15Vocabularyofgrasslandecologica2021-09-26發(fā)布本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作導(dǎo)則第1部分：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化文件的結(jié)構(gòu)和起草規(guī)則》的規(guī)定本文件主要起草人：劉愛(ài)軍、王明玖、常書娟、楊勇、鄭淑華、陳國(guó)清、張躍華、何張I草原生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)術(shù)語(yǔ)本文件規(guī)定了常用草原、草原生態(tài)、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)的術(shù)本文件適用于草原生態(tài)狀況評(píng)價(jià)、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)和草草原naturegrassland；range；rangelan以草本植物為主，或兼有覆蓋度小于40%的灌木和栽培草地（人工草地）cultivatedgrassland（artificialgr采用馴化、引進(jìn)或者野生鄉(xiāng)土草種，通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)措施人工建植的1草地荒漠化grasslanddeserti退化草地（草原）degradedgrassland（s服務(wù)功能和利用價(jià)值降低甚至喪失的草地。產(chǎn)生退化現(xiàn)象的過(guò)程稱為草地退化（grassland2鹽堿化草地（草原）saline-alkaliedgrasslan荒漠化過(guò)程稱為草地鹽堿化（grasslandsalinizat草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)grasslande草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)grasslandecosystem草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能grasslandecosystemf草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多功能性grasslandecosystemmultifunct獲得的惠益，包括支持服務(wù)、供給服務(wù)、調(diào)節(jié)服草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)grasslandecosystem3草地生態(tài)價(jià)值grasslandecologica草地生態(tài)安全grasslandecological草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康grasslandecosyste群落結(jié)構(gòu)communitystru4草原生物群落grasslandbio-c草原植物群落grasslandplantcommunity（steppephy一定的外貌，一定的種類組合和一定的結(jié)構(gòu)。具有直接或間接關(guān)系的多種生物種群有植物功能群plantfunctional5在原生群落中不存在，隨著利用增加而侵入、定居并逐漸增加的植指草原的優(yōu)、良、中、劣狀況，是根據(jù)草原的土壤和植被狀群落穩(wěn)定性communitysta群落演替communitysucce變化序列中出現(xiàn)的不同群落類型稱為演替階正向演替（進(jìn)展演替）positive6草地初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力primaryproductivityof草地凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力netprimaryproductivityofg地上凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力abovegroundnet地下凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力belowgroundnet單位時(shí)間內(nèi)單位面積草地植物地下部分的有機(jī)物地上生物量aboveground78在樣地內(nèi)或沿樣條隨機(jī)布設(shè)、具有一定面積的、用于群落特征定性定量調(diào)查研究的取樣單注：樣方一般設(shè)置成方形，是草原植被狀況為測(cè)量工具時(shí)，被點(diǎn)針點(diǎn)中植被的次數(shù)占點(diǎn)針總點(diǎn)草原一定面積內(nèi)某種植物種群地上冠層部分垂直投影面積占總面積的百分比或點(diǎn)針點(diǎn)中次數(shù)的百群落高度（草群高度）communityh9樣地內(nèi)某個(gè)物種出現(xiàn)的頻次占測(cè)量總次數(shù)的不同類型草原景觀單元在空間結(jié)構(gòu)、功能機(jī)制和時(shí)間動(dòng)態(tài)方面表現(xiàn)出的多樣可代表整個(gè)群落植物被家畜采食的狀況并具有指示作連續(xù)放牧continuousgrazing；continuou載畜量carryingcapacity；grazingc家畜的最大數(shù)量?；蚪?jīng)過(guò)多年放牧后，沒(méi)有對(duì)草地資源造成損害情況下最大載畜率的過(guò)牧（超載過(guò)牧，超載放牧）overgr注：在經(jīng)過(guò)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的放牧?xí)r期后，草地通過(guò)牧草現(xiàn)存量的剩余量、上一年禁牧grazingprohibition；gr在一年內(nèi)特定時(shí)期對(duì)草原施行短時(shí)間停止放牧利用的割草grasscutting；gr草原旅游grasslandtourism；grassl草地施肥grasslandferti注：草種質(zhì)資源類型通常包括野生資源、地方品種、育成品種、品系草種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)conservatio注：草種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)方式主要有原生境保護(hù)和非原生境保護(hù)。原生境保護(hù)（ins環(huán)境中保護(hù)草種的群體及其所處的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。非原生境保護(hù)（exsituconservation）是指通過(guò)低草原生態(tài)保護(hù)rangelandecologicalconservation；rangelandecological草原生態(tài)保護(hù)工程ecologicalpr退牧還草ceasingherdingengin草原生態(tài)補(bǔ)償rangelandeco-comp生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量降低的受害者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償?shù)囊环N生態(tài)草畜平衡forage-livestockbalance；grassland-livestock草原生態(tài)恢復(fù)grasslandecologicalres注：其他定義包括“草原生態(tài)恢復(fù)是修復(fù)被人類損害的原生草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣生態(tài)修復(fù)ecologicalremediation；ecologicalrenovation；ecologicalrehabil生態(tài)重建ecologicalreconstr草原有毒有害植物災(zāi)害poisonous&harmfulplan可對(duì)家畜造成機(jī)械損傷或?qū)е滦螽a(chǎn)品品質(zhì)降低甚至造成家畜死草原雪災(zāi)（白災(zāi)）grasslandsnow草原旱災(zāi)（黑災(zāi)）grasslanddrought植物返青推遲、不返青或枯死，植物生長(zhǎng)受草原火災(zāi)grasslandfire草原風(fēng)災(zāi)grasslandwind[1]TheForageandGrazingTerminologyCommittee（國(guó)際飼草與放牧地委員會(huì)）.An業(yè)百科全書-畜牧業(yè)卷下.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，1996C采食率.......................草場(chǎng)......................草場(chǎng)封育...............草場(chǎng)施肥...............草畜平衡..................草地........................草地補(bǔ)播...............草地承載力..............草地管理................草地灌溉...............草地荒漠化................草地類型..................草地生態(tài)..................草原........................草原蟲害...............草原風(fēng)災(zāi)...............草原管理................草原旱災(zāi)...............草原火災(zāi)...............草原旅游................草原生態(tài)恢復(fù).......................3.7.1草原生物群落.....................草原鼠害.........................草原雪災(zāi).........................草原有毒有害植物災(zāi)害.............草原災(zāi)害...........................3.7.2草原植物病害.....................草原植物群落.....................草種質(zhì)資源.......................草種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)...................產(chǎn)草量.............................3.3.3超載放牧..........................3.4.10超載過(guò)牧..........................3.4.10D地上凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力................1地上生物量.......................地下凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力................2地下生物量.......................凋落物...........................頂級(jí)群落........................2F放牧密度...........................3.4.7放牧強(qiáng)度..........................3.4.12放牧壓力..........................3.4.11放牧指示種......................放牧制度...........................3.4.1分蓋度...........................G 4.13 H 基本草原...........................3.1.5基蓋度...........................季節(jié)性放牧.........................3.4.3減少種..........................5建群種..........................1進(jìn)展演替.........................禁牧..............................3.4.13景觀多樣性........................3.3.11絕對(duì)高度.........................L立枯物...........................利用率.............................3.4.8連續(xù)放牧...........................3.4.2M密度...............................3.3.9牧草產(chǎn)量...........................3.3.3N逆行演替........................4P頻度...............................3.3.8Q侵入種..........................7群落...............................3.2.7 S 生態(tài)重建.........................生物多樣性........................3.3.10T天然草地.........................退耕還草.........................退化草地（草原）.................退化演替........................4退化指示種.....................3.3.退牧還草........................3.6.W外來(lái)入侵植物..................3X鄉(xiāng)土草種...................休牧.............................3.4Y亞優(yōu)勢(shì)種......................3.2鹽堿化草地（草原）..............3.1.樣帶..............................3樣地..............................3.3樣方............................3.3.5樣條............................3.3.5樣線............................3.3.5優(yōu)勢(shì)種........................3.2.7.有毒植物......................3.7.有害植物......................3.7.Z栽培草地..........................載畜量............................載畜率............................增加種........................3.2.正向演替......................3植被..............................植被蓋度..........................植物功能群....................3.2.植物生物量......................3.3.植物現(xiàn)存量........................指示面積.......................3指示植物.........................種群............................3.2自然高度........................3.3abovegroundbiomass.............................................................abovegroundnetprimaryproductivity...........................................1absoluteheight..................................................................alieninvasiveplants...........................................................8artificialgrassland.............................................................basalcoverage...................................................................basicgrassland....................................................................3.1.4belowgroundbiomass.............................................................belowgroundnetprimaryproductivity...........................................2biodiversity......................................................................3.3.10canopycoverage..................................................................carryingcapacity..................................................................3.4.5ceasingherdingengineering......................................................climaxcommunity................................................................2community..........................................................................3.2.7communityheight.................................................................communitystability..............................................................communitystructure..............................................................communitysuccession............................................................1conservationofherbagegermplasmresources......................................constructivespecies............................................................1continuousgrazing.................................................................3.4.2continuousstocking................................................................3.4.2coverage...........................................................................3.3.6cultivatedgrassland.............................................................decreaser......................................................................5deferredgrazing.................................................................3.4.14degradedgrassland（steppe）...............................................density...........................................................................3.3.9desertifiedgrassland（steppe）............................................dominantspecies...............................................................2ecologicalprotectionprojectofrangeland................................ecologicalreconstruction.................................................ecologicalrecovery.............................................................ecologicalrehabilitation.................................................ecologicalremediation..........................................................ecologicalrenovation...........................................................forageyield......................................................................3.3.3forage-livestockbalance...................................................frequency.........................................................................3.3.8grasscutting....................................................................3.4.15grassmowing.....................................................................3.4.15grassland.........................................................................3.1.2grasslanddesertification...................................................grasslanddisater.................................................................3.7.2grasslanddroughtdisaster..................................................grasslandbio-community.........................................................grasslandecologicalprotectionsubsidyandrewardmechanism................grasslandecologicalrestoration............................................grasslandecologicalsecurity...............................................grasslandecologicalvalues.................................................grasslandecology..................................................................3.2.1grasslandecosystem................................................................3.2.2grasslandecosystemfunction.....................................................grasslandecosystemhealth.........................................................3.2.5grasslandecosystemmultifunctionality...........................................grasslandecosystemservice......................................................grasslandecosystemstructure....................................................grasslandenclosure..............................................................grasslandfertilization..........................................................grasslandfiredisaster..........................................................grasslandimprovement............................................................grasslandirrigation.............................................................grasslandlandscape..............................................................grasslandlawsandregulations...................................................grasslandmanagement...............................................................3.5.1grasslandpestdamage............................................................grasslandplantcommunity........................................................grasslandplantdisease..........................................................grasslandrodentdamage..........................................................grasslandsnowdisaster..........................................................grasslandtour....................................................................3.4.16grasslandtourism.................................................................3.4.16grasslandtypes....................................................................3.1.5grasslandwinddisaster..........................................................grassland-livestockbalance........................................................3.6.5grazingban.......................................................................3.4.13grazingcapacity...................................................................3.4.5grazingdensity....................................................................3.4.7grazingintensity.................................................................3.4.12grazinglandresting..............................................................3.4.14grazingpressure..................................................................3.4.11grazingprohibition...............................................................3.4.13grazingregimes...................................................................3.4.1grazingsystems...................................................................3.4.1harmfulplant..................................................................2harvestcoefficient...............................................................3.4.8height............................................................................3.3.7herbagegermplasmresources.....................................................increaser......................................................................6intakerate.......................................................................3.4.9invader........................................................................7keyarea......................................................................3.3.12..3keyspecies......................................................................3.3.12keyspeciesforgrazing........................................................keyspeciesofdegradation.....................................................landscapediversity..............................................................3.3.11litter..........................................................................nativespecies..................................................................naturalheight..................................................................naturegrassland................................................................netprimaryproductivityofgrassland...........................................overgrazing......................................................................3.4.10oversowing......................................................................percentutilization................................................................3.4.9plantbiomass....................................................................plantfunctionalgroups.........................................................4plantstandingcrop................................................................3.3.2poisonous&harmfulplantdisater.................................................3.7.24poisonousplant.................................................................1population.......................................................................populationcoverage..............................................................positivesuccession.............................................................3primaryproductivityofgrassland..................................................3.3.1quadrat..........................................................................range..............................................................................3.1.1rangecondition.................................................................9rangemanagement...................................................................3.5.1rangeland...................................................................3.1.1,3.1.3rangelandeco-compensation.........................................................3.6.4rangelandecological