親、祖父、曾祖父似乎都在他們二十一歲生日那天在水上行走。那一天,他們走過湖面,去劃船俱樂部喝他們第一杯合法的酒。所以當(dāng)喬治的二十一歲生日到來的時(shí)候,他和他的伙伴高爾基駕船來到河中央。喬治跨出船外,但他差一點(diǎn)淹死!高爾基拼命把他拉了上來。喬治感到生氣和困惑,他去問他的祖母,“祖母,今天是我二十一歲的生日,但我為什么不能像父親、祖父和曾祖父那樣走過湖面呢?”祖母注視著他的眼睛說,“傻瓜,因?yàn)槟愕母赣H,祖父和曾祖父在一月出生,而你生在七月。”7NoWorkintheDarkIurgentlyneededafewdaysoffwork,butIknewmybosswouldnotallowmetotakealeave.IthoughtthatmaybeifIactedcrazyhewouldtellmetotakeafewdaysoff.SoIhungupsidedownontheceilingandmadefunnynoises.Myco-workeraskedmewhatIwasdoing.ItoldherIwaspretendingtobealightbulbsothebosswouldthinkIwascrazyandgivemeafewdaysoff.Afewminuteslaterthebosscameinandsaid,“Whatareyoudoing?”ItoldhimIwasalightbulb.Hesaid:“youareclearlystressedout.Gohomeandhavearestforacoupleofdays.”Ijumpeddownandwalkedoutoftheoffice.Whenmyco-workerfollowedme,thebosssaidtoher,“Andwheredoyouthinkyou'regoing?”Shesaid,“Ican'tworkinthedark!”leave?假期stressout壓力過大我不能摸黑工作我急切地需要請(qǐng)幾天假,但我知道老板不會(huì)同意。我想要是我裝瘋他也許會(huì)讓我請(qǐng)幾天假,所以我把自己倒掛在天花板上,發(fā)出古怪的聲音。我的同事問我在干什么。我告訴他,我正裝成個(gè)電燈泡,這樣老板會(huì)覺得我瘋了而準(zhǔn)我?guī)滋旒?。幾分鐘后,老板進(jìn)來了,他說:“你在干什么?”我告訴他我是個(gè)電燈泡。他說:“你肯定是壓力太大了?;丶倚菹滋彀?。”我跳了下來,走出了辦公室。當(dāng)我同事跟著我出來時(shí),老板問她:“你準(zhǔn)備到哪里去?”她說,“我不能摸黑工作?!?VolcanicEruptionInnorth-westCamerooninAugust1986,therewasavolcaniceruptionwhichdevastatedthearea.Atleast1,200peoplewerekilledandmanywereleftseriouslyillwithburnsandrespiratoryinfections.Nobodycouldescapebecausetherewasnowarning,justaloudexplosionfollowedbyaterriblesmelllikethatofrotteneggs,andwithinashorttimetheentireareaaroundLakeNios,whichwasthesiteoftheeruption,wascoveredinsmokes.Whenhelpcametothevillagesontheshoresofthelake,men,women,childrenandanimalswerefounddead:somewereoutsidetheirhuts,somestillinbed;otherswereinthefieldsoronthevillageroad.Itwasasifaneutronbombhadexplodeddestroyingnothingbutkillingalllife.ThedisasterwastheworstincidentofitskindandthesecondtimesuchadisasterhadstuckthisWestAfricannation.volcanic?火山的eruption?爆發(fā)devastate破壞,摧毀respiratory?呼吸的infection?感染explosion?爆炸rotten?惡臭的,腐爛的neutronbomb中子彈disaster?災(zāi)難火山爆發(fā)1986年8月,在喀麥隆西北部發(fā)生了火山爆發(fā),災(zāi)害摧毀了整個(gè)地區(qū)。至少1200人喪生,許多人嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?,感染呼吸道疾病。因?yàn)闆]有警告,沒有人能夠逃脫。一聲巨大的爆炸聲后就是一股難聞的臭雞蛋的味道,短時(shí)間內(nèi)Nios湖周圍的整個(gè)地區(qū),也就是火山爆發(fā)的地方,淹沒在煙霧中。當(dāng)救援人員趕到湖邊的村莊時(shí),男男女女,孩子和動(dòng)物都已經(jīng)死亡了:一些在他們的小屋里,一些還躺在床上,另一些在田野里或是在村里的路上。這好像是一次中子炸彈爆炸,什么也沒有毀壞但卻殺死了所有生命。這場災(zāi)難是這個(gè)西非國家遭受的最嚴(yán)重的一次火山爆發(fā),也是這個(gè)國家所遭受的第二次大災(zāi)難。9HealthyDietInordertostayhealthyitisimportanttohaveabalanceddiet—inotherwords,foodthatcontainssomethingfromeachofthethreemaingroupsoffood.Thesegroupsareprotein,carbohydrateandfat.Proteinsareveryimportantforbuildingourbodies;theyhelpusbuildnewcellsasoldonesdie.Meatanddairyproductsaremajorsourcesofprotein,butnottheonlyones—wecanalsogetproteinfromfish,eggsandbeans.Carbohydrateandfatareimportanttoenableustostoreenergy—theyprovidefuelforthebody.Carbohydratesarefoundinsugarandincerealssuchasrice,maizeandwheat.Fatsarefoundinmeats,vegetableoil,butter,andnuts.Ourbodyalsoneedsmineralssuchasiron,calcium,andvitamins.Fish,vegetablesandmilkcontainmostofthemineralsweneed.Vitaminsarefoundinfreshvegetablesandfruit.protein?蛋白質(zhì)carbohydrate碳水化合物cell細(xì)胞maize玉米mineral?礦物質(zhì)calcium鈣vitamin?維他命健康飲食為了保持健康,飲食平衡很重要,換句話說,就是食用包含以下三大類的食物。這三大類是蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物和脂肪。蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)于構(gòu)建我們的身體非常重要;當(dāng)舊細(xì)胞死亡時(shí),它幫助我們生成新的細(xì)胞。肉類和奶制品是蛋白質(zhì)的主要但非唯一來源,我們還可以從魚類、蛋類和豆類中獲得蛋白質(zhì)。碳水化合物和脂肪也很重要,它們使我們能夠存儲(chǔ)能量,它們?yōu)樯眢w加油。碳水化合物可以在糖及谷類諸如大米、玉米、小麥中找到。脂肪可以從肉類、植物油、黃油及堅(jiān)果中獲得。我們的身體也需要諸如鐵、鈣、維他命等礦物質(zhì)。魚類、蔬菜和牛奶中包含我們所需的大部分礦物質(zhì)。維他命可以在新鮮的蔬菜和水果中獲得。10TheMarathonTwenty-sixmiles,385yardsisratherodddistanceforafootrace.Mostotherrunningracesaremeasuredinlengthsofevennumbers.Themarathon,however,hasanancienthistory,goingbacktotheearlyGreekOlympics.TheGreeksstartedtheOlympicsin776B.C.tohonourthegodZeus.Everyfouryears,theybroughttogetherathletesfromalltheGreekcities.AnationwidetrucewascalledforthefivedaysofcompetitionheldinOlympia.Thefirstdaywasdevotedtoceremonies,banquets,andsacrifices.Earlyeventsincludedrunning,boxing,wrestling,pentathlon,andvarioushorseandchariotraces.After490B.C.,aspeciallong-distancerace,themarathon,wasaddedtocommemoratethelegendaryfeatofaGreeksoldier.ItwassaidthatheranfromthePlainofMarathontoAthens,adistanceof22miles,1470yards,tobringthenewsoftheGreekvictoryoverthePersianarmy.Uponexclaiming,“Rejoice!Wehavewon!”hecollapsedanddied.marathon馬拉松athlete運(yùn)動(dòng)員nationwide?全國的truce休戰(zhàn)devote?奉獻(xiàn)ceremony?典禮banquet?宴會(huì)sacrifice祭祀wrestling?摔跤pentathlon?五項(xiàng)全能chariotrace戰(zhàn)車比賽commemorate紀(jì)念legendaryfeat傳奇性的壯舉exclaim大喊rejoice欣喜,高興collapse?倒塌,崩潰,虛脫馬拉松26英里285碼對(duì)于跑步項(xiàng)目來說是個(gè)奇怪的距離。其他跑步項(xiàng)目大多是以偶數(shù)計(jì)算長度的。然而,馬拉松有著悠久的歷史,可以追溯到早期希臘奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。希臘人于公元前776年開始舉辦奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)以紀(jì)念宙斯。希臘各城市的運(yùn)動(dòng)員每四年聚集一次,在奧林匹亞舉行競賽,在這競賽的五天內(nèi)全國休戰(zhàn)。第一天有典禮、宴會(huì)和祭祀。早期的項(xiàng)目包括跑步、拳擊、摔跤、五項(xiàng)全能及各種馬術(shù)和戰(zhàn)車比賽。公元前490年以后,奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)中又加設(shè)了一項(xiàng)特殊的長跑項(xiàng)目——馬拉松,以紀(jì)念一位希臘士兵傳奇性的壯舉。據(jù)說他從馬拉松平原跑到雅典,一共跑了22英里,1470碼,為了帶回希臘戰(zhàn)勝波斯軍隊(duì)的勝利消息,在高喊出“歡呼吧!我們勝利了!”后,他倒在地上死了。11NoHurryToWorkFredFarmerhasalotoffriendsinthecityandisverypopularwiththeneighbourhoodkids.Everyoneremembershimasaprofessionalbaseballplayer.FredusedtobewithateaminLosAngelesseveralyearsago.Hehadtogiveupbaseballwhenheinjuredhisarminanautomobileaccident.Atthetime,everyoneexpectedhimtotakeajobathisfather'sicecreamfactory.ButFredwouldrathereaticecreamthansellit.Oncehetriedworkingforaninsurancecompanydowntown.Hehadtobeonthejobat8:30inthemorning.butthatwastooearlyforFredandhequitafterthefirstmonth.Besides,hedidn'tlikebeinginanofficeallday.Nowadays,Fredspendsmostofhistimeinthepark.Heenjoysteachingboysintheneighbourhoodhowtoplaybaseball.WheneverFredneedsalittlemoneyhesellshotdogsatthesportsstadium.professional專業(yè)的,職業(yè)的injure•使受傷insurance保險(xiǎn)quit離開,辭職不急著工作佛瑞德。法默在城里有很多朋友,而且附近小孩都很喜歡他。大家都知道他曾經(jīng)是位職業(yè)棒球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。幾年前,佛瑞德在洛杉磯的一個(gè)球隊(duì)打球。他在一次車禍中傷了胳膊,于是就放棄打棒球了當(dāng)時(shí),大家都認(rèn)為他會(huì)到他父親的冰激凌工廠上班。但是佛瑞德寧愿吃冰激凌,也不愿意賣冰激凌。他曾經(jīng)試著在市區(qū)的一家保險(xiǎn)公司上班他早晨8點(diǎn)半就要到公司上班,這對(duì)佛瑞德來說太早了,所以干完第一個(gè)月后,他就辭去了這份工作。此外,他也不喜歡整天坐在辦公室里?,F(xiàn)在,佛瑞德的大部分時(shí)間都在公園里度過。他樂于教鄰近的小孩怎么打棒球。需要一點(diǎn)錢的時(shí)候,他就在體育館賣熱狗。Lesson12TheWrightBrothersWhentheywereyoungboys,OrvilleandWilburWrightreceivedaninexpensivetoyfromtheirfather.Itwasaflyingtoymadeofcorkandbamboo.Thebodywasmadeofpaperandthepowerwassuppliedbyarubberband.Thetoywasabletoflyacrossthelivingroomusingitsownpower.Theboyswerefascinated.OlderbrotherWilburbeganreadingeverybookandnewspaperarticlehecouldfindaboutwingsandflyingmachines.Orvillelaterwrote,“Wewereluckyenoughtogrowupinanenvironmentwheretherewasalwaysmuchencouragementtochildrentopursueintellectualinterests;toinvestigatewhateverarousedcuriosity.”Fromwhatheread,hebecameconvincedthatitwaspossibletobuildanaircraftthatwouldcarryamanthroughtheair.Thetwobrothersworkedhardontheirdreamsforseveralyears.FinallytheyflewthefirstmanageableaircraftintotheaironDecember17,1903.Theyprovedtotheworldthesecretsofhumanflight.cork?軟木pursue?追求,追尋convince?確信,相信manageable可管理的prove?證實(shí),證明懷特兄弟當(dāng)奧威爾和威爾伯•懷特還是小男孩的時(shí)候,他們從父親那里得到了一個(gè)便宜的玩具。這是一個(gè)由軟木和竹子做成的飛行玩具,它的身體是用紙做的,動(dòng)力由一個(gè)橡皮筋提供。這個(gè)玩具可以靠其自身的動(dòng)力在起居室里飛。孩子們對(duì)它著了迷。哥哥威爾伯開始讀他所能找到的所有關(guān)于機(jī)翼和飛行器的書籍和報(bào)道。奧威爾在后來寫到,“我們很幸運(yùn)成長在這樣的環(huán)境中,人們總是鼓勵(lì)孩子去追尋自己的研究興趣,去鉆研任何引起他們好奇心的東西?!睆乃x過的書中,他確信人類是可以造出載人飛行器的。兄弟倆為著他們的夢想努力工作了多年,終于在1903年12月17日駕駛著第一架可操控的飛行器飛上了天。他們向世界解開了人類飛行之迷。Lesson13TheDangersofSecondhandSmokeMostpeopleknowthatcigarettesmokingisharmfultotheirhealth.Scientificresearchshowsthatitcausesmanykindsofdiseases.Infact,manypeoplewhosmokegetlungcancer.However,EdwardGilsonhaslungcancer,andhehasneversmokedcigarettes.Heliveswithhiswife,Evelyn,whohassmokedaboutapackofcigarettesadaythroughouttheirmarriage.TheGilsonshavebeenmarriedfor35years.NooneknowsforsurewhyMr.Gilsonhaslungcancer.Nevertheless,doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauseungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmokebecausenonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes.Thissmokeiscalledsecondhandsmoke.EdwardGilsonhasbeenbreathingthistypeofsmokefor35years.Nowheisdyingoflungcancer.However,heisnotalone.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthatabout53,000peopledieintheUnitedStateseachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.Wecallthispassivesmoking.nevertheless?然而EnvironmentalProtectionAgency環(huán)境保護(hù)署exposure?暴露passive被動(dòng)的二手煙的危害大多數(shù)人都知道吸煙有害健康。科學(xué)研究表明,吸煙能夠誘發(fā)多種疾病。事實(shí)上,許多吸煙的人得了肺癌。然而愛德華•吉爾松從不抽煙卻得了肺癌。他和他的妻子伊芙琳生活在一起,婚后他的妻子每天要抽一包煙。吉爾松夫婦已經(jīng)結(jié)婚三十五年了。沒有人確切地知道為什么吉爾松會(huì)得肺癌。然而,醫(yī)生相信二手煙可能會(huì)使不抽煙的人患上肺癌,因?yàn)椴怀闊煹娜私?jīng)常吸入別人吸煙時(shí)產(chǎn)生的煙。這種煙叫做二手煙。愛德華•吉爾松吸這種煙吸了三十五年?,F(xiàn)在他即將死于肺癌。然而,他的情況可不是唯一的。美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署報(bào)道,每年在美國大約有五萬三千人因吸入二手煙死亡。我們把這種情況叫做被動(dòng)吸煙。Lesson14DolphinsManypeoplehaveexperiencedthejoyofstandingonamovingshipandwatchingagroupofdolphinsswimalongside.Dolphinsarenotonlyplayfulanimalsbuttheyarealsohighlyintelligent.Theyaremammalsthatcanbefoundinmostoftheworld'soceansaswellasinfreshwater.Dolphinscanswimatspeedsofupto56KPHandtheycandivetodepthsof200metersandstayunderwaterfor5-8minuteswithoutresurfacingforair.Theyarewell-knownfortheuniqueclickingsoundtheyuselikesonartolocatefoodaswellasobstacles.Everydolphinhasitsdistinctiveindividualwhistlingsoundusedforcommunication.Whendolphinssleep,theysleepinasemi-alertstatebyrestingonesideoftheirbrainatatime.Theywillhelpsickorinjureddolphinsasmuchastheycan,andtheyactasateamifthereisdanger.Itisbecauseoftheseandotherhuman-likequalitiesthatpeoplehaveaspecialfeelingfordolphins.dolphin?海豚mammal?哺乳動(dòng)物resurface?重新露面unique?獨(dú)特的sonar?聲波定位儀obstacle?障礙物distinctive?與眾不同的whistle?吹口哨semi-alert?半警惕的海豚許多人一定會(huì)有這樣開心的經(jīng)歷——站在航行的船上,看著一群海豚從旁邊游過。海豚不僅是一種有趣的動(dòng)物而且極其聰明。海豚是哺乳動(dòng)物,人們可以在世界上大多數(shù)的海洋和淡水中找到它。海豚的游速可以達(dá)到每小時(shí)五十六公里,可以潛到兩百米深的地方,在水下待五到八分鐘而不浮出水面。海豚另一有名的特點(diǎn)是它們可以使用獨(dú)特的像聲波定位器一樣的敲擊聲來確定食物和障礙物的位置。每一頭海豚都有自己與眾不同的聲音,他們靠發(fā)出這種聲音互相交流。當(dāng)海豚睡覺時(shí),它們處于半驚醒狀態(tài),每次只休息大腦的一半。它們會(huì)盡力幫助生病或受傷的海豚;在遇到危險(xiǎn)時(shí),它們會(huì)相互協(xié)助。正是因?yàn)檫@些及其他類似于人的特性,人們對(duì)海豚有著特殊的感情。15AManofWordandNotDeedsAmanofwordsandnotofdeedsIslikeagardenfullofweeds.Andwhentheweedsbegintogrow,It'slikeagardenfullofsonw.Andwhenthesnowbeginstofall,It'slikeabirduponthewall.Andwhenthebirdawaydoesfly,It'slikeaneagleinthesky.Andwhentheskybeginstoroar,It'slikealionatthedoor.Andwhenthedoorbeginstocrack,It'slikeastickacrossyourback,Andwhenyourbackbeginstosmart,It'slikeapenknifeinyourheart.Andwhenyourheartbeginstobleed,You'redead,anddead,anddeadindeed.deed行為weed雜草eagle鷹crack爆裂,破裂smart刺痛penknife鉛筆刀bleed流血一個(gè)只說不做的人,就像是長滿雜草的花園。當(dāng)雜草開始生長,它就像是個(gè)被雪覆蓋的花園。當(dāng)雪花開始紛飛,它就像一只墻上的鳥。當(dāng)鳥飛走了,它就像天空中的鷹。當(dāng)天空開始咆哮,它就像門口的獅子。當(dāng)門開始破裂,它就像橫穿你脊背的木棍。當(dāng)你的背開始刺痛,它就像刺入你心中的鉛筆刀。當(dāng)你的心開始流血,你就真正地死亡,死亡,死亡。Lesson16BelieveThatYouWillSucceedCarnegiewasbornin1888toapoorfarmingfamilyinthecentralUnitedStates.Theboydidn'tseeatrainuntilhewas12yearsold.Inhisteens,hehadtogetupat3ameverydaytomilkthefamilycows.WhenCarnegiefirstenteredcollege,hefelthopelessbecauseofhisclothesandordinarylooks.Hismotherencouragedhim:“Whynottrytobebetterinotherthingsinsteadofjustdressandgoodlooks?”Carnegietriedtobemoreactiveincollege.Hejoinedthedebateteam.Butoneafteranother,helost12meets.Theyoungmanwasverydisappointedinhimself.Hesaidlaterthathethoughtofkillinghimselfaftersomanyfailures.ButsoonCarnegiewasseenpracticingpublicspeakingontheriverside.Hishardworkpaidoffatlast.In1906,Carnegiewonafamousspeechcontestandbecamewidelyknown.Theyoungmanmadehisownwordscometrue:“Believethatyouwillsucceed,andyouwill.”相信你會(huì)成功1888年卡內(nèi)基出生在美國中部一個(gè)貧窮的家庭里。他十二歲才第一次看到火車。在他十多歲時(shí),每天早上三點(diǎn)起床給家里的奶牛擠奶。卡內(nèi)基初入大學(xué)時(shí),他因?yàn)橐轮拖嗝财狡蕉械浇^望。母親鼓勵(lì)他說,“為什么不在衣著和長相以外的方面努力變得更好呢?”卡內(nèi)基開始積極參加大學(xué)活動(dòng)。他參加了辯論隊(duì)。但是他一次又一次地輸?shù)袅?,一共輸了十二次比賽。年輕人對(duì)自己非常失望。他后來說在這么多次失敗后他曾想自殺。但是很快人們又看到卡內(nèi)基在河邊練習(xí)演講了。他的努力最終沒有白費(fèi)。1906年,卡內(nèi)基在一場著名的演講比賽中獲勝而一舉成名。這個(gè)年輕人證明了他所說的話:“相信你會(huì)成功,你就會(huì)成功?!盠esson17UmbrellasTheumbrellaisaveryordinaryobject.Itkeepstheraininbadweatherandthesunoffingood.Mostumbrellasfoldup,soit'seasytocarrythem.However,theumbrelladidnotbeginitslifeasanordinaryobject.Itwasasignofroyaltyorimportance.SomeAfricantribesstilluseumbrellasinthiswaytoday.Someonecarriesanumbrellaandwalksbehindthekingorimportantperson.Umbrellasareveryold.TheChinesehadthemintheeleventhcenturyB.C.Fromthere,umbrellastraveledtoIndia,Persia,andEgypt.WhentheSpanishexplorerswenttoMexico,theysawtheAzteckingsusingumbrellas.EnglishexplorerssawNativeAmericanprincescarryingumbrellasontheeasterncoastofNorthAmerica.Itseemsthatpeopleindifferentpartsoftheworldinventedumbrellasatdifferenttimes.EnglandwasprobablythefirstcountryinEuropewhereordinarypeopleusedumbrellas.Everybodyusesumbrellastoday.Thenexttimeyoucarryone,rememberthatforcenturiesonlygreatmenandwomenusedthem.keepoff制止,使避開,不讓接近royalty?王權(quán),皇室theAzteckings阿茲特克王NativeAmericansprince印第安王子傘傘是一件非常普通的物品。它可以在惡劣的天氣里擋雨,在晴好的天氣里遮陽。大部分的傘可折疊,所以攜帶方便。然而,傘在發(fā)明之初并非一件普通物品。它是王權(quán)或重要性的象征。一些非洲的部落至今仍以這種方式使用傘——一個(gè)人拿著傘走在國王或重要人物的后面。傘有著悠久的歷史。中國人在公元前11世紀(jì)就發(fā)明了它,隨后又傳到了印度、波斯和埃及。當(dāng)西班牙探險(xiǎn)家來到墨西哥,他們看到阿茲特克王使用傘。英國探險(xiǎn)家在北美東海岸看到印第安王子拿著傘。世界各地的人似乎在不同時(shí)期發(fā)明了傘。英國可能是歐洲最早的平民可以使用傘的國家。如今每個(gè)人都使用傘。下次當(dāng)你拿著傘的時(shí)候,別忘了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)中只有王公貴族才能使用它。Lesson18TheInternationalSpaceStation:AWorldProjectScientistshavebuiltanexcitingproject270milesintospace.Sixteencountriesfromallaroundtheworldworkedtogethertoplanandconstructapermanentspacestation.The16nationsincludedtheUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,Russia,Brazil,Belgium,Denmark,F(xiàn)rance,Germany,Italy,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,andtheUnitedKingdom.Infact,theInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)isthelargestinternationalscientificprojectinhumanhistory.ConstructionontheISSbeganin1998andwascompletedin2002.SixpeoplefromdifferentcountriesliveontheSpaceStation.IthasapermanentlaboratorywherethescientistsconductresearchthattheycannotdoonEarth.ThesestudieswillbepossiblebecausethespacestationisalmostcompletelyoutsideEarth'sgravity.Someofthisimportantresearchwillhelpscientistsunderstandmoreabouthumanlearningandmemory.ThescientistswillalsobeabletostudyEarthsystemssuchastheoceans,weather,climate,andplantgrowth.Thesesystemsaffectthequalityoflifeforallpeopletoday,aswellasforourfuturegeneration.construct?建造permanent?永久的construction?建造gravity?重力國際空間站——一項(xiàng)全球性工程科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)在太空270英里處建造了一項(xiàng)激動(dòng)人心的工程。世界上16個(gè)國家共同努力,設(shè)計(jì)并建造了一個(gè)永久性空間站。這16個(gè)國家包括美國、加拿大、日本、俄羅斯、巴西、比利時(shí)、丹麥、法國、德國、意大利、荷蘭、挪威、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英國。事實(shí)上,國際空間站是人類歷史上最大的國際性科學(xué)項(xiàng)目。國際空間站的建造開始于1998年,完工于2002年。來自于不同國家的六個(gè)人居住在空間站中??臻g站有一個(gè)永久的實(shí)驗(yàn)室,在那里科學(xué)家可以做他們?cè)诘厍蛏蠠o法做的實(shí)驗(yàn),因?yàn)榭臻g站幾乎完全不受地心引力影響。其中一些重要的研究將幫助科學(xué)家更好地了解人類的學(xué)習(xí)與記憶??茖W(xué)家還將研究例如海洋、天氣、氣候和植物生長等地球系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)將影響我們所有人及我們后代的生活質(zhì)量。Lesson19WhatIsLife?Whatislife?Lifeisagift—acceptit.Lifeisastruggle—faceit.Lifeisasong—singit.Lifeisanadventure—dareit.Lifeisbeauty—praiseit.Lifeisamystery—unfoldit.Lifeisagame—playit.Lifeisapuzzle—solveit.Lifeisanopportunity—takeit.Lifeisagoal—achieveit.Lifeisamission—fulfillit.Lifeisit—liveit.praise?表揚(yáng)mystery?謎puzzle難題mission使命fulfill?完成人生是什么?人生是一件禮物,接受它。人生是一場斗爭,面對(duì)它。人生是一首歌曲,歌唱它。人生是一場冒險(xiǎn),挑戰(zhàn)它。人生是一種美,頌揚(yáng)它。人生是一個(gè)謎,揭開它。人生是一場游戲,玩好它。人生是一道難題,解答它。人生是一次機(jī)遇,抓住它。人生是一個(gè)目標(biāo),實(shí)現(xiàn)它。人生是一項(xiàng)使命,完成它。這就是人生,過好它。Lesson20TheLostRingOnedayamanwenthometohiswifeandsaid,“Ihaveboughtsomethingforyou!”“Oh,thankyou!”saidhiswife.“Whathaveyoubought?”“Ihaveboughtagoldring.Hereitis!”Hehelditoutforhiswifetosee.Thenhedroppedit.“Ohdear!”hesaid.“Ihavedroppedit.”Hebegantolookforitonthefloorbutitwasdarkinsidethehouseandhecouldnotseeanything.Hewentoutsidethehouseandbegantolookfortheringinthestreet.Justthenafriendcamealong.“What'sthematter?”heasked.“Ihavelostaring,”saidtheman.“Wheredidyouloseit?”“Ilostitinsidemyhouse.”“Youlostyourringinsideyourhousebutyouarelookingforitoutsideinthestreet!Thatseemsveryfoolish!”“Ah,”saidtheman,“butitisdarkinsidemyhouse.Ishallneverfinditthere.ButhereinthestreetthereismorelightandIcanseemoreclearly.”ring?戒指丟失的戒指一天,有個(gè)男人回家對(duì)他的妻子說:“我給你買了件東西!”“噢,謝謝你!”他的妻子說?!澳阗I了什么?”我買了一個(gè)金戒指。給你!”他拿在手上給妻子看。突然戒指掉在了地上。“噢,親愛的!”他說,“我把戒指弄掉了?!彼_始在地板上尋找,但屋里黑暗,什么也看不見。他走出屋子,開始在街道上尋找。正在此時(shí),他的一個(gè)朋友走了過來。“怎么了?”他問?!拔襾G了一個(gè)戒指,”男人回答。“在哪里丟的?”“在我的屋里丟的?!薄澳阍谖堇飦G了戒指,卻到外面的街道上找!這太愚蠢了!”“啊,”男人說,“我的屋里太黑了,在那里永遠(yuǎn)找不到。而街道上亮多了,我能看得更清楚些。”Lesson21BodyLanguageAmericansfeelthatphysicalcontactcanbeimportantinbreakingdownbarriersbetweenpeople.Suchphysicalactsashugging,shakinghandsandkissinginpublicareseenasdisplaysofaffection.InChina,ontheotherhand,thisisnotcommonbecausephysicalcontactisnotthecustom.Interestinglyenough,mostChinesewhospendsometimeinAmericacometolikehugging;theylearnthatAmericansusebodylanguagetoexpressfeelings.Itisawayofsaying“IlikeyouandIcareaboutyou.”ShakinghandsisanothertraditionalwayofgreetingsomeoneinAmerica.Shakinghandsisamoreformalwayofgreetingthanhugging.Whereashuggingshowscloseness,shakinghandsmeansthatthereisalittlemoreformalityintherelationship.Westernpeopleusuallyshakehandswhenmeetingsomeoneforthefirsttime,orwhentheyseesomeoneagainafteracertainamountoftimehaspassed.InJapan,peopletraditionallybowasaformofgreeting.Othercountrieshavedifferentcustoms,likepattingsomeoneonthebackorkissing.barrier障礙affection情感formal正式的formality?拘謹(jǐn),禮節(jié)bow?鞠躬pat拍打肢體語言美國人認(rèn)為身體接觸對(duì)于打破人與人之間的障礙很重要。這些諸如擁抱、握手及在公眾場合親吻等身體接觸都被看作是友好的表現(xiàn)。然而,在中國,身體接觸就不那么普遍了,因?yàn)闆]有這樣的習(xí)俗。有趣的是,大多數(shù)在美國度過了一段時(shí)間的中國人開始喜歡擁抱,他們知道美國人通過肢體語言來表達(dá)感情。這是一種表達(dá)“我喜歡你,我在意你”的方法。在美國,握手是另一種傳統(tǒng)的問候方式。握手比擁抱更加正式。擁抱表示親密,而握手意味著兩人關(guān)系中更多了一些拘謹(jǐn)與禮節(jié)。當(dāng)?shù)谝淮我娒婊蚋袅艘欢螘r(shí)間未見后再次見面時(shí),西方人通常都是握手。在日本,人們通常以鞠躬表示問候。其他國家也有不同的習(xí)俗,比如拍某人的背或親吻。Lesson22AttitudestoWorkAnneJoneshasbeenworkingattheCityBankfortwoyears.HerbossisMr..Bascomb.Shethinksheisadifficultman,anddoesn'tlikeworkingforhim.Annehatestypingbecauseit'ssoboring.Andshecan'tstandtakingorders.SheavoidstalkingtoMr..Bascombasmuchaspossible.“Ican'tgoondoingthiswork,”saysAnne.“It'sdrivingmecrazy”.Anneishappiestwhensheisawayfromthejob.Shelovessingingandplayingtheguitar.Musicisthemostimportantthinginherlife.BarbaraMartinolialsoworksattheCityBank.ShehasbeenworkingtherealittlelongerthanAnne.BarbaraandAnnearegoodfriends,buttheyhavedifferentattitudestotheirjobs.Barbarareallyenjoysworkingatthebank.SherespectsMr.Bascombanddoesn'tmindtakingordersfromhim.Nowthatsheismarried,Barbaradoesn'treallyneedajob.Herhusband,Tino,makesenoughmoneytosupportbothofthem.ButBarbaraprefersworkingtostayingathome.“It'sbetterthandoingnothing,”saysBarbara.drivesb.crazy使某人發(fā)瘋respect?尊敬,尊重工作態(tài)度安妮•瓊斯已經(jīng)在花旗銀行工作了兩年。她的上司是巴斯康卜先生。她覺得巴斯康卜先生不好相處,因此不喜歡在他手下工作。安妮討厭打字,因?yàn)榇蜃质悄敲礋o聊。她也不能忍受被人指揮。她盡量避免和巴斯康卜先生說話。“我不能繼續(xù)干這份工作了,”她說,“它要讓我發(fā)瘋了。”工作之外的時(shí)間里,安妮最快樂。她喜歡唱歌和彈吉他。音樂是她生活中最重要的東西。芭芭拉•馬蒂努里也在花旗銀行上班。她在這里的工作時(shí)間比安妮長一點(diǎn)。芭芭拉和安妮是好朋友,但她們對(duì)工作有不同的態(tài)度。芭芭拉確實(shí)喜歡在銀行工作。她敬重巴斯康卜先生,也不介意聽從他的命令。芭芭拉已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了,她其實(shí)不需要工作。她的丈夫帝諾掙的錢足夠兩人花。但芭芭拉喜歡工作而不是呆在家?!斑@比
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