Unit5RevealingnatureUsinglanguage1.Insentence(a),whichactionhappenedfirst,“suspected”or“evolvedfromacommonancestor”?2.Insentence(b),whichactionhappenedfirst,“refusedtobelieve”or“evolvedfromlowerformsoflife”?3.Whatdoesthestructurehaddoneindicate?Activity1.Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.aDarwinsuspectedthatthefincheshadevolvedfromacommonancestor,...bManypeoplerefusedtobelievethatlivingthings,includinghumans,hadevolved

fromlowerformsoflife.Insentence(a),“evolvedfromacommon

ancestor”happenedfirst.Insentence(b),“evolvedfromlowerformsof

life”happenedfirst.Itindicatestheactionhappenedbeforeacertain

pastaction.UsinglanguageaDarwinsuspectedthatthefincheshadevolvedfromacommonancestor,...bManypeoplerefusedtobelievethatlivingthings,includinghumans,hadevolved

fromlowerformsoflife.Ineachsentence,boththetwoactionshappenedinthepast,ActionBhappenedfirst,ActionAhappenedlater.Inthissituation,pastperfectisusedtodescribeActionBandsimplepastisusedtodescribeActionA.SummaryActionAActionBUsinglanguageActivity1.Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.Nowlookformoresentenceswiththepastperfecttenseinthereadingpassage,andsummariseitsuseinyourownwords.AfterDarwinhad

spentsometimeinSouthAmerica,

hisroomon

theshipwascrowdedwithsamplesoftheplants

andanimalshehadcollected.Atthattime,

peoplebelievedthatallspecies

hadappearedonEarthatthesametime,and

hadnotchangedsince.Itseemedtheirbeakshadevolved

accordingtowhatfoodwasavailableonthat

particularisland....Thepastperfectisaverbtensewhichisusedtoshowthatanactiontookplaceonceormanytimesbeforeanotheraction/pointinthepast.

UsinglanguageActivity1.Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.Thepastperfectisformedusinghad+pastparticiple.Questionsareindicatedbyinvertingthesubjectandhad.Negativesaremadewithhadnot.Statement:YouhadstudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.Question:HadyoustudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork?Negative:YouhadnotstudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.Whatispastperfecttense?DefinitionThepastperfectisaverbtensewhichisusedtoshowthatanactiontookplaceonceormanytimesbeforeanotheraction/pointinthepast.PastPerfectFormsUsinglanguageThepastperfectexpressestheideathatsomethingoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Itcanalsoshowthatsomethinghappenedbeforeaspecifictimeinthepast.pastperfectsimplepastPastPerfectUsesUse1CompletedActionBeforeSomethinginthePastUsinglanguageExamples:1.I____________(notsee)suchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoKauai.2.IdidnothaveanymoneybecauseI________(lose)mywallet.3.TonyknewIstanbulsowellbecausehe___________(visit)thecityseveraltimes.4.______Susan_______(study)ThaibeforeshemovedtoThailand?5.Sheonlyunderstoodthemoviebecauseshe_________(read)thebook.6.Kristine_____________(neverbe)toanoperabeforelastnight.7.Wewerenotabletogetahotelroombecausewe______________(notbook)inadvance.8.A:_______youever_______(visit)theU.S.beforeyourtripin2006?B:Yes,I____________totheU.S.oncebefore.hadn’tseenhadlosthadvisitedstudiedHadhadreadhadneverbeenhadn’tbookedHadvisitedhadbeenUsinglanguageWithnon-continuousverbs(simplepast),weusethepastperfecttoshowthatsomethingstartedinthepastandcontinuedupuntilanotheraction(non-continuousverbs)inthepast.simplepast(non-continuous)pastperfectdurationPastPerfectUsesUse

2

DurationBeforeSomethinginthePast(Non-ContinuousVerbs)UsinglanguageExamples:1.Wehadhadthatcarfortenyearsbeforeitbrokedown.2.BythetimeAlexfinishedhisstudies,hehadbeeninLondonforovereightyears.3.Theyfeltbadaboutsellingthehousebecausetheyhadowneditformorethanfortyyears.non-continuousverbpastperfectdurationnon-continuousverbpastperfectdurationpastperfectdurationnon-continuousverbThewords“l(fā)ive”,

“work”,

“teach”,

and“study”aresometimesusedinthiswayeventhoughtheyareNOTnon-continuousverbs.UsinglanguageAdverbssuchasalways,only,never,ever,stillandjustareusuallyplacedbetweenhadandpastparticiple.Examples:YouhadpreviouslystudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork.HadyoupreviouslystudiedEnglishbeforeyoumovedtoNewYork?AdverbPlacementinPastPerfectUsinglanguageActivevoice:had+pastparticiplePassivevoice:had+been+pastparticipleExamples:Georgehadrepairedmanycarsbeforehereceivedhismechanic’slicense.(Active)ManycarshadbeenrepairedbyGeorgebeforehereceivedhismechanic’slicense.(Passive)

Active/PassiveVoiceinPastPerfectUsinglanguage1.a.Naturaldisastersledtofoodshortagesinthe1960s.b.YuanLongpingbegantodoresearchonhybridrice.c.YuanLongpingdevelopedabettertypeofrice.YuanLongping_____________todoresearchonhybridricebecausenaturaldisasters______________foodshortagesinthe1960s.Intheend,he____________abettertypeofrice.beganhadledtodevelopedActivity2.Completetheparagraphswiththeinformationfromthegivensentences.Thesentencesareintheorderinwhichtheyhappened.Theycanhelpyoudecidetheuseoftenses.UsinglanguageYuanLongpingYuanLongpingwasborninBeijingin1930.Afterhegraduatedfromuniversityintheearly1950s,hededicatedhimselftotheresearchofagriculture.Yuanhadtheideatocreateanewbreedofriceinthe1960s.Sincethen,hehasworkedtirelesslytoresearchanddevelopabetterricebreed.In1973heandhiscollaboratorsmanagedtocultivateahybridricespeciesthatwassuperiortomanyothers.Thisspeciesproduced20percentmorericeperplantthanthecommonlygrownvarieties.Forhisachievementsandcontributions,Yuanisknownasthe“fatherofhybridrice”andwasawardedtheMedaloftheRepublicin2019.Activity2.Completetheparagraphswiththeinformationfromthegivensentences.Thesentencesareintheorderinwhichtheyhappened.Theycanhelpyoudecidetheuseoftenses.UsinglanguageBackgroundinformation2.a.GregorMendelchosetostudypeaplantsbecausetheircharacteristicswereeasytocontrol.b.GregorMendelmadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenetics.c.GregorMendeldiedin1884.GregorMendel___________studypeaplantsbecausetheircharacteristicswereeasytocontrol.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1884,he________importantdiscoveriesaboutgenetics.chosetohadmadeUsinglanguageActivity2.

Completetheparagraphswiththeinformationfromthegivensentences.Thesentencesareintheorderinwhichtheyhappened.Theycanhelpyoudecidetheuseoftenses.GregorMendelGregorMendel(1822-1884)wasaninfluentialbotanist.Mendelworkedoutthebasicprinciplesofhereditybyexperimentingwithplants.In1866,hepublishedhisfindings,showinghowinvisible“factors”(nowknownasgenes)areresponsibleforpredictablevisibletraits.Asaresultofhiswork,hebecameknownasthe“fatherofmoderngenetics”.Activity2.Completetheparagraphswiththeinformationfromthegivensentences.Thesentencesareintheorderinwhichtheyhappened.Theycanhelpyoudecidetheuseoftenses.UsinglanguageBackgroundinformationcompete decline eatlive introduce arriveLonesomeGeorgeLonesomeGeorgewasthelastPintaIslandtortoise.Hediedin2012.AfterGeorge’sdeath,thePintaIslandtortoisewasdeclaredextinct.

TheextinctionofthePintaIslandtortoiseisblamedonhumans.Beforehumans__________ontheisland,thespecies___________inisolationand___________theplantsthatnaturallygrewthere.Georgewasdiscoveredmanyyearsaftertheirarrival,andbythenhumans______________newspeciesthat_________forthefoodthetortoisesate.Aftergoatsinparticularhadbeenbroughttotheisland,thePintaIslandtortoisepopulation____________.Eventually,onlyGeorgeremained.arrivedhadlivedhadeatenhadintroducedcompeteddeclinedActivity3.Completetheonlineencyclopediaentrywiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.UsinglanguageUsinglanguageBiodiversityListentothepodcastandchoosethestatementsthataremade.1.Biodiversityisimportant.2.Bacteriaarealwaysharmfultohumans.

3.Somespeciesofbacteriaareusedinfoodproduction.4.Manyspeciesofbacteriarecycledeadorganicmatter.5.Ourimmunesystemsareabletofightoffallgerms.UsinglanguageBiodiversityListenagainandcompletethefactsheet.

CellsEverylivingthingis1.________________.Theyarelike2.___________________________________.Inthehumanbodythereareabout3.________________________humancellsandaround4.____________________bacteriacells.BacteriaMostbacteriainthehumanbodycan5.___________________.Inthefoodproductionprocess,bacteriacan6._______________deadorganicmatter.madeupofcellsbricksthatareusedtobuildhousesthirtytrillionthirty-ninetrillionhelpwithdigestionbreakdownUsinglanguage聽力原文Usinglanguage聽力原文UsinglanguageCompletetheboxeswiththeexpressionsfromthepodcast.Doyouknowabout...?Haveyouheardof...?Bytheway,...Infact,...Actually,...Speakingofwhich,...CheckingbackgroundknowledgeAddinginformationDoyouknowabout...?Haveyouheardof...?

Bytheway,...Actually,...Infact,...Speakingofwhich,...

UsinglanguageReadthepassageonPage54andanswerthequestions.1.Whatspeciesarementionedandwhatisspecialaboutthem?2.Whatotherunusuallifeformsdoyouknowof?Twospeciesarementioned:thebluewhaleandthewaterbear.ThebluewhaleisthelargestanimalspeciesonEarth,whichcangrowuptoalmost30metresinlengthandweighover130,000kilos.Thewaterbearisprobablythetoughestspecies,whichcansurvivetemperaturesfrom150℃toabelowfreezing-