鈉離子電池負極材料的研究現(xiàn)狀文獻綜述1.1鈉離子電池概述鈉離子電池的概念同樣是在上個世紀70年代提出來的，幾乎同步于鋰離子電池的研究。但是研究資源與關注焦點多集中在鋰離子電池上，并且隨著鋰離子電池在90年代成功的商業(yè)化后，關于鈉離子電池的研究就少之又少，近乎沒有，被束之高閣近三十年。直至近年來，鋰資源自然儲備的短缺，迫使研究者尋找新的能量轉換與存儲設備來替代鋰離子電池。隨著各類小型電子產品和電動汽車的蓬勃發(fā)展，可充電電池的市場在不斷擴大。因此，鈉離子電池由于鈉元素的豐富儲量再次受到了廣泛研究[ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA21-22]。并且，鈉離子電池負極可以使用鋁箔作為集流體，而非鋰離子電池使用的銅箔，使用鋁箔可以大大減少鈉離子電池的重量及生產成本。此外，作為堿金屬元素，鈉與鋰的許多物理化學性質即為相似，因此，鈉離子電池的電化學性質類似于鋰離子電池，因此，只需要解決某些特定的問題，鈉離子電池就能夠復制鋰離子電池的成功，成功走向商業(yè)化道路[ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA23-24]。1.2鈉離子電池的工作原理與鋰離子電池的工作原理相似，鈉離子電池在充放電過程中，Na+同樣往返于正負電極之間[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>66</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">25</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>66</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067465">66</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pan,Huilin</author><author>Hu,Yong-Sheng</author><author>Chen,Liquan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Room-temperaturestationarysodium-ionbatteriesforlarge-scaleelectricenergystorage</title><secondary-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</full-title></periodical><pages>2338</pages><volume>6</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1754-5692 1754-5706</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c3ee40847g</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>25]。電子在外部電路中轉移，使化學能轉變?yōu)殡娔埽瑸檫B接外部電路的。此外，鈉離子電池和鋰離子電池一樣，都可以被稱為“搖椅電池”。1.3鈉離子電池負極材料的研究現(xiàn)狀在過去的幾十年中，適合的負極材料的缺少是擱置鈉離子電池研究的的重要原因之一。自上世紀80年代以來，廣泛的研究聚焦于各種碳材料，大量研究表明，其是最有希望大規(guī)模應用于鋰離子電池的負極材料之一。經(jīng)過理論計算，發(fā)現(xiàn)石墨適用于鋰離子電池體系，其電壓平臺很低，為0.1-0.2V(vs.Li+/Li)，并且理論容量高達372mAhg-1[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hou</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>62</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">26</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>62</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067355">62</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hou,Hongshuai</author><author>Qiu,Xiaoqing</author><author>Wei,Weifeng</author><author>Zhang,Yun</author><author>Ji,Xiaobo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CarbonAnodeMaterialsforAdvancedSodium-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1602898</pages><volume>7</volume><number>24</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>16146832</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.201602898</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>26]。遺憾的是，Na+很難嵌入到石墨層間，因為其離子半徑（1.02?）較大。在本世紀初，被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有儲鈉性能的負極材料，僅有數(shù)量極少的幾種，并且它們的能量密度還遠遠低于石墨。1988年，Ge等人研究了Na+在石墨中的反應機制，并推測Na+與之間會發(fā)生化學反應，形成NaC64，根據(jù)理論計算，其具有35mAhg-1的容量。之后，Doeff等人根據(jù)時間和電流量計算得出Na+與石墨、石油焦、乙炔黑負極材料中會發(fā)生不同的化學反應，形成不同的物質，分別為NaC70、NaC30、NaC15，并且他們的理論比容量也不盡相同，其分別為31mAhg-1、70mAhg-1、132mAhg-1。在本世紀初，關于碳材料在鈉離子電池中的應用情況得到改善，Dahn等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，硬碳能夠提供的容量很高，達到300mAhg-1，這接近于商用石墨在鋰離子電池中的理論容量，盡管硬碳的倍率性能不好，但這仍能加快鋪平鈉離子電池的商業(yè)道路。近十年以來，有關鈉離子電池的研究呈現(xiàn)出蓬勃發(fā)展的趨勢，并探索出大量負極材料，它們與鈉離子電池系統(tǒng)的適配度很高，如金屬及其合金（如Sn，Ge等）、金屬氧化物（SnO2，Sb2O3等）、金屬硫化物（FeP4，CuP2等）、金屬硫化物（MoS2，MoS3等）、碳材料（一維碳納米管，二維石墨烯，多孔碳，硬碳等）[ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA27-29]。其中，具有特殊結構的材料表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的電化學性能，原因在于，特殊結構的材料往往擁有大的比表面積來暴露更多的活性位點與Na+結合。基于合金化反應機制的金屬及其合金往往可以提供較高的比容量，但是其在工作過程中的體積膨脹巨大，從而其循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性較差。Wang等人報道了一種基于磷/石墨烯納米片的復合材料，其在鈉離子電池具有高的可逆比容量，首圈容量為2077mAhg-1，并且具有高的容量保持率，在循環(huán)60圈后，其容量仍然能穩(wěn)定在1700mAhg-1[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Song</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>89</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">15</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>89</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067881">89</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Song,J.</author><author>Yu,Z.</author><author>Gordin,M.L.</author><author>Hu,S.</author><author>Yi,R.</author><author>Tang,D.</author><author>Walter,T.</author><author>Regula,M.</author><author>Choi,D.</author><author>Li,X.</author><author>Manivannan,A.</author><author>Wang,D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofMechanicalandNuclearEngineering,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania16802,UnitedStates.</auth-address><titles><title>Chemicallybondedphosphorus/graphenehybridasahighperformanceanodeforsodium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>NanoLett</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoLett</full-title></periodical><pages>6329-35</pages><volume>14</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>Phosphorus</keyword><keyword>chemicalbonding</keyword><keyword>graphenenanosheets</keyword><keyword>sodium-ionbattery</keyword><keyword>solidelectrolyteinterphase(sei)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Nov12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1530-6992(Electronic) 1530-6984(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25354313</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/25354313</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/nl502759z</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>15]。Kovalenko等人發(fā)現(xiàn)Sb納米晶體在大的電流密度下（13.2Ag-1），依然能達到500mAhg-1以上的容量[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>He</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">30</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067896">90</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>He,M.</author><author>Kravchyk,K.</author><author>Walter,M.</author><author>Kovalenko,M.V.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofInorganicChemistry,DepartmentofChemistryandAppliedBiosciences,ETHZurich,CH-8093Zurich,Switzerland.</auth-address><titles><title>Monodisperseantimonynanocrystalsforhigh-rateLi-ionandNa-ionbatteryanodes:nanoversusbulk</title><secondary-title>NanoLett</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoLett</full-title></periodical><pages>1255-62</pages><volume>14</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Mar12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1530-6992(Electronic) 1530-6984(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24484409</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/24484409</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/nl404165c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>30]。基于轉化反應機制的金屬氧化物、金屬硫化物、金屬磷化物，由于其中存在多電子反應，同樣表現(xiàn)出高的可逆比容量。但是，他們具有較差的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性、較低的初始庫倫效率（ICE）、明顯的滯后性，因此很難商業(yè)化。Chen等人發(fā)現(xiàn)Fe2O3/C納米復合材料在第二個循環(huán)中容量可達到1100mAhg-1，在200圈循環(huán)后容量仍能穩(wěn)定在740mAhg-1以上[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">31</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067641">75</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Ning</author><author>Han,Xiaopeng</author><author>Liu,Yongchang</author><author>Hu,Xiaofei</author><author>Zhao,Qing</author><author>Chen,Jun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>3DPorousγ-Fe2O3@CNanocompositeasHigh-PerformanceAnodeMaterialofNa-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1401123</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>16146832</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.201401123</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>31]。Yu等人對具有核殼結構的Sn4P3@C納米球展開了大量研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)可逆容量為790mAhg-1，且循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性良好[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">32</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>86</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067826">86</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Jun</author><author>Kopold,Peter</author><author>Wu,Chao</author><author>vanAken,PeterA.</author><author>Maier,Joachim</author><author>Yu,Yan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Uniformyolk–shellSn4P3@Cnanospheresashigh-capacityandcycle-stableanodematerialsforsodium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</full-title></periodical><pages>3531-3538</pages><volume>8</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1754-5692 1754-5706</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5ee02074c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>32]。Hou等人發(fā)現(xiàn)，棒狀的Sb2S3@C復合材料在100次循環(huán)后仍能達到699.1mAhg-1的容量，并且其容量保持率高達95.7%[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hou</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">33</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>80</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067728">80</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hou,H.</author><author>Jing,M.</author><author>Huang,Z.</author><author>Yang,Y.</author><author>Zhang,Y.</author><author>Chen,J.</author><author>Wu,Z.</author><author>Ji,X.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CollegeofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410083,China.</auth-address><titles><title>One-DimensionalRod-LikeSb(2)S(3)-BasedAnodeforHigh-PerformanceSodium-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</full-title></periodical><pages>19362-9</pages><volume>7</volume><number>34</number><keywords><keyword>Sb2S3</keyword><keyword>anode</keyword><keyword>electrochemistry</keyword><keyword>rod</keyword><keyword>sodium-ionbattery</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Sep2</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1944-8252(Electronic) 1944-8244(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26284385</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/26284385</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsami.5b05509</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>33]。具有插入反應的鈦基氧化物（TiO2和鈦酸鈉）通常表現(xiàn)出良好的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性，但其可逆比容量較低。石墨烯包裹的花瓣狀TiO2和S摻雜的TiO2都可以提高TiO2的儲鈉性能[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ni</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>77</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">34</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>77</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067684">77</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ni,J.</author><author>Fu,S.</author><author>Wu,C.</author><author>Maier,J.</author><author>Yu,Y.</author><author>Li,L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CollegeofPhysics,OptoelectronicsandEnergy,SoochowUniversity,Suzhou,215006,P.R.China. MaxPlanckInstituteforSolidStateResearch,Heisenbergstr.1,Stuttgart,70569,Germany. KeyLaboratoryofMaterialsforEnergyConversion,ChineseAcademyofSciences,DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,230026,P.R.China. StateKeyLaboratoryofFireScience,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,230026,P.R.China.</auth-address><titles><title>Self-SupportedNanotubeArraysofSulfur-DopedTiO2EnablingUltrastableandRobustSodiumStorage</title><secondary-title>AdvMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvMater</full-title></periodical><pages>2259-65</pages><volume>28</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>nanotubearrays</keyword><keyword>self-support</keyword><keyword>sodiumstorage</keyword><keyword>sodium-ionbatteries</keyword><keyword>titaniumdioxide</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Mar16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1521-4095(Electronic) 0935-9648(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>26789864</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/26789864</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adma.201504412</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>34]。在上述負極材料中，碳材料資源豐富，穩(wěn)定性能好，成本低廉，因此被廣泛研究，包括膨脹石墨、石墨烯、碳球、碳纖維、碳管、碳板、多孔碳等，其容量通常為200-500mAhg-1[ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Balogun</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>88</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">29,35</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>88</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067860">88</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Balogun,Muhammad-Sadeeq</author><author>Luo,Yang</author><author>Qiu,Weitao</author><author>Liu,Peng</author><author>Tong,Yexiang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewofcarbonmaterialsandtheircompositeswithalloymetalsforsodiumionbatteryanodes</title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>162-178</pages><volume>98</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>00086223</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.091</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bommier</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>91</RecNum><record><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e2pzxwff2ppvphezaf750aakpa9aw2xx55ff"timestamp="1616067916">91</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bommier,Clement</author><author>Ji,Xiulei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RecentDevelopmentonAnodesforNa-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>IsraelJournalofChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IsraelJournalofChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>486-507</pages><volume>55</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>00212148</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/ijch.201400118</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>29,35]。對大規(guī)模使用的商用電池而言，對于負極材料的要求就會更加的多，如高的安全性、低的成本、適合大規(guī)模生產、良好的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性、較輕的質量等。居于此，對商用負極材料的選擇就有了更高的要求，如儲量豐富、無毒性、穩(wěn)定性好和耐久性強。碳材料恰好都能滿足以上條件，因此被廣泛研究，成為商業(yè)化鈉離子電池的首選負極材料。參考文獻[1] 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