專題01閱讀理解題細(xì)節(jié)題+推斷題

題型簡(jiǎn)介

細(xì)節(jié)題

在歷年高考閱讀理解中,對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解類題型的考查同往年一樣,依然占了較大的比例.全國(guó)及各省、

市均有對(duì)此題型的考查，無(wú)一例外。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信

息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過(guò)程、論述等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的。有些問(wèn)題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我

們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。

常見(jiàn)的命題方式通常有：

1.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when,where,whai,which,who,howmuch/niany等疑問(wèn)訶開頭引出的問(wèn)題：

2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT,近年這種題型較少；

3.以Accordingto…開頭提問(wèn)方式；

4.以填空題的形式，如：

(I)Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised.

(2)Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat.

(3)Itseemsthatnowacountry'seconomydependsmuchon.

(4)Ifyouarcinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople'slifewillbe,youmayvisit.

(5)Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway"(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat.

(6)Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening''toRollswantedto.

5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問(wèn)。

做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)

自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇?、、帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法.先

從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查

讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句.仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較.確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀

法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法.將“無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。

細(xì)芍理解題大致有如下幾種常考題型：

題型一描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題

描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常常考查考生對(duì)文中有關(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)

展、過(guò)程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對(duì)它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，

對(duì)于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息。

題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題

信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見(jiàn)，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表

等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在高考試題中，

常常是就某一方面提問(wèn)，考生完全沒(méi)有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o(wú)效信息。做此類

題時(shí)，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題要求，有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效

信息。

廣告是閱讀理解題?？嫉?種題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有

著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡(jiǎn)潔明快，省略了大量的詞語(yǔ)，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目

的。同時(shí)具有語(yǔ)言精練，形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解

廣告內(nèi)容。考生必須具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段(如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測(cè)等)

正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測(cè)法”兩種方法來(lái)解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采

用“題干定向法”。

(1)補(bǔ)全成分法

省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中天量出現(xiàn)，可以說(shuō)廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)

合全文語(yǔ)境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充

為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機(jī))“

(2)聯(lián)想推測(cè)法

在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒(méi)有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，

充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語(yǔ)篇意義。

為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見(jiàn)的縮寫

詞有：

Tel.=tclcphoncnumber

Ph.=phoncAdd(r).=addrcss

co.=panyLtd=Limited

Max=maximumMin=minimum

hr=hourt=time

fig=figureft=foot

ml=miledoz=dozen

Mt二MountainP=pagc

prof.=profcssorDr.=doctor

s=southn=north

w=westSta=Station

pop=popularvs=versus

Xmas=Christmasinfo=information

VIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hours

aft=afterad=advertisement

p/t=parttimeexp=experienced

PC=personalputerMA=MasterofArts

DSdcgrcc=bachclor，sdegree（學(xué)士學(xué)位）

題型三數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題

此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過(guò)計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)

論。這類計(jì)算一般來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單，關(guān)犍是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)

系，確定計(jì)算方法，問(wèn)題便迎刃而解了。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？?/p>

采用“列表法”，即按一定的規(guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清啦，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)

雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算就可得出。

題型四排序題

這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。

做此類題目可采用"首尾定位法”，即先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范

圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索；如果是說(shuō)

明文，排序題通常以說(shuō)明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。從近幾年高

考試題來(lái)看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中。

題型五圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題

此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字?？刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”,

即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文''鎖"圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，

以便做題。

推斷題

析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論。

3.要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到?般，通過(guò)分析?、

綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全。

4.要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)還要體會(huì)文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸

準(zhǔn)邏輯發(fā)展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。

5.在解答推理性問(wèn)題時(shí)，一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍,應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問(wèn)題需要針對(duì)某個(gè)

細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning的方法，迅速

在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想作推斷時(shí)，則常常要縱覽全篇

文章。

推理判斷題常見(jiàn)有以下形式：

1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題

要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等。

考生要從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，抓住關(guān)鍵的信息詞，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，并借助一定的常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、

推理、判斷.

2.因果推斷題

要求考生根據(jù)己知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果。考生要準(zhǔn)確掌握

文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。最關(guān)鍵的是要找準(zhǔn)事物間存在的因果關(guān)系信息，根據(jù)已有信息，進(jìn)行

分析判斷推理，從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。

3.人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)等推斷題

高考閱讀測(cè)試中有些題FI考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章作者的主導(dǎo)思想、被描寫人物語(yǔ)氣、言談話語(yǔ)中流露的情緒、性

格傾向和作用或文中人物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等方面的理解。做這一類題時(shí)一定注意：

（1）由表及里地準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的思想觀點(diǎn)。

（2）特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語(yǔ)言，以及表達(dá)感情，態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。要特別注意作者在文章中的措

辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。

（3）能結(jié)合自己平時(shí)積累的有關(guān)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識(shí)來(lái)識(shí)別評(píng)價(jià)。

4.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題

根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫作目的，作者會(huì)采取記敘、描寫、議論、說(shuō)明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會(huì)采用敘

述、例證、比較對(duì)照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增

強(qiáng)對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。

5.寫作意圖題

寫作意圖推斷要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者?般不直接陳述自己的意

圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主

旨大意，而且要具備對(duì)作者闡述問(wèn)題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力主要設(shè)題方式有：

Whatis(hemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?

Thepurposeofthetextistogetmorepeopleto

Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat

faci...fact...Ismentionedbytheauthortoshow

Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto

作者寫文章的目的通常有三類(靈活借鑒應(yīng)用)

(l)loentertainreaders(使讀者愉悅、發(fā)笑)：常見(jiàn)于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章(2)topersuadereaders(說(shuō)服讀者

接受某種觀點(diǎn))：常見(jiàn)于廣告或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷一種產(chǎn)品或一種服務(wù):吸引更多的游客、讀者或訂

戶、觀眾等。議論文是為了說(shuō)服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點(diǎn)。

(3)toinformreaders(告知讀者某些信息):多見(jiàn)于科普類、新聞報(bào)道類、文化類或社會(huì)類的文章，以及勸

告性或建議性的文章。弄清其寫作目的需要找準(zhǔn)主題句，把握文章精主旨。

6.讀者對(duì)象題

推測(cè)文章的來(lái)源或者讀者對(duì)象要求讀者本身要具備一定的常識(shí)，這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身具備的常

識(shí)結(jié)合起來(lái)。比如讀者本身要對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說(shuō)、廣告、說(shuō)明書、旅游指南等有基本的了

解?，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)人座，選出正確的答案。舉幾個(gè)例子：1).報(bào)紙前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通

訊社名稱。2).廣告因其用詞和格式特殊，客易辨認(rèn)。3).產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明器M、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操

作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用。需要指出的是:有時(shí)命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊的格式或日

期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。如果內(nèi)客是發(fā)布新聞，最可能是出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙上:如

果是科普讀物，可能是出自科普

雜志上。

主要設(shè)題方式有：

Thispassagewouldbemostlikelytobefoundin

Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof

Wheredoesthistextprobablyefrom?

Whichsectionofamagazineisthispassageprobablytakenfrom?

Thetextisintendedfor________________________

7.論證方式題

主要設(shè)題方式有：

Howdoestheauthordevelopthepassage?

備選項(xiàng)：

Byusingfigures.

Byaskingquestions.

Bygivingexamples.

Bymakingparisons.

Bycategorization.

Byparison.

Bytheorderoftime.

Bytheorderofspace.

Bygivingexamples.

Byfollowinglimeorder.

Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.

Bymakinganargument.

Byintroducingaconcept

典例在線

細(xì)節(jié)題

[2022年新高考2卷B篇】

Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon't

evenrealizeit'snew.Forthem,it'sjustnormal.

ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2ycaroldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.I

hadbroughtachildren'sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchfbrhisage.

Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,he

reachesoutandpokes（戳）thepagewithhisfinger.

What'supwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,1thought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthe

pageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?

ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedthe

boywithatabletputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmy

storybookwaslikethat.

Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhightechworld.Il'sanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyour

grandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butTmnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduce

audio.Iusemobilepayment.Tvcevenbuiltwebsites.

There'sonenotablegapinmynewmediaexperience,however:Tvcspentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,since

Ihaveafacemadeforradio.Butthatdidn'tstopChinaDailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonalstoiy

foravideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.

Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButI

willmakesuremy2yearoldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.

5.Whydidthekidpokethestorybook?

A.Hetookitforatabletputer.B.Hedislikedthecolorfulpictures.

C.Hewasangrywithhisgrandpa.D.Hewantedtoreaditbyhimself.

6.Whatdocstheauthorthinkofhitrself?

A.Sociallyambitious.B.Physicallyattractive.

C.Financiallyindependent.D.Digitallypetent.

7.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorasajournalist?

A.Helacksexperienceinhisjob.B.Heseldomappearsontelevision.

C.Hemanagesavideodepartment.D.Heofteninterviewsinternetstars.

了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確承。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):

（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相

似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。

有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作匕解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲

取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時(shí)候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地

將他們回憶起來(lái)。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原

文中的語(yǔ)句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過(guò)有

關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來(lái)獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系

將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷.此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。

值得一提的是，有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)單詞，因此需要我們?cè)陂喿x中特別仔

細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

（江西省5市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)20222023學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期階段性聯(lián)考）ShawnTriplett,whonowworksasa

volunteeratalocalelementaryschool,wasrecentlyhelpingoutatashelterwhenhewitnessedadamaging

interactionbetweenamomandheryoungchildaftertheyhadbeendisplacedbythetornadoes.

“Isawachildcryinginhismother'sarms.Shewascryingtoo,butyoucouldtellshewasdoingherbestto

lookstrong,“herecalls.4kTheboytoldhismom,TvelostmyChristmas/ItwasatthatmomentthatIbrokedown

andhadtowalkoulside.”

Aftertakinganight（othinkabouthowhecouldbesthelp,Triplettdecided（oaskfriendsandfamilytodonate

moneysohecouldbuytoysfor（hechildrenwhowereimpacted.

“IwasgoingtogivethembacktheirChristmas,nheexplained.4,Thcrcwassomuchsupportintheniunityfbr

water,generatorsandfood,butnobodywasthinkingaboutthekids.Atleast,notinthewayitshouldbe,socloseto

Christmas.**

TriplettendeduplaunchingaGoFundMepagetohelppurchaseholidaygiftsforthechildren,whichquickly

spreadonsocialmedia.Sincelaunchingthepagethreedaysago.hehadraisedover$44,000.Healsopartnered

withthelocalsupermarket,whichprovideda25%discountonallpurchasesforhim.

Whilethetoyswerefullycoveredbythedonors,Triplettsaidhehadbeenfootingthebillforwrappingpaper.

HeplannedtodeliverthegiftsinpersoninaSantacostumeclosertoChristmas.4tWcchosetowrapthemsothat

thekidsgetthefullexperienceofwhatChristmasshouldbe,“hesaid."We'redoingeverythingwecanto

normalizeatraumatic（創(chuàng)傷的）experiencefbrthem,evenifjustfbrafewhours.^^

1.WhatinspiredTripletttomakeanefforttohelpchildren?

A.Amother'sdemand.

B.Avolunteer'sappeal.

C.Ayoungboy'swords.

D.Hischildhoodexperiences.

2.HowwouldTripletthelpthechildren?

A.Bypurchasingschoolsupplies.

B.Bygivingthemanormalfestival.

C.BylaunchingmoreGoFundMepages.

D.Bysendingthemnecessitiesofliving.

3.WhatdidthelocalsupermarketdoforTriplett?

A.Itdidthedeliveryworkforhim.

B.Itprovidedallthesupplies.

C.Itofferedfreewrappingpaper.

D.Ittooksomemoneyoffhiscost.

典例在線

推斷題

L【2022年6月全國(guó)甲卷D篇】

Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.

Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,

andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.

AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewhole

morningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewent

ourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.

"I'llmisstheseoldboats,“hesaidasweparted.

“Howdoyoumean?^^Iasked.

“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwi41catamaransCatamaransarefaster,hutthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renot

funtopilot.Butthafsprogress,Iguess.”

EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords（D號(hào)）,andtraditionsare

increasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsnishtomodernityinthe1970s,

Sycneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.^Sydneyisconftisedaboutitself?'she

said."Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamodemcityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthat

wearen'tgettinganybetteratresolving（解決）

Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesamelimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImeta

thoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.t4Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,“hetoldme.

“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,the

Greekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.Wc'vcgotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwitha

driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It'saprettyhardbinationtobeat.”

Heisright,butIcan'thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.

34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?

A.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.

C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbeingmoreinternational.

35.Whichstatementwill（heauthorprobablyagreewith?

A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.

B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.

C.Modernityisusuallyachievedat:hccostofelegance.

D.promiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.

【推理判斷題的解題技巧】

做推理判斷題時(shí)要時(shí)時(shí)注意深層含義通常是隱藏在文字后面的延伸之意，弦外之音，如作者的意圖、傾向、

語(yǔ)氣、人物的性格、心理、情感、故事的結(jié)局、事情的因果關(guān)系等。因此我們要調(diào)動(dòng)邏輯思維能力，透過(guò)

字里行間，去嚴(yán)密推理，合理想象。

1.利用客觀信息進(jìn)行推理。

依據(jù)文章明示的客觀信息或內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理、判斷、引申、概括，從而得出合理的結(jié)

論。要做到判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠實(shí)原文。

2.全面分析信息進(jìn)行推理。

做推理題判斷題時(shí)，有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用

信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論。切忌片面思考，只見(jiàn)局部，不見(jiàn)整體，得出片面結(jié)論。

3.站在作者的角度分析推理

做推理題判斷題時(shí)，結(jié)合自己的常識(shí)去判斷是必要的，但決不能以常識(shí)取代對(duì)文本的信息分析，根據(jù)自己

的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛(ài)好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵，加入自己的主觀片面的想法和想象推斷，而是要站在作者

的角度去仔細(xì)思考推斷，時(shí)時(shí)注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延，有些推理結(jié)論隱含在文章的字里行間，有些推理結(jié)

論外延于文章的外。

4.考生應(yīng)當(dāng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

(1)深入理解作者在字里行間滲透出來(lái)的深層含義，不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)：

(2)推理的源泉來(lái)自于上下文的語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)氣等：

(3)緊緊抓住所給文章，決不能脫離文章憑空想像；

(4)把握上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，通過(guò)分析、綜合、判斷等進(jìn)行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理，決不能以

偏概全、見(jiàn)樹不見(jiàn)林。

（2023屆安徽省宿州市一模）Weedspeteforsoilnutrients,water,space,andsunlightwiththecropsfarmersgrow

tohelpfeedpeople.Nowathird-generationweedingrobot,armedwithlasersandpoweredbyAl,offersaperfect

labor-savingdevice.

Trundling（移動(dòng)）downarowofcrops,abatteryoftwelvecamerasscantheground,identifyingweedsthrough

machine—leaningandkillingthemwithaCO2laser.CO2lasersusereactionsbetweennitrogen,carbon,and

oxygentogeneratepowerfulbeamsoflightthatareconcentratedthroughmirrorsinsidethelaser.

TheAutonomousWeederbyCarbonRoboticscanrootout100,000weedsperhour,andclear15—20acresin

asingleday—numbersthatrequireapersonworkinganentireseasontomatch.Therobot'sonboardsuperputer

ensuresmillimeterprecisionwithitslasersoastoavoidaccidentlyclipping（剪掉）crops.

“ThisisoneofthemostcreativeandvaluabletechnologiesthatI'veseenasafarmer,saidJamesJohnsonof

CarzaliaFarminastatement,whohasusedCarbonRobotics,technologyonhisfarm.expecttherobotstogo

mainstreambecauseofhoweffectivelytheyaddresssomeoffarming'smostcriticalissues,includingtheoveruse

ofchemicals,processefficiency,andlabor.Theskyisthelimit.”It'snosurprisethatthe2021modelofthe

AutonomousWccdcrhasalreadysoldout,evenconsideringitspricetagwhichwasquotedat“hundredsof

thousandsofdollars.”

ThedewcedingmethodoftherobotisCertifiedOrganicandinlinewithregenerativefanningpractices.

Cost-effectiveweedcontrolisthebiggestbarriertoentrywithorganicfanning,andagriculturalistslookingto

maketheswitchfinallyhaveanalternativetohelpthemgettheirvegetablesouttopeople.

3.WhatdoesJaniesthinkoftheweeder?

A.Flexible.B.Affordable.

C.Energy—saving.D.Environment—friendly.

4.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheweederfromtheIasiparagraph?

A.Itcontributestoahigheroutput.B.Ithelpsdeveloporganicfarming.

C.Itwillreplacehumansinfarming.D.Itisn'tacceptedbyagriculturalists.

加模擬

一J—-—一

Passage1

（2023屆安徽省宿州市高一模）Amanparalyzedfromtheneckdownhasgainedtheabilitytotypewordswith

hisbrainaboutasfastastheaveragesmartphoneuser,anewstudysays.

This“mindwriting“wasdonethroughascicnccfictionsoundingbrainputcrinterface（BCi）（接II）thatpicked

upneuralsignalsandfedthemintoanalgorithm（算法）whichtranslatedthemintoletters.Thesecrettothesuccess,

andwhythisparticularBCIwasabletoproducewordsatsuchafasterratethanotherBCIsinthepast,wasthatit

trackedthebrainsignalsofthepatient,knownasT5,asheimaginedwritingthemclownwithapen—askillwhich

remainsinourmotorskillsystemforyearsafterparalysis.

“WilhthisBCI,ourstudyparticipantachievedtypingspeedsof90charactersperminute,Mwrotethestudy

group,whosepapercanbereadinNature.4kToourknowledge,thesetypingspeedsexceed（超過(guò)）thosereported

foranyotherBCI,andarcparabletotypicalsmartphonetypingspeedsofindividualsintheagegroupofour

participant."ThestudyhadconductedothertrialswithdifferentBCIsbefore,inwhichtheyusedeyemonitoring

equipment,butfounditrequiredtremendousattentionandfocusfromtheuser.

ThenewBCIisn'tyetdevelopedenoughtobecalledaprototype,meaningitwilllikelybeyearsbeforemore

paralysisvictimscanregaintheirabilitytomunicate.However,thisalsomeanstheroomforimprovementismuch

higher,explainedonescientist,speakingwithCNN.

1.Howdoesmindwritingwork?

A.Itimprovesmotorskillsystem.B.Ittrackspeople'shandsignals.

C.Itwritessignalsdownwithpens.D.Ittranslatesneuralsignalsintowords.

2.Howdothestudygroupsupporttheirfindings?

A.Bygivingexamples.B.Byanalyzingcauses.

C.Bymakingreference.D.Bymakingparisons.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prototype“meaninthelastparagraph?

A.Thought.B.Model.C.Reminder.D.Barrier.

4.Whal'sthemostsuitabletitlefbrthetext?

A.ANewBCIPicksupNeuralSignals

B.MindwritingHelpsParalyzedPatientsWriteFast

C.ParalyzedPatientsWriteasFastasSmartphoneUsers

D.ParalysisVictimsRegainSocialSkillsthroughMindwriting

Passage2

（2023,福建廈門?廈門一中?？级＃㏕oomuchtimespentongaming,smartphonesandwatchingtelevision

islinkedtoheightenedlevelsanddiagnoses（診斷）ofanxietyordepressioninchildrenasyoungasage2,

accordingtoanewstudy.

Evenafteronlyonehourofscreentimedaily,childrenandteensmaybegintohavelesscuriosity,lower

selfcontroLlessemotionalstabilityandagreaterinabilitytofinishtasks,reportsSanDiegoStateUniversity

psychologistJeanTwengeandUniversityofGeorgiapsychologyprofessorW.KeithCampbell.Theywere

particularlyinlerestedinassociationsbetweenscreentimeanddiagnosesofanxietyanddepressioninyouth,which

hasnotyetbeenstudiedingreatdetail.

TwengeandCampbellfoundadolescentswhospendmore（hansevenhoursadayonscreensweretwiceas

likelyasthosespendingonehourtohavebeendiagnosedwithanxietyordepression.Overall,linksbetweenscreen

timeandwellbeingwerelargeramongadolescentsthanamongyoungchildren.

“Atfirst,Iwassurprisedthattheassociationswerelargerfbradolescents,“Twengesaid."However,

adolescentsspendmoretimeontheirphonesandonsocialmedia,andtheseactivitiesaremorestronglylinkedto

lowwellbeingthanwatchingtelevisionandvideos,whichismostofyoungerchildren'sscreentime.”

ThestudyprovidesfurtherevidencethattheAmericanAcademyofPcdiatrics,（AAP）establishedscreentime

limits-onehourperdayforthoseaged2to5,withafocusonhighqualityprograms—arcvalid（有效的）,Twcngc

said.Thestudyalsosuggeststhatsimilarlimits—perhapstotwohoursadayshouldbeappliedtoschoolaged

childrenandadolescents,saidTwenge.

Intermsofprevention,establishingpossiblecausesandoutesoflowpsychologicalwellbeingisespecially

importantforchildandadolescentpopulations."Halfofmentalhealthproblemsdevelopbyadolescence,^^Twenge

andCampbellwroteiniheirpaper.

1.WhatdoweknowaboutTwengeandCampbelPsstudyaccordingtoparagraph2?

A.Itrequiresfurtherresearch.

B.Itbringschildrenlessfort.

C.Itneedsgreaterabilitytofinish.

D.Itgeneratesmorepublicconcern.

2.Whatisareasonforthedifferentdegreesofimpactonchildren?

A.Theeffectsoftheharmfulcontents.

B.Teens'strongeraddictiontoscreens.

C.Theportabilityofelectronicdevices.

D.Teens'negativeemotionsatdiscipline.

3.WhichofthefollowingdotheresearcherswantAAPtodo?

A.Providehighqualityprograms.

B.Issueminimumscreentimelimits.

C.Applythelimitstoolderchildren.

D.Presentfurtherevidenceforprevention.

4.Whatdoesthisstudyfocuson?

A.Adolescents5mentalproblems.

B.Thebadhabitsoftheyoungadults.

C.Lowlevelofmentalhealthinyouth.

D.Theimportanceoftheyoungpopulation.

Passage3

（2023?山西臨汾?統(tǒng)考一模）Thelibraryistheheartofauniversityitscollections,senices,andstudy

spacesarecentraltoeverystudent'seducationaljourney.Let'stakealookatsomefamousuniversitylibraries

aroundtheworld.

MagdalenCollegeOldLibrary

OxfordUniversityisfamousfbritsacademicprograms,butit'salsoknownfbritsoutstandinglibrariesthat

aresaidtoincludemorethan11millionbooks.TheOldLibraryatMagdalenCollegeisthecrownjewelofthe

university'slibrarysystem.Itcontainsmorethan20,000rarebooksandmanuscripts.Nearlyallofthesevolumes

werepublishedbefore1800.

TUDelftLibrary

ThelibraryattheDelftUniversityofTechnologywasconstructedin1997,whichhasmorethan862,(X)0

books,16,0(X)magazinesubscriptionsanditsownmuseum.Butitwillonlytakeaglancetobeattracted,asitisa

sighttoremember.Thebuildingitselfexistsbeneaththeground,soyoucan'treallyseetheactuallibrary.What

makesitinterestingistheroof,whichisagrassyhill.

TrinityCollegeLibrary

TheTrinityCollegeLibraryinDublinistheoldestlibraryinIreland,foundedin1592byQueenElizabethI.It

containsmorethan200,000ofthelibrary'soldestbooks.Treasuresofthelibrary'sextensivecollectionincludea

rarecopyof(he1916proclamationof(heIrishRepublicandabeautifulI5lhcenturyharp(豎琴).

JoeandRikaMansuetoLibrary

Openedin2011,theJoeandRikaMansuetoLibraryattheUniversityofChicagoisdesignedwithagrand

glassroof,perfectforstaringoutwhenyouarctired.Thelibrarycanholdaround3.5millionvolumesthroughits

undergroundautomaticstorageandretrievalsystem.Ifyouarcnotalreadyimpressed,thelibrarians,roboticcranes,

willknockyoursocksoff.Theycanlocateandbringyouanybookwithinanaveragetimeof3minutes.

5.WhatdoMagdalenCollegeOldLibrary&TrinityCollegeLibraryhaveinmon?

A.Bothhousestringedinstruments.B.Bothfeatureattractivedesigns.

C.Bothboastnumerousancientbooks.D.Bothgainrecognitionascrownjewels.

6.Whichlibrarypossessesitsownmuseum?

A.TUDelftLibrary.B.TrinityCollegeLibrary.

C.MagdalenCollegeOldLibrary.D.JoeandRikaMansuetoLibrary.

7.WhatmayimpressyoumostinJoeandRikaMansuetoLibrary?

A.Theglassroof.B.Thevolumeofbooks.

C.Thestoragesystem.D.Theroboticlibrarians.

Passage3

(2023?安徽淮北?統(tǒng)考?模)Abatterymadeofpaperstandsoutamongthe200bestinventionsoftheyearin

TIMEMagazine.uItsoundsimpossible:Justaddwatertoapieceofpaperandgetenergy,''saidTIMEMagazine,

whochosetheSwissmadebatteryasoneofthewinnersinthisyear's^Experimental''inventions.

ThebatterywascreatedbyresearchersattheSwissFederalLaboratoryforMaterialsTestingandResearch.

“Overthelastdecades,wehavewitnessedanincreasinguseofelectronicdevices,leadingin(urntoelectronic

waste(ewaste)beingtheworld'sfastestgrowingwastestream.^^wrotetheresearchersintheirpub