四選一閱讀專題一匯報(bào)人：題型突破——詞句猜測(cè)題章節(jié)副標(biāo)題01詞句猜測(cè)題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常也會(huì)遇到一些過(guò)去未見過(guò)的詞，但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過(guò)上下文推斷出來(lái)。技法一詞義猜測(cè)題——巧用線索猜詞義詞匯含義猜測(cè)是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所指定的某一個(gè)單詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來(lái)，猜測(cè)詞句能力的高低直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對(duì)能否取得好的高考成績(jī)有著舉足輕重的作用。設(shè)問(wèn)方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，29題)2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ，30題)3.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“jumponthatbandwagon”meaninthefirstparagraph？

(2023·浙江1月，24題)4.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7？(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，30題)一、4種邏輯關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)下面介紹巧用邏輯關(guān)系、語(yǔ)法關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法和上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞匯含義。Inthis“bookofbooks”，artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool，withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume，deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago，buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ·C片段)30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand. B.Paint.C.Seize. D.Transform.√詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段尾句“Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.”中的but表達(dá)的語(yǔ)境可知，這些場(chǎng)景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記錄了我們都能理解的時(shí)刻。故畫線詞意為“理解”。故選A。二、5種語(yǔ)法關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture，sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·全國(guó)甲·B片段)24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A.Anartist. B.Awinner.C.Aspecialist.

D.Apioneer.詞義猜測(cè)題。

根據(jù)畫線短語(yǔ)后文對(duì)該短語(yǔ)的解釋“Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture，sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.”可推知，此處指TerriBolton是一位DIY高手。C項(xiàng)“aspecialist”最接近畫線短語(yǔ)“adabhand”的意思。故選C。√三、3種構(gòu)詞法助力詞義猜測(cè)例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。四、上下文語(yǔ)境助力詞義猜測(cè)有些詞義猜測(cè)題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)我們可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，這也是近幾年來(lái)高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy：thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays，youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ·C片段)29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on.C.Check-in. D.Take-over.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對(duì)在線活動(dòng)進(jìn)行清理和挑選。故選A?！碳挤ǘ~指代題——“就近原則”判指代代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多、動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語(yǔ)境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞的指代對(duì)象。有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。設(shè)問(wèn)方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto？(2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，29題)2.Whatdoes“I”refertointhetext？(2019·全國(guó)Ⅱ，21題)解此類試題常用“就近原則”巧判斷。解題流程如右：Inthemid-1990s，TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths，physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater，stillattractedtothecountry，hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.真題體驗(yàn)(2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ·C片段)Hisvisit，however，endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook，Chasing

the

Sea：Lost

Among

the

Ghosts

of

Empire

in

Central

Asia，whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan，wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland，andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway：Rustam，histranslator，alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia，OlegandNatasha，hishostsinTashkent，andastringofforeignaidworkers.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.√代詞指代題。依據(jù)代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后可知，畫線代詞指代第一段最后一句的內(nèi)容，即that指的是“寫一篇有關(guān)咸海消失的文章”這件事。故選D。高考閱讀理解有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)某一個(gè)句子的本意或外延含義進(jìn)行考查，因此要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解前后句所表達(dá)的含義，巧解句意猜測(cè)題。設(shè)問(wèn)方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean？

(2019·浙江，24題)技法三句意猜測(cè)題——意義吻合推句意句意猜測(cè)題要求考生通過(guò)閱讀文章，用合適的語(yǔ)句對(duì)畫線句子進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。其解題流程如下：Moneywithnostringsattached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth，aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”真題體驗(yàn)(2019·浙江·B片段)24.Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B.Moneynotlegallymade.C.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D.Moneynottiedtogether.√句意猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文的內(nèi)容尤其是木板上寫的“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”可知，釘在木板上的錢是可以隨意取的，并不附帶任何條件，故選C項(xiàng)。A(2023·浙江臺(tái)州二模)AlarminglevelsofdangerouschemicalsknownasPerfluorinatedAlkylatedSubstances(PFAS)werediscoveredinfoodpackagingatmanywell-knownfast-foodrestaurantsandgrocerystorechains，anewreportfound.隨堂演練本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了食品包裝中發(fā)現(xiàn)了全氟烷基化物質(zhì)，這已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)備受關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。語(yǔ)篇解讀Oftencalled“foreverchemicals”becausetheydonotbreakdownintheenvironment，PFASareusedinfoodpackagingtopreventgrease(油脂)andwaterfromsoakingthroughfoodwrappersandcups.PFAScanalsobefoundintheinkusedtoprintlogosandinstructionsonfoodcontainers.TheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventioncallsexposuretoPFASa“publichealthconcern”，citingthatthehuman-madechemicalscanharmtheimmunesystemandreduceaperson’sresistancetoinfectiousdiseases.RegulatorylimitsforhowmuchPFASfoodpackagingshouldcontaincanvarygreatly.Forinstance，anewlawinCaliforniasetthelimitatlessthan100ppm.“ComparedtoAmerica，Denmarksetsamuchlowerregulatorylimitof20ppmwithgreatsuccess，”saidXeniaTrier，anexpertattheEuropeanEnvironmentAgency.“Itdoesworktosetlimitsandenforcethem.PFASdomigratefromthepaperintothefood.Eventhoughitwasnot100%，westillsawconsiderabletransmission.Ingeneral，transmissionfrompackagingtofoodisincreasedasthetemperatureofthefoodrises.Itisthesamewiththetimespentinwrappingmaterials，”TriertoldNBS，oneofthemajorAmericanmass-mediacompanies.Inresponsetotheissue，WholeFoodsbecamethefirstgrocerychaintopubliclycommittoremovePFASfromtakeoutcontainersandbakerypaper.Manyothercompaniesfollowedsuit.ExpertssaypeoplewhowanttoavoidPFASintheirtakeoutandfooddeliverypackagingshouldfavorcompaniesthathavepromisedtoremovethechemicals.“Assoonasyoureceiveyourtakeout，you’dbettertakefoodoutofthecontainerimmediately，andneverreheatfoodinitsoriginalcontainer.Instead，removeyourfoodandheatitinglasscontainers，”Triersaid.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutPFASinfoodpackaging?A.Theyarenaturalchemicalsinfood.B.Theydolittleharmtoconsumers’health.C.Theyareusedtobreakdownthechemicals.D.Theycanmakewrappersresistanttogreaseandwater.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“PFASareusedinfoodpackagingtopreventgrease(油脂)andwaterfromsoakingthroughfoodwrappersandcups”可知，食品包裝中的PFAS可以使包裝防油防水。故選D。2.WhatisXeniaTrier’sattitudetosettingalowerlimitofPFAS?A.Favorable. B.Neutral.C.Ambiguous. D.Opposed.√觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第四段中“‘ComparedtoAmerica，Denmarksetsamuchlowerregulatorylimitof20ppmwithgreatsuccess，’saidXeniaTrier”可知，對(duì)于設(shè)定更低的PFAS下限，XeniaTrier持支持態(tài)度。故選A。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”refertoinparagraph4?A.Considerablemigrationofgreaseandwater.B.PFAStransmissionfrompackagingtofood.C.Wrapperexposuretohighfoodtemperature.D.Regulatorylimitsconcerningfoodpackaging.√代詞指代題。根據(jù)第四段中“PFASdomigratefromthepaperintothefood.Eventhoughitwasnot100%，westillsawconsiderabletransmission.”可知，句中it指代上文提及的“PFAS從紙張到食品中的轉(zhuǎn)移”。故選B。4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Foodpackagingcontainsdangerouschemicals.B.ConsumersarerecommendedtohavePFAS-freeproducts.C.PFASfoundinfoodpackaginghavebecomeagreatconcern.D.ThegovernmenthastakenmeasurestoreducePFASexposure.主旨大意題。綜合分析文章可知，本文主要介紹了食品包裝中發(fā)現(xiàn)了全氟烷基化物質(zhì)，這已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)備受關(guān)注的問(wèn)題，C項(xiàng)最能概括文章大意。故選C?！藼(2023·山東濟(jì)南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights，soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko，anIsraeli(以色列的)company，begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了開始進(jìn)入測(cè)試階段的一種室外冷卻系統(tǒng)，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有望在2024年投入市場(chǎng)，使人們?cè)谘谉岬奶鞖庀拢軌蛑叵碓谑彝夂瓤Х鹊目鞓?lè)。語(yǔ)篇解讀Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature，itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile，mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem，consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment，theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner，”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced，theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat－196degreesturnsintogas，itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept，italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven，anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice，itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition，theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays，dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm. B.Dry.C.Hot. D.Freezing.√詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.Anoutdoorcoolingsystem...begantobetestedinTelAviv.”可知，這種制冷系統(tǒng)是針對(duì)炎熱天氣研發(fā)的，而且將在TelAviv進(jìn)行測(cè)試，故這座城市是非常悶熱的。畫線詞sweltering意為“悶熱的”。故選C。6.Whatproblemdotheexistingoutdoorcoolingsy