100個(gè)中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)名詞英文對(duì)照一、儒家思想(Confucianism)儒家思想以仁為核心，強(qiáng)調(diào)道德倫理、社會(huì)秩序與個(gè)人修養(yǎng)，是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)思想的主干。2.義(Yi/Righteousness)-Themoralobligationtodowhatisrightandjust.3.禮(Li/Rituals/Propriety)-Thesystemofrituals,ceremonies,andnormsthatgovernsocialbehaviorandmaintainharmony.4.智(Zhi/Wisdom)-Theabilitytodiscernrightfromwrong,andtomakesoundjudgments.5.信(Xin/Trustworthiness)-Honesty,integrity,andkeepingone'sword.6.中庸(ZhongYong/DoctrineoftheMean)-Thepathofmoderation,avoidingextremestoachievebalanceandharmony.7.大學(xué)(DaXue/TheGreatLearning)-AConfuciantextfocusingonpersonalcultivationanditsextensiontogoverningthestate.8.論語(yǔ)(LunYu/TheAnalects)-ArecordofthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusandhisdisciples.9.孟子(Mengzi/Mencius)-ThebookrecordingtheteachingsofMencius,amajorConfucianthinker.10.荀子(Xunzi/HsunTzu)-ThebookrecordingtheteachingsofXunzi,anotherimportantConfucianphilosopherwithamorepragmaticoutlook.11.性善論(TheoryofOriginalGoodnessofHumanNature)-Mencius'viewthathumannatureisinherentlygood.12.性惡論(TheoryofOriginalEvilofHumanNature)-Xunzi'sviewthathumannatureisinherentlyinclinedtowardsselfishnessandrequireseducationformoralimprovement.13.格物致知(GeWuZhiZhi/InvestigatingThingstoExtendKnowledge)-Theprocessofstudyingandunderstandingtheworldtogainknowledgeandinsight.14.誠(chéng)意正心(ChengYiZhengXin/SincereIntentionandRectifiedMind)-Cultivatingsincerityinone'sintentionsandcorrectingone'smindaspartofself-cultivation.15.修身齊家(XiuShenQiJia/CultivatingOneselfandRegulatingtheFamily)-TheConfucianideathatpersonalmoralcultivationisthefoundationformanagingafamilywell.16.治國(guó)平天下(ZhiGuoPingTianXia/GoverningtheStateandBringingPeacetoAllUnderHeaven)-TheultimateConfuciangoalofusingone'svirtuestogovernthestateandbringpeacetotheworld.17.君子(Junzi/NobleMan/Gentleman)-TheConfucianidealofapersonofvirtueandmoralexcellence.18.小人(XiaoRen/PettyMan)-TheoppositeofJunzi,referringtoapersonwhoisselfishandlacksmoralprinciples.19.和而不同(HeErBuTong/HarmonyWithoutUniformity)-Theideaofmaintainingharmonywhilerespectingdifferences.20.己所不欲，勿施于人(JiSuoBuYu,WuShiYuRen/DoasYouWouldBeDoneBy/TheGoldenRule)-AfundamentalConfucianethicalprinciple.二、道家思想(Taoism/Daoism)道家以“道”為核心，主張順應(yīng)自然，無(wú)為而治，追求個(gè)體與宇宙的和諧統(tǒng)一。21.道(Dao/Tao/TheWay)-Thefundamentalprinciple,origin,andorderoftheuniverse;thepathtobefollowed.22.德(De/Te/Virtue/Power)-TheinherentpowerorvirtueoftheDao,manifestedinallthings;moralvirtue.23.無(wú)為(WuWei/Non-Action/Non-Doing)-TheDaoistconceptofactinginaccordancewithnature,withoutforcingorstriving.24.自然(Ziran/Spontaneity/Naturalness)-Thestateofbeingasitis,withoutartificiality;thenaturalwayofthings.26.太極(Taiji/TaiChi/TheGreatUltimate)-TheultimatesourceandunityofYinandYang,representingthecosmos.27.八卦(Bagua/BaGua/TheEightTrigrams)-SymbolicfiguresusedinDaoistcosmologytorepresentthefundamentalprinciplesofreality.28.道德經(jīng)(DaoDeJing/TaoTeChing)-ThefoundationaltextofDaoism,attributedtoLaozi.29.莊子(Zhuangzi/ChuangTzu)-ThebookrecordingtheteachingsandstoriesofZhuangzi,amajorDaoistphilosopherknownforhisrelativismandskepticism.30.老子(Laozi/LaoTzu)-ThelegendaryfounderofDaoism,traditionallyattributedastheauthoroftheDaoDeJing.31.逍遙游(XiaoyaoYou/FreeandEasyWandering)-AfamouschapterintheZhuangzidescribingtheidealstateofspiritualfreedom.32.齊物論(QiWuLun/OntheEqualityofThings)-AchapterintheZhuangziarguingthatalldistinctionsarerelative.33.有(You/Being/Existence)-Thestateofexistence,themanifest.34.無(wú)(Wu/Non-Being/Non-Existence)-Thestateofnon-existence,theunmanifestsourceofallbeinginDaoism.35.天人合一(TianRenHeYi/UnityofManandNature/UnityofHeavenandHumanity)-TheharmoniousintegrationofhumanbeingswiththenaturalworldandtheDao.36.守靜(ShouJing/MaintainingStillness)-Cultivatinginnercalmandtranquility,akeyDaoistpractice.37.抱樸(BaoPu/EmbracingSimplicity)-Returningtoastateoforiginalsimplicityandpurity,untaintedbyartificiality.38.坐忘(ZuoWang/SittinginForgetfulness)-ADaoistmeditativestateofforgettingtheselfandtheexternalworld,leadingtounitywiththeDao.39.長(zhǎng)生久視(ChangShengJiuShi/LongLifeandClearVision)-ADaoistgoaloflongevityandspiritualinsight.40.小國(guó)寡民(XiaoGuoGuaMin/SmallStatewithFewPeople)-Laozi'sidealsocialstructure,simpleandself-sufficient.三、墨家思想(Mohism)墨家提倡兼愛、非攻，強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)用和功利，代表了小生產(chǎn)者的利益。41.兼愛(JianAi/UniversalLove/ImpartialCare)-ThecoreMohistprincipleoflovingallpeopleequallyandimpartially.42.非攻(FeiGong/AgainstAggressiveWar)-Oppositiontounprovokedwarsandaggression.43.尚賢(ShangXian/ExaltingtheVirtuous)-Promotingandappointingpeoplebasedontheirmeritandvirtue,regardlessofsocialstatus.44.尚同(ShangTong/ConformingUpwards)-Theideathatpeopleshouldaligntheirviewswiththeirsuperiors,ultimatelyunifyingunderawiseruler.45.節(jié)用(JieYong/FrugalityinExpenditure)-Advocatingforsimplicityand反對(duì)wastefulspending.46.節(jié)葬(JieZang/SimpleFunerals)-Opposingelaborateandexpensivefuneralrituals.47.非樂(FeiLe/AgainstLuxuriousMusic)-Criticizingtheexcessiveuseofresourcesforentertainment.48.天志(TianZhi/WillofHeaven)-ThebeliefthatHeavenhasawillthatpromotesjusticeandrewardsthegoodandpunishestheevil.49.明鬼(MingGui/ManifestationofSpirits)-Thebeliefintheexistenceandinfluenceofspirits,whoalsorewardandpunish.50.墨子(Mozi/MoTzu)-ThefounderofMohismandauthorofthe"Mozi"text.四、法家思想(Legalism)法家強(qiáng)調(diào)以法治國(guó)，主張嚴(yán)刑峻法，注重實(shí)際功利和君主集權(quán)。51.法(Fa/Law)-Thesystemoflawsandregulationsthatgovernsociety,appliedequallytoall.52.術(shù)(Shu/Method/Tactic)-Theartofstatecraft,especiallythemethodsusedbyrulerstocontroltheirministers.53.勢(shì)(Shi/Power/Authority)-Thepositionalpowerandauthorityoftheruler.54.刑賞(XingShang/PunishmentsandRewards)-Theuseofpenaltiesandincentivestoenforcelawsandcontrolbehavior.55.韓非子(HanFeizi/HanFeiTzu)-AmajorLegalistthinkerwhosynthesizedearlierLegalistideas.56.商鞅(ShangYang/LordShang)-AkeyLegalistreformerwhoimplementedstrictlawsintheQinstate.57.管子(Guanzi/MasterGuan)-Atextcontainingpoliticalandeconomicthought,sometimesassociatedwithLegalism.58.耕戰(zhàn)(GengZhan/AgricultureandWarfare)-Theemphasisonagriculturalproductiontostrengthentheeconomyandmilitarypreparedness.59.不別親疏，不殊貴賤，一斷于法(BuBieQinShu,BuShuGuiJian,YiDuanYuFa)-Treatingallequallybeforethelaw,regardlessofkinshiporsocialrank.60.事斷于法(ShiDuanYuFa/AllMattersDecidedbyLaw)-Theprinciplethatallaffairsshouldbegovernedbylaw.五、名家思想(SchoolofNames/Logicians)名家注重名實(shí)關(guān)系，探討概念與現(xiàn)實(shí)的統(tǒng)一性，具有樸素的邏輯思想。61.名(Ming/Name/Concept)-Thename,term,orconcept.62.實(shí)(Shi/Reality/Entity)-Theactualthingorrealitycorrespondingtothename.63.名實(shí)之辯(MingShiZhiBian/DebateonNamesandReality)-Thediscussionabouttherelationshipbetweennames/conceptsandreality.64.白馬非馬(BaiMaFeiMa/AWhiteHorseisNotaHorse)-AfamousparadoxbyGongsunLong,exploringthenatureofcategoriesandattributes.65.離堅(jiān)白(LiJianBai/SeparatingHardnessandWhiteness)-AnotherparadoxbyGongsunLong,arguingthatattributeslikehardnessandwhitenesscanbeperceivedindependently.66.合同異(HeTongYi/HarmonizingSimilaritiesandDifferences)-TheviewassociatedwithHuiShi,emphasizingtherelativityandinterconnectednessofallthings.67.惠施(HuiShi/HuiShih)-AprominentLogicianknownforhisparadoxesaboutinfinityandrelativity.68.公孫龍(GongsunLong/Kung-sunLung)-AleadingLogicianfamousforhisparadoxesonnamesandreality.六、陰陽(yáng)家思想(Yin-YangSchool/Naturalists)陰陽(yáng)家以陰陽(yáng)五行學(xué)說為核心，解釋宇宙萬(wàn)物的構(gòu)成和變化規(guī)律。69.五行(WuXing/FiveElements/Phases)-Thefivefundamentalelementsorphases(Wood,Fire,Earth,Metal,Water)thatinteracttoproduceallphenomena.70.相生(XiangSheng/Generation/Interpromotion)-Thecyclewhereeachelementgeneratesorpromotesthenext(e.g.,WoodgeneratesFire).71.相克(XiangKe/Restriction/Interregulation)-Thecyclewhereeachelementrestrainsorcontrolsanother(e.g.,WaterrestrictsFire).72.鄒衍(ZouYan/TsouYen)-AkeyfigureassociatedwiththeYin-YangSchoolandtheelaborationoftheFiveElementstheory.73.天人感應(yīng)(TianRenGanYing/InteractionBetweenHeavenandHumanity)-Thebeliefthathumanactionscaninfluencecelestialphenomenaandviceversa.七、綜合性與其他重要概念以下概念或源自特定流派，或?yàn)槎嗉宜舱摚哂袕V泛影響。74.氣(Qi/VitalEnergy/LifeForce)-Thevitalenergyorsubstancethatconstitutesandanimatesallthingsintheuniverse.75.理(Li/Principle/Pattern/Reason)-Theunderlyingprinciple,pattern,ororderthatgovernstheuniverseandthings;akeyconceptinNeo-Confucianism.76.心(Xin/Mind/Heart)-Theseatofconsciousness,thought,emotion,andmoralintuition.77.性(Xing/Nature/Disposition)-Humannature;theinherentqualitiesortendenciesofapersonorthing.78.命(Ming/Destiny/Fate)-Thepredeterminedcourseofevents;whatisordainedbyHeaven.79.中(Zhong/TheMean/MiddleWay)-Thebalanced,moderatepath;centraltoConfucianism(asinDoctrineoftheMean).80.和(He/Harmony/Harmonization)-Harmony,balance,andtheproperintegrationofelements.81.理一分殊(LiYiFenShu/TheOnePrinciple,ManyManifestations)-ANeo-ConfucianconceptthattheuniversalLi(Principle)isone,butmanifestsdifferentlyinindividualthings.82.知行合一(ZhiXingHeYi/UnityofKnowledgeandAction)-TheWangYangming'sideathatknowledgeandactionareinseparable;trueknowledgeleadstoaction.83.格物(GeWu/InvestigatingThings)-Asmentionedearlier,butalsoakeyterminNeo-ConfucianismforunderstandingthePrinciple(Li)inthings.84.致良知(ZhiLiangzhi/ExtendingInnateKnowledgeoftheGood)-WangYangming'scoreteaching,referringtotheinnatemoralintuitionwithineveryone.85.太極圖(TaijiTu/DiagramoftheSupremeUltimate)-AsymbolicdiagramrepresentingtheTaijiandtheinteractionofYinandYang.86.性理學(xué)(XingliXue/SchoolofNatureandPrinciple)-AnothertermforNeo-Confucianism,focusingonthestudyofhumannature(Xing)andthePrinciple(Li).87.心學(xué)(Xinxue/SchoolofMind)-AbranchofNeo-ConfucianismthatemphasizestheMind(Xin)asthesourceofPrinciple,associatedwithWangYangming.88.形而上(XingErShang/Metaphysical/AboveForm)-Referringtotherealmofprinciples,ideas,ortheDao,whichisbeyondphysicalform.89.形而下(XingErXia/Physical/BelowForm)-Referringtotherealmoftangible,physicalobjectsandphenomena.90.本末(BenMo/RootandBranch)-Thefundamental(root)andthesuperficial(branch);emphasizingtheimportanceofaddressingfundamentals.91.體用(TiYong/SubstanceandFunction)-Theessen