中國區(qū)域內虛擬電廠發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀Virtual

Power

PlantinChina：

Stateofthe

Art中國電力科學研究院“雙碳”

目標推動系統(tǒng)電源結構與負荷特性加速轉變

，電網(wǎng)尖峰負荷屢創(chuàng)新高、峰谷差持續(xù)拉大

，給電網(wǎng)平衡、電力保供

和

帶來巨大挑戰(zhàn)

，據(jù)測算

到2025年電力系統(tǒng)調節(jié)資源將達5.6億千瓦。分布式資源以聚合虛擬電廠形式參與電網(wǎng)互動調節(jié)是發(fā)展新型電力系統(tǒng)的必然選擇

，也是國家“十四五”現(xiàn)代能源體系規(guī)劃的重要內容。The

”Dual-carbon"goalsare

drivinga

rapidtransformation

in

the

power

supply

structure

and

load

characteristics

ofthe

system,

leading

to

frequent

peaks

in

electricity

demandand

awideninggap

between

peakand

off-peak

periods

in

the

power

grid.This

poses

significant

challenges

for

grid

balance

and

ensuring

a

reliable

power

supply.Accordingto

estimates,the

regulatory

resourcesof

the

power

systemwill

reach

560

GW

by

2025.

Involving

distributed

resources

intheformofaggregatedvirtual

power

plants

ingrid

interaction

and

regulation

is

not

only

an

inevitable

choice

for

developing

a

new

type

of

power

system

but

alsoacrucialcomponentofChina's

"14th

Five-Year

Plan"for

modernizingthe

energy

system.一

發(fā)展背景I

Development

Background1170001120001070001020009700092000870008200077000 實際供電負荷實際負荷需求緩解局部電網(wǎng)供需矛盾，保障清潔能源安全有序消納Mitigatelocalgridsupply-demandconflictsandensurethesafeandorderlyintegrationofcleanenergysources.落實國家雙碳目標要求，支撐新型電力系統(tǒng)建設Toimplementthenational

dual-carbonobjectivesandsupport

theconstructionofa

newtype

ofpower

system.豐富電網(wǎng)靈活性調節(jié)資源，提高電網(wǎng)

平衡調節(jié)能力。Enhancingtheflexibilityofthepowergridregulationresourcestoimprovegrid

balanceandregulationcapabilities.2022年公司迎峰度夏期間全網(wǎng)負荷情況電網(wǎng)靈活性調節(jié)資源需求預測10:1511:3012:4514:0015:1516:3017:4519:0020:1521:3022:4524:00電力系統(tǒng)形態(tài)演變0:151:302:454:005:156:307:459:00321為深入貫徹黨中央“雙碳”重大戰(zhàn)略部署

，國務院會同各部委陸續(xù)頒布了相關規(guī)劃方案

，要求以數(shù)字化、智能化技術助力源網(wǎng)荷儲智慧融合發(fā)展?！霸拼笪镆浦擎溸?/p>

”等數(shù)智化技術在源網(wǎng)荷儲各側逐步融合應用

，推動傳統(tǒng)電力配置方式由部分感知、單向控制、計劃為主向高度感知、雙向互動、智能高效轉變。In

order

tofurther

implement

the

major

"dual-carbon"

strategic

deployment

ofthe

Central

Committee

ofthe

CommunistParty

of

China,

the

State

Council,

in

conjunction

with

variousministries

and

commissions,has

successively

issued

related

planning

schemes,

requiring

the

use

of

digital

and

intelligent

technologies

to

support

the

smart

integration

of

energy

sources,

grids,

loads,

and

storage.

Digital

technologies

such

as

"cloudcomputing,bigdata,InternetofThings,artificialintelligence,andblockchain"aregraduallybeingintegrated

and

applied

acrossthe

entire

energy

supply

chain,

promoting

the

transformation

ofthe

traditional

power

configuration

from

partial

perception,

one-way

control,

and

planning-oriented

to

highly

perceptual,bidirectionalinteractive,andintelligentefficiency-oriented.大力提升電力系統(tǒng)綜合大力提升電力負荷彈性。推動將需求側可調節(jié)資做好“雙碳”背景下的電推動電力用戶

、

售電企以數(shù)字化智能化電網(wǎng)支數(shù)字化、智能化技術助調節(jié)能力。

引導自備電整合分散需求響應資源，源納入電力電量平衡，力安全保供工作

，深化電業(yè)和儲能

、

分布式發(fā)電、撐新型電力系統(tǒng)建設，力源網(wǎng)荷儲智慧融合發(fā)廠

、

傳統(tǒng)高載能工業(yè)負高比例釋放居民

、

一般探索建立以市場為主的力負荷管理

，

2025年，負荷聚合商

、

虛擬電廠提高負荷預測精度和智展。推動傳統(tǒng)電力配置荷

、

虛擬電廠等參與系工商業(yè)用電負荷的彈性。補償機制

，

全面調查評系統(tǒng)負荷控制能力達到本和新能源微電網(wǎng)等新興能管理水平

，

推動負荷方式由部分感知、單向統(tǒng)調節(jié)

。

省級電網(wǎng)基本爭到2025

年

，

電力需價需求響應資源并建立地區(qū)最大負荷20%以上，市場主體參與電力現(xiàn)貨側資源分層分級分類聚控制、計劃為主向高度具備5%以上的尖峰負荷求側響應能力達到最大分級分類清單

，

形成動負荷監(jiān)測能力達到本地區(qū)交易

，

充分激發(fā)和釋放合及協(xié)同優(yōu)化

，

加快推感知、雙向互動、智能響應能力。負荷的3%～

5%。態(tài)的需求響應資源庫。最大負荷70%以上。用戶側靈活調節(jié)能力。動負荷側資源參與系統(tǒng)

調節(jié)。高效轉變。一

發(fā)展背景-政策要求I

Development

Background-Policy

requirements《關于印發(fā)2030年前碳達峰

《關于印發(fā)“十四五”現(xiàn)代《關于完善能源綠色低碳轉

行動方案的通知》（國發(fā)能源體系規(guī)劃的通知》

（發(fā)型體制機制和政策措施的意〔2021〕

23號）改能源〔2022〕

210號）見》（發(fā)改能源〔2022〕206號）2021.10

2022.1.292022.1.302022.6.242022.11.252023.3.31

2023.6.2《關于加快推進能源數(shù)字國家能源局《新型電力系化智能化發(fā)展的若干意見》

統(tǒng)發(fā)展藍皮書（征求意見（發(fā)改能源）稿）》

）國家能源局《關于公開征求電力現(xiàn)貨市場基本規(guī)則、電力現(xiàn)貨市場監(jiān)管辦法意見的通知》《關于推進新型電力負荷管理系統(tǒng)建設的通知》

（發(fā)改

辦運行〔2022〕471號）政策方面，

國家層面尚未出臺虛擬電廠專項政策

，省市層面，

山西、上海、寧夏、

山東濟南、廣東廣州、廣東深圳出臺了虛擬電廠專項政策，對虛擬電廠設計建設、參與交易、資金支持等多方面進行了引導和規(guī)范。In

terms

of

police,

there

hasn’t

been

a

specific

national

policy

for

VPP

yet.

At

the

provincial

and

municipal

levels,

however,

provinces

and

cities

such

as

Shanxi,

Shanghai,

Ningxia,Jinan

in

Shandong,

Guangzhou

in

Guangdong,

and

Shenzhen

in

Guangdong

have

introduced

dedicated

policies

for

VPP.

These

policies

provide

guidance

and

regulations

on

various

aspects

of

VPP

design,construction,participationintransactions,andfinancialsupport.市場機制方面

，虛擬電廠作為新興市場主體納入規(guī)劃

，可參與現(xiàn)貨市場交易、輔助服務市場交易及需求響應市場交易

，參與不同市場時按照具體市場規(guī)則執(zhí)行。In

terms

of

market

mechanisms,

VPP

as

emerging

market

entities,

are

included

in

the

planning

and

can

participate

in

spot

market

trading,

ancillary

services

market

trading,

and

demand

response

market

trading.

When

participating

in

different

markets,

theyaresubjecttospecific

market

rules

and

regulations.201520162017201820192020202120222023上海黃浦區(qū)啟動上海建成黃浦區(qū)商國網(wǎng)冀北公司啟動“能源互中國電科院牽頭的國家重點國標開展編制需求響應型虛擬業(yè)建筑虛擬電廠示聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境下的多主體多能虛研發(fā)計劃項目“規(guī)?；`活政策推陳出新電廠試點工作。范工程。擬電廠關鍵技術研究與示范應用”項目。資源虛擬電廠聚合互動調控關鍵技術”獲批立項。一

發(fā)展背景-國內發(fā)展歷程I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Development國家發(fā)改委、

能源局印發(fā)

《“

十四五

”現(xiàn)代能源體系規(guī)

劃》

，提出開展虛擬電廠示范。國網(wǎng)上海電力啟動“城市公共

建筑群虛擬電廠聚合調控關鍵

技術研究及應用”項目。虛擬電廠標準獲國際電工委員會

（IEC）批準立項。國家發(fā)改委批復上

海黃浦商業(yè)建筑需

求側管理示范項目?，F(xiàn)存虛擬電廠項目與電力現(xiàn)貨交易試點區(qū)域幾乎重合，

除河北冀北

外

，開展試點省份均在兩批電力交易試點省份名單中。廣東、江浙滬等

經濟發(fā)達地區(qū)電力交易試點較為成熟

，業(yè)務基礎良好。Existing

VPP

projects

are

almost

entirely

overlapping

with

the

regions

where

power

spot

pilot

region

are

implemented.

Exceptfor

northern

Hebei,

allthe

provinces

conducting

pilotsare

included

in

the

two

batches

of

provinces

designated

for

power

tradingpilots.Regionswithstrong

economiessuch

as

Guangdong,

Jiangsu,

Zhejiang,

and

Shanghai

have

more

matureelectricitytrading

pilotswithasolid

businessfoundation.目前虛擬電廠國內外在編標準6項

，其中IEC在編標準2項

，國內在編

標準4項（推薦性標準）

。虛擬電廠還可按需采用需求側管理、儲能、分布式電源并網(wǎng)相關標準。Thereare

six

standardsbeingdevelopedforVPPbothdomesticallyandinternationally,

including

two

standards

in

progress

by

the

InternationalElectrotechnical

Commission

(IEC)

and

four

domestic

standards

under

development

(recommended

standards).

VPPs

can

also

choose

to

adopt

standards

related

to

demand-side

management,

energy

storage,

andtheintegrationofdistributedenergy

resources

as

needed.目前以參與需求響應邀約、

調峰、調頻、容量備用輔助服務交易為

主要收益來源

，部分虛擬電廠具備峰谷套利能力

，還可作為綜合能源服務商通過為用戶提供能源托管等服務獲益。TheprimarysourcesofrevenueforVPPinclude

participationin

demandresponseinvitations,peakshaving,frequencyregulation,andcapacityreserveancillaryservice

transactions.

Some

VPPs

also

have

peak-off-peak

arbitrage

capabilities

and

can

serve

as

integrated

energy

service

providersbyofferingservices

suchas

energy

aggregation

for

users

to

generate

income.尚未形成成熟的成套解決方案

，虛擬電廠項目基本處于前期試點研

究階段。近年來

，江蘇、上海、河北、廣東等地相繼開展了虛擬電廠的

試點

，聚合資源主要偏重于可調節(jié)負荷。Maturecomprehensivesolutionshavenotyetbeen

established,andVPP

projectsareprimarilyintheearlypilot

research

phase.

In

recent

years,

provinces

such

as

Jiangsu,

Shanghai,

Hebei,

and

Guangdong

have

successively

initiated

pilotsforVPP,with

resourceaggregation

primarily

focusing

onadjustableloads.一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies試點建設Pilot

Construction標準制定與應用Standard

Development

and

Application實施模式

Implementation

Model盈利模式

Profit

Model2022年4月16日

，廣東電力交易中心印發(fā)《廣東省市場化需求響應實施細則（試行）》（廣東交易〔2022〕54號）文件

，規(guī)定虛擬電廠調節(jié)能力與需求響應機制。

非直控虛擬電廠調節(jié)能力：

響應能力不低于0.3MW

，單次響應持續(xù)時間不低于2小時；

直控虛擬電廠調節(jié)能力：上下調節(jié)不低于10MW

，單次響應持續(xù)時間不低于2小

時；

需求響應機制：

響應時段為所發(fā)布的需求響應時段

，響應價格為單段報價

，具備

條件后可啟用多段報價。On

April

16,

2022,

the

Guangdong

Power

Exchange

Center

issued

the

"

Guangdong

Province

Market-Based

Demand

Response

Implementation

Rules

(Trial)"

(Guangdong

Trading[2022]No.

54),which

stipulates

the

regulation

capacity

and

demand

response

mechanismsforVPP.

For

non-direct

control

VPP,

the

regulation

capacity

should

not

be

less

than

0.3

MW,

withasingle

response

duration

of

not

lessthan

2

hours.

Fordirectcontrol

VPP,

theregulationcapacityforbothupward

and

downward

adjustments

should

not

be

less

than

10

MW,with

a

single

response

duration

of

not

less

than

2

hours.

Thedemand

response

mechanism

includes

response

periodsasdefined

inthe

demand

responsescheduleandsingle-segmentpricing.Multiple-segmentpricingcanbe

enabledwhencertainconditions

are

met.2022年6月13日,深圳市發(fā)改委發(fā)布《深圳市虛擬電廠落地工作方案(2022-

2025)》,對下階段深圳虛擬電廠建設實施指明了方向。

重點發(fā)展智能有序充電技術及相應商業(yè)模式

，新能源汽車與電網(wǎng)雙向能量互動商業(yè)模式取得突破；

建成100萬千瓦級可調能力

，逐步形成年度最大負荷5%左右的穩(wěn)定調節(jié)能力；

不斷完善虛擬電廠市場化交易機制

，孵化培育一批國內領先的負荷聚合商和核心零部件研發(fā)制造企業(yè)。On

June

13,

2022,

the

Development

and

Reform

Commission

of

ShenzhenMunicipality

issued

the“Shenzhen

Virtual

Power

Plant

Implementation

Plan

(2022-

2025),”which

providescleardirectionsforthe

next

stage

ofVPP

construction

in

Shenzhen.

Thekeyfocusisonthedevelopmentofintelligentandorderlycharging

technologies

and

corresponding

business

models,

aswell

as

achieving

breakthroughs

in

the

bi-directional

energy

interaction

business

models

between

new

energy

vehicles

andthe

grid.

Theplan

aims

to

establish

adjustable

capacity

ofup

to1GW,gradually

forming

stable

regulation

capacityofaround

5%oftheannual

maximum

load.

Continuousimprovementswill

bemadeinthe

market-orientedtrading

mechanisms

forVPP,nurturing

and

incubating

a

group

of

leading

domesticloadaggregation

businesses

andcorecomponent

researchand

manufacturingenterprises.一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies深圳虛擬電廠實踐情況ThesituationofVPPimplementation

in

Shenzhen.政策機制Policy

Mechanisms廣東省市場化需求響應補貼GuangdongProvinceMarket-BasedDemandResponseSubsidies

日前邀約

，價格上限3.5元/kWhDay-ahead

invitation,

the

price

ceiling

wasset

at￥3.5/kWh

周內中標時段、

日內提前兩小時

，價格上

限5元/kWhBid

byweek

and

being

scheduled

two

hours

in

advance:price

ceiling

is￥5/kWh深圳市政府建立的本地固定補貼ThelocalfixedsubsidyestablishedbytheShenzhen

MunicipalGovernment

分布式光伏上網(wǎng)電量0.3元/kWhDistributedPV:0.3￥/kWh

(electricity

sentto

grid)

直流充電樁并網(wǎng)容量300元/kW、

交流充

電樁并網(wǎng)容量150元/kW。DC

charging

pile

grid-connected

capacity:300

￥/kW;AC

charging

pile

grid-connected

capacity:

150￥/kW南方電網(wǎng)區(qū)域兩個細則規(guī)定的調峰、調頻等輔助服務固定價格補貼Thefixedpricesubsidiesfor

peakshaving,frequencyregulation,andotherancillaryservices

獨立儲能0.792元/kWh；Independent

Energy

Storage

0.792

￥/kWh

直控型可調節(jié)負荷

，填谷0.132-0.792元/

kWh,削峰

，0.264-1.584元/kWh。Dispatch-center-controlledAdjustable

Load,Off-Peak0.132-0.792￥/kWh,Peak-Shaving0.264-1.584￥/kWh一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies接入深圳虛擬電廠平臺的市場主體可以通過以下三個來源獲得激勵：MarketentitiesconnectingtotheShenzhen

VPP

platform

can

obtain

incentives

from

the

following

three

sources:深圳虛擬電廠實踐情況ThesituationofVPPimplementation

in

Shenzhen.市場激勵機制Market

Incentive

Mechanism截至目前

，平臺已接入聚合商12家

，接入裝機容量約71萬千瓦

，其中可調節(jié)負荷50萬千瓦（相當于約9萬戶家庭的用電報裝容量）

，分布式光伏容量21萬千瓦。As

of

now,

the

platform

has

onboarded

12

aggregator

companies

with

a

combined

installed

capacity

of

approximately

710MW.

Among

them,

the

adjustable

load

capacity

is

500MW

(equivalent

to

the

installed

capacity

of

about

90,000

households),

andthedistributed

PVcapacity

is

210MW.預計2025年

，將建成具備100萬千瓦級可調能力的虛擬電廠

，逐步形成年最大負荷5%左右的穩(wěn)定調節(jié)能力。It

is

projected

that

by

2025,

the

VPP

with

an

adjustable

capacity

of

1

GW

will

be

established,

gradually

forming

a

stable

regulationcapacityofaround

5%oftheannualmaximum

load.一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies深圳虛擬電廠實踐情況ThesituationofVPPimplementation

in

Shenzhen.集中供冷站建設情況ConstructionStatus平臺接入資源類型大型商業(yè)綜合體電動汽車運營商分布式儲能大型寫字樓數(shù)據(jù)中心工業(yè)園區(qū)工業(yè)負荷…智能終端RTU模塊有強可編程能力，可靈活實現(xiàn)用戶所需定制化邏輯控制功能，保證現(xiàn)場運行穩(wěn)定可靠。Thesmartterminal

RTU

module

possessesstrongprogrammablecapabilities,allowingforflexibleimplementationofcustomizedlogiccontrolfunctions

as

required

by

users,ensuringstableand

reliableon-

siteoperation.一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies智能終端采用模塊化設計，具備通用接口，可適應不同類型

分布式能源資源接入，可集成更多應用功能。The

intelligentterminaladoptsa

modulardesignwithuniversal

interfaces,

makingitadaptabletovarioustypesofdistributedenergy

resourceconnectionsand

capableofintegratingadditionalapplicationfunctions.實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)的閉環(huán)、實時在線、全自動運行，可在1秒鐘內快速完成優(yōu)化計算和指令下達。Thesystem

hasachievedclosed-loop,

real-timeonline,andfullyautomaticoperation,withtheabilitytocompleteoptimizationcalculationsandissue

instructionswithin1

second.深圳虛擬電廠實踐情況ThesituationofVPPimplementation

in

Shenzhen.全面包含典型源、荷、儲可控資源，均可參與調度調控，打通中小型分布式能源與調度的通信及調控壁壘。Comprehensivelyencompassingtypicalcontrollableresources

ingeneration,load,andstorage,all

ofwhichcan

participateindispatchand

control全資源整合、閉環(huán)優(yōu)化調控ComprehensiveResourceIntegrationandClosed-LoopOptimizationControl通用性強、功能易擴展Highversatilityandeasyexpandabilityoffunctions配套終端功能靈活定制CustomizableTerminalFunctions實時準確響應調度指令Real-timeandAccurate

Responseto

DispatchInstructions

平臺建設亮點

Highlightsofthe

platformconstruction：建設情況ConstructionStatusADBC

試點運行成效1：

2021年11月8日

，深圳能源售電公司代理的深

圳地鐵集團站點、深圳水務集團筆架山水廠參與響應。在正常安

全生產前提下

，按計劃調節(jié)負荷共3000kW。負荷側資源在接到緊急調控需求后，

10分鐘內負荷功率即下調至目標值。Pilot

Operation

Effect

1:

On

November

8,

2021,

demand

responseadjustedtheloadas

planned,

totaling

3

MW.

Uponreceiving

theemergencycontrolrequest,the

demand-sideresources

reducedthe

load

power

to

the

targetvaluewithin10

minutes.

試點運行成效2：2022年4月28日

，提前向平臺下發(fā)10000kW向

下調節(jié)需求

，

一

天

內

7

家

聚

合

商

在

指

定

區(qū)

域

最

大

削

減

負

荷5344kW。Pilot

Operation

Effect

2:

On

April

28,

2022,

an

advance

requestto

reduce

demand

by

10MWwas

sent

to

the

platform.

Within

one

day,

seven

aggregator

companies

reducedthemaximum

load

by

5,344

kW

in

the

designatedarea.

試點運行成效3：2022年4月29日下午14時30分

，深圳龍華區(qū)民興苑的V2G充電站自收到指令1分鐘內

，充電功率降為零

，并將

車載電能返送電網(wǎng)

，實現(xiàn)了電動汽車與電網(wǎng)互動的迅速調節(jié)。PilotOperation

Effect

3:

OnApril

29,

2022,at

14:30

inthe

afternoon,

the

V2G

charging

stationrapidlyreduced

the

charging

power

to

zero

within1

minute

uponreceivingthecommand,achievingswift

regulationthrough

theinteractionbetweenelectricvehiclesandthegrid.一

發(fā)展背景-國內研究進展與案例I

Development

Background-

Domestic

Research

Progress

and

Case

Studies深圳虛擬電廠實踐情況ThesituationofVPPimplementation

in

Shenzhen.運行效果Operational

Performance深圳虛擬電廠平臺ShenzhenVPP

Platform國內外對比項國外Overseas國內Domestic聚合資源類型AggregatedResourceTypes類型豐富，含源、荷、儲等各類資源。歐洲以分布式可再生能源為主，負荷側資源占比小。Diverseintype,encompassingvariousresourcessuchasgeneration,

load,andstorage.

Europeprimarilyfocusesondistributed

renewableenergy,withasmallershareofdemand-side

resources以負荷側資源調節(jié)為主。未發(fā)揮國內可再生能源資源富足優(yōu)勢，

難以實現(xiàn)規(guī)

模效益。Mainlyfocusedonload-side

resourceregulation.

It

has

notfully

leveragedtheabundantdomesticrenewableenergy

resources,makingitchallengingtoachieveeconomies

of

scale.政策及市場成熟度Policyand

MarketMaturity輔助服務市場和電力現(xiàn)貨市場機制完善，尤其是電力現(xiàn)貨市場更加成熟。Theancillaryservicesmarketandelectricityspot

marketmechanismsare

well-developed,withtheelectricityspotmarket,in

particular,beingmore

mature.兩類市場尚不成熟，大部分省份以試點方式推進。Bothtypesofmarketsarenotyetmature,

and

most

provinces

are

promotingthemthroughpilot

programs.技術成熟度TechnologicalMaturity協(xié)調控制技術等核心技術更加成熟，可實現(xiàn)對各種可再生能源及負荷的靈活控制。

Coretechnologiessuchascoordinatedcontrolhavebecome

moremature,enablingflexiblecontrolofvariousrenewableenergysourcesand

loads.分布式可再生能源尚不可控

，且協(xié)調控制策略有待完善。Distributedrenewableenergysourcesarestill

uncontrollable,

andcoordinatedcontrolstrategiesneedfurtherimprovement商業(yè)模式Business

Model已實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化，主要通過電力市場交易、參與調峰調頻、配置儲能參與輔助服務

獲益。Ithasachievedcommercialization,primarilyby

participatinginelectricitymarkettransactions,peakshaving,frequencyregulation,and

engaginginenergy

storageto

benefit.商業(yè)模式尚不清晰，以參與需求響應、提供節(jié)能及用電監(jiān)控等服務為主，參

與輔助服務市場為輔，參與電力現(xiàn)貨仍在探索中。Thebusinessmodelisnotyetwell-defined,

primarilyfocusingon

participationindemand

response,providingenergy-savingandpowerconsumptionmonitoringservices,withauxiliaryservicesmarketsassecondary,andparticipationintheelectricityspot

market

stillinthe

exploratory

phase.一

發(fā)展背景-國內外研究進展對比分析I

Development

Background-

Comparative

analysis從國內外虛擬電廠實踐對比看，有較大差別，總結如下。ComparingVPP

practicesbetweendomesticandinternational

contexts,there

are

significant

differences,

summarized

as

follows.發(fā)布時間文號政策名稱發(fā)布單位2022年7月/《電力需求側管理辦法（征求意見稿）》國家發(fā)展改革委2022年11月/《電力現(xiàn)貨市場基本規(guī)則（征求意見稿）》國家能源局2022年1月發(fā)改能源〔2022〕210號《“十四五”現(xiàn)代能源體系規(guī)劃》國家發(fā)展改革委、國家能源局2022年1月發(fā)改能源〔2022〕206號《關于完善能源綠色低碳轉型體制機制

和政策措施的意見》國家發(fā)展改革委、國家能源局2022年1月發(fā)改體改〔2022〕118號《關于加快建設全國統(tǒng)一電力市場體系的指導意見》國家發(fā)展改革委、國家能源局2021年7月發(fā)改能源規(guī)〔2021〕1051號《關于加快推動新型儲能發(fā)展的指導意見》國家發(fā)展改革委、國家能源局2021年2月發(fā)改能源規(guī)〔2021〕280號《關于推進電力源網(wǎng)荷儲一體化和多能

互補發(fā)展的指導意見》國家發(fā)展改革委、國家能源局PotentialVPPapplicationsinthepowermarketunder

relevant

nationalandindustrypoliciesVPP

isstill

inthe

pilotstage,withits

application

indemand

response

as

load

managing

entity.However,giveninadequateprofit

marginsandsubsidies,

investments

are

shyto

sustain.

Market-basedtransactions,especiallyspottransactions,toobtainsufficientbenefitsforVPPinvestorsisthekeyto

breakthe

ice.Driventheconstructionofa

unifiednational

power

market,various

powergeneration

groups

andpowergridcompaniesareactivelyconductingresearch

and

pilots.

VPP

market

mechanisms,technicalstandards,and

businessmodeldevelopmentsare

rapidlyadvancing.

Duringthe

14th

Five-Year

Plan

period,VPP

isexpectedtodevelop

rapidlyin

powersupply-scarceareas.VPP目前仍處于試點階段

，實踐中以負荷管理的一種形態(tài)參與需求響應

市場收益和補貼不足以支持用戶持續(xù)投入。

因此

，虛擬電廠參與市場化交易

，尤其是現(xiàn)貨交易

，為用戶獲取足夠的利益

，是破局的關鍵。受全國統(tǒng)一電力市場體系建設等利好政策驅動

，能源行業(yè)各發(fā)電集團、

電網(wǎng)公司積極開展研究試點

，VPP市場機制銜接、技術規(guī)格標準化、商

業(yè)模式多樣化等工作快速推進，“十四五

”期間

，VPP有望在供需緊張

地區(qū)快速發(fā)展。Policy

nameDemandSide

Management

Measures(Draft)PowerSpot

MarketGround

Rules

(Draft)14th

Five-Year-Plan

Modern

EnergySystemPlanningOpinionson

Improvingthe

InstitutionalMechanismsand

Policy

MeasuresforGreenand

Low-Carbon

EnergyTransitionGuidanceonAcceleratingtheConstructionof

a

Nationally

Unified

Power

MarketGuidanceonAcceleratingthe

DevelopmentofNovel

EnergyStoragesGuidanceon

Promotingthe

IntegrationofGenerator,Grid,

LoadandStorage

and

theDevelopmentof

Multi-energy二

研究現(xiàn)狀-基于不同區(qū)域資源的VPP分析II

Status-quo

research

-

VPP

analysis

based

on

different

regional

advantagesDocument

id//發(fā)改能源〔2022〕210號發(fā)改能源〔2022〕206號發(fā)改體改〔2022〕118號發(fā)改能源規(guī)〔2021〕1051號發(fā)改能源規(guī)〔2021〕280號基于相關國家和行業(yè)政策下VPP在電力市場的潛在參與前景DepartmentNDRCNEANDRC,

NEANDRC,

NEANDRC,

NEANDRC,

NEANDRC,

NEAAnnounced

time2022Jul2022

Nov2022Jan2022Jan2022Jan2021Jul2021

FebComplementarity,

城市虛擬電廠主要集中了居民、商業(yè)建筑的空調負荷和照明負荷。在上海、北京、杭州等受端電網(wǎng)，城市虛擬電廠是緩解供需矛盾的有效工具，

同

時可以減少電力通道擴容占地和建設改裝碳排總量。

UrbanVPP

mainlyaggregatesACand

lighting

loadsof

residentialand

commercial

buildings.

Inthe

recipient

grids

of

Shanghai,Beijingand

Hangzhou,

urbanVPPareeffectivetoolstoalleviate

the

tense

between

supply

and

demand,

and

reduce

the

total

amountofcarbonemissionsfromtheexpansionoftransmission

anddistribution

capacity.虛擬電廠聚合海量異構資源，提取資源響應速度、時長、容量等特征參數(shù)。在極端場景下，組織用戶主動參與需求響應市場邀約、調峰輔助服務交易，最大程度支撐電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定運行和電力可靠

供應。VPPaggregatesmassive

heterogeneous

resourcesandextractsadvantagesofvariousresourcessuchasfast

responsespeed,longdurationand

largecapacity.

Inextremescenarios,itorganizes

usersto

activelyparticipate

indemandresponseand

peakingancillaryservicesto

maximallysupportthesafe

andstableoperationofthe

powergrid

and

thereliablesupplyofelectricity.二

研究現(xiàn)狀-基于不同區(qū)域資源的VPP分析II

Status-quo

research

-

VPP

analysis

based

on

different

regional

advantages城市虛擬電廠緩解極端天氣下電力供需矛盾UrbanVPPcanease

power

shortageduring

extremeweatherconditionsVPPdemandand

supply

coupling

in

multiplegridinteraction

scenarios某地區(qū)95%以上尖峰負荷持續(xù)時間Typical

peak

load

(≥95%)durationsby

area多種電網(wǎng)交互場景下的VPP

需求和資源供需匹配某區(qū)域典型日用電負荷曲線Typical

inter-day

loadcurve

《中華人民共和國節(jié)約能源法》和《工業(yè)節(jié)能監(jiān)察辦法》要求嚴格能效約束

，推動重點行業(yè)節(jié)能降碳、降本增效；工信部2023年對鋼鐵、焦化、鐵合金等17個行業(yè)開展強制性能耗限額標準專項監(jiān)察。

The

People’s

Republic

of

China

Energy

Conservation

Lawand

Industrial

Energy

Conservation

Supervision

Measuresrequireindustrytocomplystrictenergy-efficiencystandardsto

promoteenergyconservation,carbon

reduction,cost

reductionandefficiency

improvements

in

key

industries;the

Ministry

of

Industryand

InformationTechnology(MIIT)carriedout

mandatoryenergy-consumption

quota

standardsfor

17

industries

in

2023,

such

as

iron

and

steel,coking,ferroalloys,etc.

工業(yè)調峰虛擬電廠位于能耗強度高的工業(yè)園區(qū)。在遼寧鞍山

，虛擬電廠可以優(yōu)化工藝流程與執(zhí)行時段

，實現(xiàn)調峰

，提高碳效率。

IndustrialVPPsarein

industrial

parkswith

highenergyintensity.

InAnshan,

Liaoning

province,theVPP

optimizes

processflows

and

production

periodstoenablepeakingandimprove

carbon

efficiency.單位:億千瓦Unit:

100GW2020202520302050波動性可再生能源發(fā)電規(guī)模VRECapacity5101540傳統(tǒng)調節(jié)手段靈活煤電機組TraditionalDispatchable

UnitsCoal1234天然氣發(fā)電機組Gas11.51.82.3抽水蓄能Pump

hydro0.320.681.21.7電化學儲能BatteryStorage0.030.226.1可再生能源功率調節(jié)缺口VRE

Power

RampingGap2.655.62725.9二

研究現(xiàn)狀-基于不同區(qū)域資源的VPP分析II

Status-quo

research

-

VPP

analysis

based

on

different

regional

advantages工業(yè)調峰虛擬電廠提升新型電力系統(tǒng)靈活調節(jié)能力IndustrialVPPenhancesflexibilityoftheNewPowerSystemVPPdemandand

supplycoupling

in

multiplegridinteraction

scenarios多種電網(wǎng)交互場景下的VPP

需求和資源供需匹配HydroWind

Solar

PV2依據(jù)《“十四五”現(xiàn)代能源體系規(guī)劃》

等預測1系統(tǒng)調節(jié)需求預測2

Systemflexibilitydemand

projection2China

Power

Industry

Annual

Report,

CEC

2

14th

Five-Year-Plan

Modern

Energy

System

Planning,

NDRC

&

NEA各類可再生能源累計裝機規(guī)模1

VRECapacity11數(shù)據(jù)來源于中電聯(lián)歷年《中國電力

行業(yè)年度發(fā)展報告》Capacity/100GW

分布式新能源出力存在不確定性

，低電壓等級電源信息接入率低

，規(guī)?；l(fā)展后影響負荷預測精度

，疊加集中式新能源電站影響

，導致局部地區(qū)日間負荷低谷時段調峰難度加

大。

DistributedVRE

hasvariableoutput,

poor

lowvoltage

powerinformationaccessrate.

Large

scale

distributedVRE

deploymentwould

impact

loadforecasting

accuracy,addingontheimpactofcentralized

renewables,significantly

increasingthe

difficulty

in

daytime

ramping

during

low

load

periods.

可再生能源消納虛擬電廠位于可再生能源豐富的地區(qū)

，可在甘肅、河北、東北等地

，通過評估可控負荷消納能力

，應用于附近可再生能源發(fā)電大發(fā)時段

，促進可再生能源就地

消納。

Renewablescurtailment

preventionVPPisin

renewableenergy-richareas,such

as

Gansu,

Hebei

and

Northeastern

China.

Through

load

and

outputforecasting,theseVPPsandutilizeVREgenerationduring

maximumoutput

hoursto

promotethe

local

renewables

consumption.二

研究現(xiàn)狀-基于不同區(qū)域資源的VPP分析II

Status-quo

research

-

VPP

analysis

based

on

different

regional

advantagesVPPcanestablishefficientconnection

and

real-time

monitoring

betweenvarious

types

of

distributed

resources,

carryingouttradingofdistributed

renewablesthrough

advanced

automatic

response

controltechnology

and

flexiblebusiness

model.VPP

canalso

conductcentralizedtrading