食品化學(xué)英語(yǔ)試卷及答案

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題1.Theelementwiththesymbol“Fe”is_.A.IronB.CopperC.AluminumD.GoldAnswer:A2.Whichofthefollowingisanorganiccompound?A.\(H_2O\)B.\(CO_2\)C.\(CH_4\)D.\(NaCl\)Answer:C3.Theprocessofasolidchangingdirectlytoagasiscalled_.A.MeltingB.BoilingC.SublimationD.CondensationAnswer:C4.Asubstancethatspeedsupachemicalreactionwithoutbeingconsumeditselfiscalleda(n)_.A.ReactantB.ProductC.CatalystD.IntermediateAnswer:C5.ThepHofaneutralsolutionis_.A.0B.7C.14D.NoneoftheaboveAnswer:B6.Thechemicalformulaforwateris_.A.\(H_2O\)B.\(H_2O_2\)C.\(O_2H\)D.\(HO\)Answer:A7.Whichofthefollowingisastrongacid?A.\(CH_3COOH\)B.\(HCl\)C.\(H_2CO_3\)D.\(H_3PO_4\)Answer:B8.Theatomicnumberofanelementrepresentsthenumberof_.A.ProtonsinthenucleusB.NeutronsinthenucleusC.ElectronsintheoutershellD.ProtonsandneutronsinthenucleusAnswer:A9.Thebondformedbythesharingofelectronsbetweenatomsiscalleda(n)_.A.IonicbondB.CovalentbondC.MetallicbondD.HydrogenbondAnswer:B10.Themolarmassof\(CO_2\)(carbondioxide)isapproximately_.A.28g/molB.32g/molC.44g/molD.48g/molAnswer:C二、多項(xiàng)選擇題1.Whichofthefollowingarephysicalpropertiesofmatter?A.ColorB.DensityC.ReactivityD.MeltingpointAnswer:ABD2.Whichofthefollowingsubstancesareelectrolytes?A.\(NaCl\)(inaqueoussolution)B.\(C_6H_{12}O_6\)(glucose)C.\(HCl\)(inaqueoussolution)D.\(CH_3OH\)(methanol)Answer:AC3.Thefollowingaretypesofchemicalreactions_.A.CombinationreactionB.DecompositionreactionC.Single-displacementreactionD.Double-displacementreactionAnswer:ABCD4.Whichofthefollowingelementsaremetals?A.Sodium(Na)B.Silicon(Si)C.Iron(Fe)D.Chlorine(Cl)Answer:AC5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutacidsandbasesarecorrect?A.AcidsturnbluelitmuspaperredB.BasesturnredlitmuspaperblueC.AcidshaveapHlessthan7D.BaseshaveapHgreaterthan7Answer:ABCD6.Thefollowingfactorscanaffecttherateofachemicalreaction_.A.TemperatureB.ConcentrationofreactantsC.SurfaceareaofreactantsD.PresenceofacatalystAnswer:ABCD7.Whichofthefollowingcompoundscontaincovalentbonds?A.\(H_2\)B.\(CO\)C.\(MgO\)D.\(NH_3\)Answer:ABD8.Whichofthefollowingareallotropesofcarbon?A.DiamondB.GraphiteC.BuckminsterfullereneD.CarbonmonoxideAnswer:ABC9.Thefollowingareimportantconceptsinthermochemistry_.A.Enthalpychange(\(\DeltaH\))B.Entropychange(\(\DeltaS\))C.Gibbsfreeenergychange(\(\DeltaG\))D.Activationenergy(\(E_a\))Answer:ABC10.Whichofthefollowingsubstancescanformhydrogenbonds?A.\(H_2O\)B.\(NH_3\)C.\(CH_4\)D.\(HF\)Answer:ABD三、判斷題1.Allchemicalchangesareirreversible.Answer:False2.Acompoundisasubstancemadeupoftwoormoredifferentelementschemicallycombined.Answer:True3.Thedensityofasubstancedependsonitsmassandvolume.Answer:True4.Inachemicalreaction,themassofthereactantsisalwaysequaltothemassoftheproducts.Answer:True5.Abaseisasubstancethatdonatesaproton(\(H^+\))inachemicalreaction.Answer:False6.Theboilingpointofaliquidisthetemperatureatwhichitsvaporpressureequalstheexternalpressure.Answer:True7.Ioniccompoundsconductelectricityinthesolidstate.Answer:False8.Theoxidationstateofanelementinitselementalformisalwayszero.Answer:True9.Acatalystchangestheequilibriumpositionofachemicalreaction.Answer:False10.Thesolubilityofasolidinaliquidalwaysincreaseswithincreasingtemperature.Answer:False四、簡(jiǎn)答題1.Defineachemicalbondandbrieflydescribethethreemaintypesofchemicalbonds.Achemicalbondistheforcethatholdsatomstogetherinamoleculeorcompound.Thethreemaintypesare:Ionicbonds,whichformwhenoneatomdonateselectronstoanother,creatingionsthatareattractedbyelectrostaticforces.Covalentbondsoccurwhenatomsshareelectronstoachieveastableelectronconfiguration.Metallicbondsarefoundinmetals,wheremetalatomsreleaseouterelectrons,creatinga“sea”ofdelocalizedelectronsthatholdthemetalionstogether.2.Explainthedifferencebetweenanendothermicandanexothermicreactionintermsofenergychanges.Inanendothermicreaction,thesystemabsorbsenergyfromthesurroundings.Theenergyoftheproductsishigherthanthatofthereactants.Heatistakenin,andthetemperatureofthesurroundingsdecreases.Forexample,thedecompositionofcalciumcarbonaterequiresheatinput.Incontrast,anexothermicreactionreleasesenergytothesurroundings.Theenergyoftheproductsislowerthanthatofthereactants,andthetemperatureofthesurroundingsincreases.Combustionoffuelslikemethaneisanexothermicprocess.3.WhatisthepHscaleandhowisitusedtodeterminetheacidityorbasicityofasolution?ThepHscalerangesfrom0to14.ApHof7indicatesaneutralsolution.Valueslessthan7representacidicsolutions,andthelowerthepH,themoreacidicthesolution.Valuesgreaterthan7indicatebasicsolutions,andthehigherthepH,themorebasicthesolution.ThepHisdefinedasthenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentration(\([H^+]\))inasolution(\(pH=-\log[H^+]\)).BymeasuringthepH,wecanquicklyassesswhetherasolutionisacidic,basic,orneutral.4.Describetheprocessofelectrolysisandgiveanexampleofitsapplication.Electrolysisistheprocessofusinganelectriccurrenttodriveanon-spontaneouschemicalreaction.Itoccursinanelectrolyticcell,whereanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanelectrolyte(asubstancethatconductselectricitywhenmoltenorinsolution).Forexample,intheelectrolysisofmoltensodiumchloride(\(NaCl\)),sodiumions(\(Na^+\))arereducedatthecathodetoformsodiummetal,andchlorideions(\(Cl^-\))areoxidizedattheanodetoformchlorinegas.Oneapplicationisintheextractionofmetalslikealuminumfromitsore,bauxite.五、討論題1.Discusstheimportanceoftheconceptofmoleinchemistryandhowitisusedinchemicalcalculations.Themoleisafundamentalconceptinchemistry.Itprovidesabridgebetweenthemicroscopicworldofatomsandmoleculesandthemacroscopicworldofmeasurablequantities.Onemoleofanysubstancecontains\(6.022\times10^{23}\)entities(atoms,molecules,ions,etc.),knownasAvogadro'snumber.Inchemicalcalculations,themoleisusedtoconvertbetweenmass,volume(forgasesatstandardconditions),andthenumberofparticles.Forexample,instoichiometry,weusemoleratiosfrombalancedchemicalequationstodeterminetheamountsofreactantsandproducts.Itsimplifiescalculationsinvolvingchemicalreactionsandhelpsinunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweendifferentsubstancesinareaction.2.Explainthefactorsthatcanaffectthesolubilityofasoluteinasolventanddiscusstheirpracticalimplications.Thefactorsaffectingsolubilityincludetemperature,pressure(forgases),andthenatureofthesoluteandsolvent.Formostsolidsinliquids,solubilityincreaseswithincreasingtemperature.Forgasesinliquids,solubilitydecreaseswithincreasingtemperatureandincreaseswithincreasingpressure.Thenatureofthesoluteandsolventalsomatters;“l(fā)ikedissolveslike,”sopolarsolutesdissolvewellinpolarsolventsandnon-polarsolutesinnon-polarsolvents.Practically,inpharmacy,understandingsolubilityhelpsinformulatingdrugs.Inthefoodindustry,it'simportantfordissolvingflavorsandpreservatives.Inenvironmentalscience,itaffectsthesolubilityofpollutantsinwater.3.Discusstheroleofcatalystsinchemicalreactions,includinghowtheyworkandtheirsignificanceinindustrialprocesses.Catalystsplayacrucialroleinchemicalreactions.Theyspeeduptherateofareactionwithoutbeingconsumedintheprocess.Catalystsworkbyprovidinganalternativereactionpathwaywithaloweractivationenergy.Thisallowsmorereactantmoleculestohavesufficientenergytoreact.Inindustrialprocesses,catalystsareofgreatsignificance.Forexample,intheHaberprocessforammoniaproduction,aniron-basedcatalystisused.Itenablesthereactiontooccuratareasonablerateandunderrelativelymildconditions,reducingenergyconsumptionandincreas