Unit5Goodmanners知識(shí)點(diǎn)講義牛津譯林版八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)8BUnit5Goodmanners

【comicstrip&welcometotheunit】

l.You’reoldenoughtolearnaboutmannersnow,Hobo.Second,don’tcutinonothers.Alwayswaitpolitely.You’renevertoooldtolearn.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：enoughto足夠……來(lái)做某事

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：cutin

(1)打斷別人的話，插嘴___如：I’msorrytocutinonyourconversation,but...

(2)cutin+onsb.打斷某人說(shuō)話(必須接介詞on)

(3)與cut的相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：cutdown砍到____________cutout刪除

cutoff中斷(電話)，停止(供給)cutup切碎

(1)I’msorryto_________onyou,butthereareoneortwothingsldon’tunderstand.

Itdoesn’tmatter.

A.cutdownB.cutout___

C.cutin

D.cutoff

(2)她正要說(shuō)實(shí)話，湯姆突然打斷了她。

ShewasabouttotellthetruthwhenTom____________her.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：polite

(1)詞性：(adj.)polite(adv.)politely

(adj.)impolite(adv.)impolitely

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)四】：nevertoooldtolearn活到老學(xué)到老

踢完足球后，他太興奮了睡不著。

Afterthefootballgame,hewas__________excited__________sleep.

Shewassoweakthatshecouldn’ttakecareofherbaby.(改為同義句)

Shewas__________weak__________takecareofherbaby.

leavethetaprunning;queueforyourturn.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：leave

(1)leave—left—left

(2)離開(kāi)：leavefor...動(dòng)身前往____________如：LeaveforShanghai.

(3)留下，落下：leavesth.at/in+地點(diǎn)

(4)使......仍處于某種狀態(tài)：leave+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)

prep/adv作賓補(bǔ)：如：Don’tleavethestoveon.

adj作賓補(bǔ)

如：Willyouleavethedooropenwhenyougoout

doing作賓語(yǔ)

如：

Sheleftmewaitingintherain.

(___)Motherwentout__________herbaby__________.

A.leaving;cry

B.leaving;cried

C.leaving;crying

D.leaving;tocry

(___)Don’tleavethewater__________whileyoubrushyourteeth.

A.run

B.runningC.beingrun___D.torun

(___)Hisremarksleftme__________abouthisrealpurpose.

A.wonder

B.wondering___C.wonderedD.towonder

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：run

(1)跑，奔跑

(2)管理，經(jīng)營(yíng)如：Hehasnoideahowtorunabusiness.

(3)運(yùn)行

如：

Shegotoutofthecarandlefttheenginerunning.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：queue

(1)queue(up)for：排隊(duì)等候

(2)queuetodosth：排隊(duì)做某事

如：Wequeued(up)forthebus.

(n.)隊(duì)，行列

如：Therewasalongqueueoutsidethecinema.

There’saqueueofpeoplewaitingfornewhouses.

(4)jumpthequeue=cutinline插隊(duì)

我們正在排隊(duì)買(mǎi)音樂(lè)會(huì)的入場(chǎng)券

We____________ticketsfortheconcert.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)四】：turn

(1)It’sone’sturntodosth.輪到某人做某事

(2)inturn輪流；依次

(3)taketurnstodosth.(insth.)輪流(做)某事

(4)byturns輪流地，交替地

【拓展：介詞+名詞=副詞】

byaccident=

_____

inorder=

________

withjoy=________

withpride=

______

inahurry=

______

作為動(dòng)詞，常譯為“旋轉(zhuǎn)"turnaround，或者“變成”turninto

3.I’mafraidnot.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：afraid

(1)beafraidofsb./sth.害怕某人、某物

(2)beafraidtodosth.

beafraidofdoingsth.害怕做某事

(3)beafraidthat+賓語(yǔ)從句

(4)I’mafraidso.恐怕是這樣的

I’mafraidnot.恐怕不是這樣的

【Reading】

1.Todaywe’veinvitedJennytotalkaboutmannersintheUK.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：invite

(1)invitesb.todosth.：邀請(qǐng)某人做某事

(2)invitesb.to+地方

邀請(qǐng)某人去某地

(3)(n.)invitation

2.What’stheproperwaytogreetpeoplethere,JennyWell,Britishpeoplesay“hello"or“nicetomeetyou”andshakeyourhandwhentheymeetyouforthefirsttime.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：proper

(1)(adj.)正確的，恰當(dāng)?shù)?right

(2)反：improper(adv.)properly

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：thewaytodosth

=thewayofdoingsth

如：What’stherightwaytosaythisinEnglish

Theyaretryingtofindawayofsettlingthedispute.

跟他人打招呼的正確方式是什么____________________greetpeople.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：握手的表達(dá)

(1)shakeone’shand=shakehandswithsb.

(2)shake—shook—shaken

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)四】：forthefirsttime

8AUnit5Wildanimals

Atfourmonths,sheweighedabouteightkilogramsandstartedtogooutsideforthefirsttime.

It’s+次數(shù)+todo

這只熊貓四個(gè)月大的時(shí)候，

開(kāi)始第一次外出。

Atfourmonths,thepandastarted________.

2.Britishpeopleonlygreetrelativesorclosefriendswithakiss.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：close

(1)(adj.)接近

Theshopisclosetotheschool.

(2)(adv.)靠著，挨著Theylivequiteclose.

(3)(v.)關(guān)閉

Closeyourbook

3.DotheygreetpeoplewithakissButpleaseavoidsubjectslikeage,weightormoney.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：with

(1)(prep.)以……的方式

如：Youeatitwithaspoon.

Cutinwiththescissors.

表示“以、用"的介詞：with有形，by手段，語(yǔ)言、聲音in在前，at用在價(jià)格、速度前

如：Heiswritingwithapencil.

Themanearnedmoneybywriting.

Hereadthetextinaloud/sweet/low/beautifulvoice.

Thecarranataspeedof120milesanhour.

()LinlinoftenpracticesEnglish__________chattingwithherAmericanfriend.

A.in___B.by___

C.for___D.with

()Thisphotowastaken__________acheapcamera.A.with___B.by___C.in___D.at

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：avoid

(1)(vt.)回避，避開(kāi)

如：Toavoidthecitycentre,pleaseturnrighthere.

(2)avoiddoingsth.：避免做某事

如：Youcanmakeanexcusetoavoidgoingoutwithhim.

(

)Youcanhardly__________hersinceyoubothworkinthesamefactory.

A.avoidtomeet

B.notavoidmeetingC.avoidmeeting

D.notavoidtomeet

()Chinaisgettingbetterandbetteratmakinghightechnologyproducts.

That’sright.Peoplearoundtheworldcanhardlyavoid__________productsmadeinChina.

A.notbuying

B.nottobuy

C.tobuy

D.buying

()Thetrafficisterriblybusyinthemorning.You’dbetteravoid__________inthecenterofthecity.

A.drive

B.driving

C.todrive

D.driven

湯姆試圖回避不回答我的問(wèn)題

Tomtried___

____myquestions.

4.DopeopletherebehavepolitelyinpublicTheythinkit’srudetopushinbeforeothers.Also,iftheybumpintosomeoneinthestreet,they’llsay“sorry”.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：behave

(1)(v.)舉動(dòng)，表現(xiàn)

如：Behave(yourself)!規(guī)矩點(diǎn)！

awell-behaved/badly-behavedchild一個(gè)守規(guī)矩/不守規(guī)矩的孩子

(2)(n.)behaviour行為

那兒的人們?cè)诠_(kāi)場(chǎng)合舉止有禮嗎？

Dopeoplethere______________

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：inpublic

(1)公開(kāi)地

(2)inprivate私下地

(3)(n.)public：常與the連用，thepublic，意為“公眾"

(4)(adj.)public：公共的

publicplace

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：pushin

(1)插隊(duì)

=cutin(美)

(2)魯莽地打斷

不要插隊(duì)，像別人一樣排隊(duì)等候。

Don’t____________.Waitinlinelikeeveryoneelsedo.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)四】：bump

(1)(vt.&vi.)猛撞，碰

如：Thetwocarsbumpedintoeachother.

如果他們?cè)诮稚献擦巳思?，他們?huì)說(shuō)“對(duì)不起”。

Ifthey

________someoneinthestreet,they’llsay“sorry".

5.Ifyou’reintheirway.theywon’ttouchyouorpushpastyou.They’llsay“excuseme”andbepoliteenoughtowaittillyoumove.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：inone’sway

(1)擋道

(2)與way相關(guān)的短語(yǔ)：loseone’sway迷路___onone’swayto去……的路上

insomeways在某些方面

bytheway順便說(shuō)

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：excuse

(1)(v.)原諒，寬恕

(2)(n.)借口

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：till(conj.)直到……

(

)__________themidnighthewaitedforhismother.

A.Till

B.Since

C.Until

D.At

()“Youcan’thavethisfootballback__________youpromisenottokickitatmycatagain,"theoldmansaidangrily.

A.when

B.till___C.when___D.until

()Manystudentsdidn’trealizetheimportanceofstudy__________theyleftschool.

A.when___B.until___C.as___D.after

()Wedidn’tstartourdiscussion__________everybodyarrived.

A.since___B.if___C.whileD.until

6.Britishpeopleareverypoliteathomeaswell,aren’ttheyTheysay“please”and“thankyou"allthetime.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：aswell

也

(2)also：用在肯定句中

(3)too：肯定句、疑問(wèn)句

(4)either：否定句

(1)Theyplayallkindsofmusicalinstrumentsandsing__________.A.also

B.either

C.aswell

D.aswellas

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：反義疑問(wèn)句

(1)前肯后否，前否后肯

?？键c(diǎn)一：否定祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句，通常用willyou如：Don’tshout,willyou

?？键c(diǎn)二：therebe句型的反義疑問(wèn)句：

.....there如：Thereisarabbit,isn’tthere

?？键c(diǎn)三：否定轉(zhuǎn)移句型的反義疑問(wèn)句：

當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng)I+we時(shí)，根據(jù)從句變，

當(dāng)主句為二三人稱(chēng)時(shí)，根據(jù)主句來(lái)變

如：Idon’tthinkitishard,isit

Theydon’tthinkyouareclever,dothey

?？键c(diǎn)四：few、hardly、seldom等詞，本身含有否定意味，但形容詞否定依舊為肯定

如：Ihavelittlewater,didyou

(

)Don’tforgettoputthebookbackontheshelf,__________

A.doyou

B.don’tyou

C.willyou___D.won’tyou

()Therewon’tbeanyconcertthisSaturdayevening,__________

A.willtherenot

B.willthereC.isthereD.willitbe

()Shenevertellsalie,__________

A.doessheB.doesn’tshe

C.doesnotshe

D.isn’tit

()Don’tsmokeinthemeeting-room,__________

A.doyou

B.willyou

C.canyou

D.couldyou

()Idon’tthinkyou’veheardofhimbefore,

A.haveyouB.haven’tyouC.doI___D.don’tI

()Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,__________

A.don’ttheyB.didn’tthey___C.didthey___D.dothey

7.Oh,keepyourvoicedowninpublic.I’msurethey’rehelpfultous.Justasthesayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：keepsth.down

(1)控制，壓縮，

防止____________如：Wouldyoukeepitdownthere.I’monthephone.

我建議你在公眾場(chǎng)所控制音量。

Iadviseyou________.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：behelpfultosb.

(1)對(duì)某人有幫助____________如：Yourexperiencesmaybehelpfultootherreaders,andtome.

那本字典對(duì)初中生很有幫助。

Thedictionary____________middleschoolstudent

hitsomeoneorsomethingbyaccident;Whenweareinastrangeplace,weshoulddoasthelocalpeopledo

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：byaccident

(1)偶然，意外地

=bychance___如：Imetherpurelybyaccident.

(3)介詞+名詞=副詞

介詞有3種

by、in、with

如

：

_______________________________________

我只是碰巧找到的。

Ionly__________.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：as

(1)(conj.)照……的方式

如：DoasIsay!

(2)因?yàn)?/p>

(3)正如

(4)當(dāng)。。的時(shí)候

9.Britishpeopledon’tliketoshoutorlaughloudly.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：區(qū)分以下三個(gè)詞

(1)aloud(adv.)——出聲地，與read、think連用

大聲地，與call、shout、cry連用

(2)loud——(adj.)響亮的、大聲的、常用比較級(jí)

(adv.)喧鬧地、大聲地，常與speak、talkloud、laugh連用

(3)loudly(adv.)——大聲地、喧鬧地、側(cè)指吵鬧，常與ring、knock等詞連用

【Grammar】

1.be+形容詞+enoughtodosth

(主語(yǔ)是人)

如：Andyisgenerousenoughto.buynicepresentsforallofus.

否定：benot+形容詞+enoughtodosth

如：Thelittlegirlisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.

這個(gè)句型，有時(shí)可以與so/such...that....進(jìn)行互換

如：Heisrich.enough.tobuyaplane.

Heissorichthathecan.buyaplane.

有時(shí)也與too...to...進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換

如：Thelittlegirlisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.

sth.+形容詞+forsbtodo(主語(yǔ)是物)

如：Thequestioniseasyenoughforhimtoanswer.

【精選試題】

Thechildissoyoungthathecan’tputonhisclothes.

Thechildisn’t________________________________putonhisclothes.

Theproblemistoodifficultformetoworkout.

Theproblemisn’t_______________________________metoworkout.

()It’snot__________tobefriendly.Youhavetobeafriend.GoandtalktoSam.

A.goodenough

B.lateenough

C.toogood

D.toolate

無(wú)錫人真幸運(yùn)，將會(huì)看到奧運(yùn)圣火(theOlympicholyfire)經(jīng)過(guò)揚(yáng)州。

ThepeopleofYangzhou____________.

2.too.....to....太……而不能

(1)too后面接形容詞、副詞原級(jí)____________如：Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.

(2)too前面如有表否定的詞，not/never/nothing等，此結(jié)構(gòu)則表肯定

如：Itisnevertoooldtolearn.

(3)如果在too前面出現(xiàn)了only,此時(shí)候，onlytoo為一個(gè)整體，“太、非常”，表肯定

如：Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.

(4)too后接表示感情的形容詞，glad/pleased/happy/sad等，too...to...表示肯定

如：Heistoosadtohearthebadnews.

【精選試題】

Heistooyoungtogotoschool.

Heis___________old__________

togotoschool.

TheproblemissodifficultthatIcan’tworkitout.

Theproblemisn’t_____________________

_________toworkitout.

這男孩還不到上學(xué)的年齡

Theboyis______________________thathecan’tgotoschool.

Theboyis_________________________________gotoschool.

Theboyisn’t_________________________________gotoschool.

Heis______________________youngboy___________hecan’tgotoschool.

1.Shedidnotjointhediscussion.Simonwasveryexcited.Hedidnotexpresshimselfclearly.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：discuss、

discussvt.①discusssth.withsb.(=talkaboutsth.withsb.)discussbusinesswithsb.與某人談生意②discuss+賓語(yǔ)從句

如：Wediscussedwhattodoandwhereweshouldgo.

.①discussion(可數(shù)、不可數(shù))tohold/haveadiscussionaboutsth.withsh.與某人商討某事underdiscussion在討論②注意區(qū)分talk與discussion：discussion討論talk談話，很隨便

Thequestionisstillunder________(discuss).

那位作家用英語(yǔ)正確地表達(dá)了他自己的意思。

Thewriter______English.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：express

(1)(vt.)表達(dá)，可直接接賓語(yǔ)

expressoneself表達(dá)自己的想法

expresssth.tosb.向某人表達(dá)……

如：Beingabletoexpressyourideasisthemostimportantthing.

(n.)expressing

【Integratedskills&Studyskills】

l.Publicsignshelpexplainthings.Mostofthemandgiveususefulinformation.Theyhelpus__________,keepussafefromdangerandwarnus______.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：explain

(1)解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明

(2)explainsthtosbexplainthat+從句

explainoneself辯解

(3)(n.)explanation解釋

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：keep

(1)keep.....from.....使……免受……

(2)keepdoing

(3)keepondoing

(4)keepontodo如：Wethoughtitbesttokeepthebadnewsfromhim.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：warn

(1)(vt.&vi.)警告；告誡；提醒

(2)warnof/against

如：Themessagewarnedofpossibledanger.

Hewarnedmeagain.stgoingthereatnight.

(3)warnsbnottososth/warnsbnevertososth

(4)warnsbthat+從句

()MrSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.

A.toneverdriveB.neverdriving

C.nevertodrive

D.neverdrive

()Therearesomedangerousfishesinthisriver,andI’vewarnedJack________here.

A.nottoswim___B.tonotswim

C.swimnottoD.toswimnot

()Driversarewarned_______whentheyaretired.

A.todrive___B.notdrive___

C.nottodrive

()Thepatientwaswarned________oilyfoodaftertheoperation.

A.toeatnot___B.eatingnot___C.nottoeat

D.noteating

格林太太告誡孩子們不要進(jìn)入她的花園

Mrs.Green___

_hergarden.

2.Whynot

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：提意見(jiàn)的句型

Whynotdosth.=Whatabout=Howabout=hadbetterdo

3.Itsays“Nophotos”

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：say

寫(xiě)著，提供信息、指示

如：Theclocksaidthreeo’clock.

4.Everybodywillbeluckyorsuccessfulsometimeintheirlife.Whenonebadthinghappenstoyou,otherbadthingshappensoonafter.Letmetakeaphotoofit.risklosingeverythingallatonetime.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：successful

(1)succeed(v.)—success(n.)—successful(adj.)—successfully(adv.)

短語(yǔ)：havesuccessin/atsth.

=besuccessfulin(doing)sth.

=dosthsuccessfully

=succeedindoingsth.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：sometime

(1)sometime

(2)sometimes

(3)sometimes

(4)sometime

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)三】：risk

risk[C,U]n.atrisk(from/ofsth.)

有危險(xiǎn)，

冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)attheriskofdoingsth.冒著……的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)takearisk/takerisk

vt.risksth.

使……冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

如：Heriskedhislifetosaveher.riskdoingsth

做某事有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

()Itisbettertoasksomeoneforadvicethan______something.

A.riskdoing

B.risktodo

C.toriskdoing

D.torisktodo

()Youngpeoplemayrisk_______deafiftheyareexposedtoveryloudmusiceveryday.

A.togo

B.go

C.going

D.went

()Hedidn’twanttorisk_______wetashehadonlyonesuit.A.getting

B.togetC.got___D.get

()Don’trisk_______thejobwhichsomanypeoplewant.

A.losing

B.tolose

C.lostD.yourlifetolose

機(jī)會(huì)就在面前，但值得冒此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎？

Thechanceisrightinfrontofus,but___

________

3.youhavetodosomethingbeforeothersinordertobesuccessful.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：inorderto

(1)為了，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)

如：Westartedearlyinordertoarrivebeforedark.

(2)inorderthat：為了，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句

如：IoftenexerciseinorderthatIcankeephealthy.

(3)注意：

當(dāng)主從句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，inorderto才能和inorderthat進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換

諺語(yǔ)積累

Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.早起的鳥(niǎo)兒有食吃。

Itneverrainsbutitpours.禍不單行。

Manyhandsmakelightwork.眾人拾柴火焰高。

Everydoghasitsday.凡人都有得意日。

Putallyoureggsinonebasket.把所有的雞蛋放在一個(gè)籃子里:孤注一擲。

Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheotherside.

另一邊的草總是更綠：別人的東西更好。

Actionsspeaklouderthanwords._________事實(shí)勝于雄辯。

Nopain,nogain.____________不勞無(wú)獲。

Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.___患難朋友才是真朋友。

Practicemakesperfect.____________熟能生巧。

Burnthecandleatbothends._________一根蠟燭兩頭燒：勞累過(guò)度。

A.amissisasgoodasamile____________失之毫厘謬以千里

()Justasthesayinggoes,“_____”Mycousinhasmadehisdreamcometrueafteryearsofhardwork.

A.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords___B.Nopain,nogain

C.Practicemakesperfect____________D.Itneverrainsbutitpours

()Dadneversaysthatheisgoodatcooking,butinfactheis.Healwayscooksdeliciousmealsforus,

thatis,_________.

A.actionsspeaklouderthanwords___B.putallyoureggsinonebasket

C.practicemakesperfect____________D.itneverrainsbutitpours

()__________.IfyoukeeppracticingspeakingEnglisheveryday,youwillbebetteratit

A.BurnthecandleatbothendsB.Everydoghasitsday

C.Manyhandsmakelightwork

D.Practicemakesperfect

()It’snotdifficultforfiveworkerstopushthebrokenvanaway.Yes,_

A.Whenthecat'saway,themicewillplay___B.Everydoghasitday

C.Manyhandsmakelightwork____________D.Don'tputallyoureggsinonebasket

()Ittookmetenyearstobuildupmybusiness,anditalmostkilledme.Well,youknowwhattheysay________.

A.Thereisnosmokewithoutfire

B.Practicemakesperfect

C.AllroadsleadtoRome___DNopains,nogains

()Isyoursleepingproblemgettingbetter

No.And__________.Theygavemethewrongmedicinethistime.Canyoubelievethat

A.amissisasgoodasamile_________

B.itneverrainsbutitpours

C.theearlybirdcatchestheworm___D.everydoghasitsday

()Wecan’taffordtomakeanymistakes.Tous,__________.

A.amissisasgoodasamile___B.thegrassisgreenerontheotherside

C.itneverrainsbutitpours_________D.wheninRome,doastheRomansdo

【Task】

1.Donoteatwithyourmouthopen.Donotreachoversomeone’splateforsomething.

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)一】：withyourmouthopen

(1)with+名詞=adj.伴隨狀語(yǔ)

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)二】：reach

(1)reachsth：夠得著某物

如：reachthetopoftheshelf

reachtheappleonthetree

(2)reachforsth.伸手夠，伸腳夠

(3)等同于短語(yǔ)reachoutforsth=reachoutone’shand/footforsth

(

)Theman_______hishandformoney.

A.reached

B.reachedfor

C.reachedout

D.reachedto

()Thelittlegirl________thekiteinthetree,butshewasnottallenoughto_______it.

A.reached;reachedforB.reachedfor;reachedout

C.reachedout;reachedfor

D.reachedfor;reach

猴子伸出手去夠香蕉。

Themonkey__________abanana.

2.Wearegoingtoholdatalkongoodtablemanners.Thepurposeofthetalkistoteachstudents________.Th