中西文化差異對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀的影響摘要英語(yǔ)教學(xué)在中國(guó)廣泛普及，英語(yǔ)閱讀是一個(gè)非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。英語(yǔ)的教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)都有了科學(xué)的理論體系并取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但我們的英語(yǔ)閱讀仍然存在許多問(wèn)題。一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題就是在英語(yǔ)閱讀時(shí)，我們往往能夠遇見(jiàn)一種情況：文中的單詞或詞組我們知道其意思，但當(dāng)我們把對(duì)應(yīng)的意思代入進(jìn)文中卻造成句子意思的混亂，或者與文章大體表示的意思相反。這種情況其實(shí)是由于中西方文化差異造成的。我們收到中華文化的熏陶，對(duì)于一些具有西方文化特色的詞語(yǔ)我們并不能很好的理解。因此，中西文化的差異會(huì)對(duì)我們的英語(yǔ)閱讀產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。本文會(huì)對(duì)中西文化差異做出分析,并具體舉出例子體現(xiàn)差異，然后提出解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一些可行性的對(duì)策。關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)閱讀；文化差異；影響；對(duì)策TheInfluenceofChineseandWesternCulturalDifferencesonEnglishReadingAbstractEnglishteachingiswidelyusedinChina,andEnglishreadingisaveryimportantlink.Englishteachingandlearninghaveascientifictheoreticalsystemandmakegreatprogress,buttherearestillmanyproblemsinourEnglishreading.AcrucialproblemisthatwhenwereadEnglisharticles,wecanoftenhaveaproblem:weknowthemeaningofwordsorphrasesinthetext,butwhenweputthecorrespondingChinesemeaningintothetext,itcausestheconfusionofsentencemeaning,ortheoppositeofthegeneralmeaningofthearticle.ThissituationisactuallycausedbytheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWest.WehavereceivedtheinfluenceofChineseculture,sosomewordswithwesternculturalcharacteristicsletusdonothaveaclearunderstanding.Therefore,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultureswillhaveagreatimpactonourEnglishreading.ThispaperwillanalyzetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestandgiveexamplestoshowthedifferences,andthenputforwardsomefeasiblecountermeasurestosolvetheseproblems.Keywords:Englishreading;culturaldifferences;influence;CountermeasuresContents摘要 iAbstract ⅱIntroduction 1I.DifferenceswithGreatInfluenceonCulture 11.1DifferencesinGeography 1 1.2DifferencesinValues 21.3DifferencesinThinkingStyles 31.4DifferencesinReligion 3II.ImpactofDifferences 42.1Vocabulary 42.1.1Color-relatedVocabulary 42.1.2Analogy 52.1.3Ambiguity 62.1.4SpecialMeaning 72.2Proverb 82.3Sentences 92.4Chapter 10III.Countermeasures 103.1ReadingBooks 113.2TextContentExtension 113.3ExtracurricularActivities 12Conclusion 12Acknowledgments 14Bibliography 15青島大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）iiiIntroductionLanguageisthesymbolsystemanditalsocanspreadculture.Eachnation'suniquecultureisthesoiloflanguage.Differentlanguagesalsorepresentdifferentsocialandculturaldifferences.Theformationoflanguageiscloselyrelatedtotheculture,anditsexpressionisinfluencedbyothermanyfactors,suchasfolkcustom,history,opinionofvalue,thinkingmodeandsoon.DuetothedivergenceofthefundamentalvalueprinciplesestablishedatthebeginningofhistorybetweenChinaandthewesterncountries,socialandhistoricaltraditionswithdifferentqualitieshavebeenformed.DifferentculturesinChinaandthewesterncountrieshaveinfluencedthemovementanddevelopmentoftheirrespectivelanguages.Therefore,alanguagewelearncannotbeseparatedfromthespecificculturereflectedinaspecificlanguage.InEnglishreading,readersneedcreateagoodcontext,combinetheauthor'sculturalbackgroundandlivingenvironment,understandandlearntheculturalconnotationanddifferencesbetweenChinaandthewest,andunderstandtheauthor'scommunicativeintention,soastoobtainthecorrectreadinginformation.DifferenceswithGreatInfluenceonCultureCultureisapartoflanguage.Eachkindoflanguageisareflectionofacertaincultureandacommunicationtoolofculture.Culturallinguisticsshowsthatallofsociallivingexperienceisstoredinthelanguageandallthecharacteristicsofthenationisreflected.Whenstudentslearnalanguage,theyshouldlearnitscultureatthesametime.Asearlyas1920s,Sapir,anAmericanlinguist,pointedoutinhisbook“l(fā)anguagehasanenvironment,itcannotexistwithoutculture,itcannotbeinheritedfromtraditionandbeliefwithoutsociety.”Itcanbeseenthatculturaldifferenceshaveagreatinfluenceonreading.DifferencesinGeographyTheoriginofcivilizationdependsonthegeographicalreason.Fromtheperspectiveofgeographicalreason,ChineseculturemainlyreferstotheChinesecivilizationcenteredonthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiverandtheYangtzeRiver.WhilewesternculturemainlyreferstotheancientGreekcivilization,ancientRomancivilizationandancientEgyptiancivilizationcenteredontheAegeanSeaandtheMediterraneanSea.TheYellowRiverandtheYangtzeRiverprovideagriculturalconvenienceforthemainland,soChineseculturebelongstoagriculturalculturetoagreaterextent(PingZhu,2016).TheNorthSea,theAtlanticOceanandotheroceanssurroundthewesterncountries,sotheoceanbecomesitscradle,bringingitscommercialbenefitsinnavigation.Therefore,westernculturebelongstothemarineculturetoagreaterextent.Chinaislocatedintheeasternandnorthernhemispheres.Thetworiverbasinsareinthetemperatemonsoonclimate.Whenitcomestotheeastwind,wethinkthatitisspringwindandverywarm,whilethenorthwestwindisprettycold.Britainislocatedinthewesternandnorthernhemispheres,whichbelongstothetemperatemarineclimate.Itisthewestwindthatsensesthenewsofspring.InmanyEnglishworks,theauthorwillexpresshisfeelingswiththehelpofrelevantgeographicalinformation,sothegeographicaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestwillcausecertainproblemstothereaders'understanding.DifferencesinValuesInfluencedbythehistoricalbackground,Chinesesocietymainlyfocusesoncollectiveinterestsintheprocessofdevelopment.Oncethereisaconflictbetweenindividualinterestsandcollectiveinterests,weshouldprotectcollectiveinterestsandsacrificesomeindividualinterests.Ifweonlypayattentiontopersonalinterests,wewillbecriticizedfromallwalksoflife.Theso-calledcollectiveinterestsmainlyincludethenationalinterests,theoverallinterestsofthefamily,theinterestsofsocialorganizations,theinterestsofworkunits,theoverallinterestsofthecompany,etc.Chinesepeople'sdailyconsumptionconceptisinfluencedgreatlybythiskindofideology.MostChinesepeopleareconservativeconsumers.Themainpurposeoftheirworkisnottowinbetterlivingconditionsforthemselves,buttocreateabetterlifeforthewholefamily.Thisphenomenonismoreobviousintherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildren.ManyChineseparentsworkhardandsavemoneytocreatebetterlivingandeducationconditionsforthenextgeneration.Incontrast,westernersaremoreadvocatingfreedom,equality,democracyandcivilization,advocatingindividualstandard,requiringindividualrights,individualfreedom,individualstruggleandindividualhappiness.Inwesterncountries,individualismhasabrightcolorandemphasizesequalityinlife.Everyonehastherighttopursueequalityandfreedom.Itneedstoshowastrongpersonalcharacterinthecollective,andpersonalheroismisthemainfactor.Fromtheperspectiveofconsumptionconcept,mostofthewesternpeopleareaheadoftheirownconsumption.Whentheirchildrenreachacertainage,theycanworkhardtocreatesuperiorlivingconditionsforthemselves.1.3DifferencesinThinkingStylesMostChinesepeopledevelopanintuitiveandsymbolicwayofthinking.Chineseexpressionstendtobemoreconcreteandmoremetaphysical,andmorerealisticandmorefreehand.Westernthinkingisinductiveandlinearwithstrongabstractnessandgeneralization.LiDongholdsthatthereisawholesetofwaystoexpressabstractthinkinginEnglish,suchastheextensiveuseofabstractnounsinEnglishsentencesandtheemphasisonobjectnames(LiDong,2017).Chineseculturehasalonghistory.Intermsofexpressionofideas,mostofthemareimplicit.Whenexpressingpersonalviews,theyoftenuseimagestocreateactivelanguageoreuphemismtoexpressthings,whichismainlyinfluencedbythenationalcharacterofourcountry.Therefore,inChina,peopletakeimagethinkingastheprincipalthing,whichismostobviousinancientChinesepoetry.Poetsexpresstheirfeelingsandfeelingsthroughmetaphor.However,thethinkingmodeofmostpeopleinwesterncountriesisabstractthinking,sotheyhavearelativelystronglogicalreasoningability.Therefore,westernersaremoredirectinthinkingexpression.Forexample,whenwriting,westernersoftenadopttheopen-mindedway,firstexpressingtheirownviews,andthenlistingcasestodemonstratethescientificnature,rationalityandprecisenessoftheirviews.Inotheraspectsofliving,westernersexpresstheabstractthinkingmodeincisivelyandvividly.Forinstance,inacaradvertisementintheUnitedStates,theadvertisementtakesalotoftimetointroducethedrivingexperienceofdrivers,ratherthanfocusingontheproductintroduction.Inthisway,theadvertisementitselfhasagreatimaginationspaceforconsumerstoimagine.IntermsofChineseadvertising,thefocusofadvertisingismainlyonproductintroduction.Forexample,thelackofproductintroductionmakesitdifficultforChineseconsumerstoacceptit,whichalsoshowsthattherearecertaindifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternthinkingpatterns.1.4DifferencesinReligionTherearelotsoffactorsconnectedwithreligiousculture,suchasculturalbackground,economicactivitiesandpoliticalactivities.Whenitcomestoreligiousbelief,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternreligion.Confucianism,whichisthemostrepresentativecultureofourcountry,hasalonghistory.Itconducts“benevolenceandrighteousness”,“rulebyetiquette”and“moralityandfilialpiety”.Thesethoughtshaveaprofoundimpactonourpeople'sthoughts,cultivatingpeople'sthoughtsofmoderation,responsibilityandloyaltyandfilialpietyintoday'ssociety,andaffectingChinesepeople'soutlookonlife,valuesandlivinghabits.Inwesternculture,ChristianityisthereligiousbeliefandBibleisthemoralcriterion.Itsreligiousallusionsandlegendsareembodiedinliterature,musicandotherculturalforms.Itisfar-reachingforChristianitytoinfluencetheEnglishlanguage.ManywordsarederivedfromtheBible.Forexample,thecommonEnglishword“God”isoftenusedinspokenEnglish.Manypeopleoftensay“myGod”inoralEnglish,especiallyindangeroussituationsItcanbeseenthatwesternersregardGodasaspiritualsustenance.ImpactofDifferences2.1VocabularyInChina,aphraseisgenerallycomposedoftwoormorewords,allkindsofmeaningsareexpressedbythecombinationofwords.Chinesewords’culturestressesthatabstractconceptscanbeexpressedthroughspecificdescription,butinthewest,theyprefertoexpressthemostmeaningswithlesswords.SoanEnglishwordoftenhassomekindsofdifferentmeanings,evenhasmultiplepartsofspeech.SomewordsinEnglishcanbematchedtothecorrespondingwordsinChinese,butotherscannotfindcorrespondingwordsatthesamecase.Thisphenomenoniscalled“l(fā)exicalvacancy”.AizhiWangthinksthatthephenomenonoflexicalvacancyreferstothefactthatsomewordsinalanguagemaynothavecorrespondingwordsinanotherlanguageduetoculturalorlinguisticdifferences(AizhiWang,2008).Awordhasdirect,superficialanddictionarymeanings,italsocontainsconnotativeandemotionalmeaningsatthesametime,involvingmanyassociations.ItistheEnglishwordsthat"connotative,emotional,andassociativemeanings"oftenbecomeobstaclestoourreadingcomprehension.2.1.1Color-relatedVocabularyBothinthewestcountriesandinChina,redisoftenassociatedwithhappyandexcitingthingsincludingcelebrationsandfestivedays.EspeciallyinChina,redsymbolizesrevolutionandsocialism.However,inwesternculture,redalsohasthemeaningsofdangeroranger,suchasredflag.Andwhenyousee“inthered”inbusinessEnglish.Don'tthinkit'sprofit.Onthecontrary,itmeanslossandliability.“Bluebody”referstothepersonwhochangesfrommaletofemaleaftersexchangesurgery.“Pinklady”referstoacocktailnameratherthanayoungwomandressedinpink.“Blacktea”meansfermentedtealeaves,butifyoutranslateitdirectly,itmaybeunderstoodthattheteawhichlooksblack.InChinese,“blackcoffee”isthecoffeewithhighconcentration,andtheteawithhighconcentrationinEnglishis“strongtea”.YellowisregardedasanoblecolorinChinesehistorybecauseithasthesameChinesevoiceastheemperor.Thephrase"yellowrobe”notonlymeanstherobewhichcolorisyellow,butalsoreferstotheclothbelongstoemperorornobleman.Nevertheless,thesenseofyellowinEnglishisdifferentfrominChinese.Itmeans“timid,meanandjealousy”.Forexample,"yellowdog"isnotthedogwithyellowskinbutthecoward.2.1.2AnalogySomewordsinEnglishhavefigurativemeaningsjustlikesomeChinesewords,soweneedtoknowtheirextendedmeanings.Forexample,inEnglish,theword"bigwheel"meanswheellooksbigwhenitistranslateddirectly.InourChineseunderstanding,“bigwheel”isanounwithoutanymeaning.InEnglish,itmeansthebigperson.Anotherexampleisthattheword"olivebranch"meansplants’branches,butitiswidelyusedtomean"peace".“Swan”inEnglishisusedtorefertoabrilliantpoet.AccordingtotheGreeklegend,thesoulofApollo,theGodofmusic,enteredaswan,whichledtotheparableofPythagoras:thesoulofalltheoutstandingpoetsenteredtheswan.Inchildren'sbooksandcomicsofwesternculture,owlsareusuallyveryseriousandthoughtful.Incaseofanydisputeamonganimals,owlshallcometothejudge.Animalsalsoseekadvicefromowlinanemergency.Inwesternculture,sometimespeoplethinkthatowlsareunrealisticandstupid,buttheyarebasicallysymbolsofwisdom.However,Chinesepeoplehavedifferentviewsonowls.InancientChina,mostpeoplearesuperstitious,theyareafraidtoseeorhearowlsbecausetheythoughtitwasgoingtobebadluck.“owlenterthehouse”inChinesemeansthatthefamilyisdoomed.Onthecontrary,inwesternculture,thereisasayingthat:“aswiseasanowl”,whichshowsthatEnglishspeakersloveowlsandregardowlsasasymbolofwisdom.“Dog”isoftenusedasacommendatoryterminwesternculture,anditisthebestfriendofmankindatthesametime.MostBritishpeoplehaveagoodopinionofdogs,regardthemasthepearloftheirhandsandcareforthem.TherearemanyidiomsaboutdogsinEnglish,mostofwhicharepositiveexceptforafewderogatorymeaningsinfluencedbyforeigncultures.ButinChinesedailylife,theword“dog”ismoreusedtoinsultothers,andthebehaviorofshiteatingwillbeusedtometaphorsomepeople'sincompetence.“Worklikeadog”meansworkhardinEnglish,ifwedonotunderstandthemoralofdoginwesternculture,thisphraseismorelikeswearing.InthecontextofChineseculture,wemaybeconfusedaboutthemeaningof“aluckydog”.WhileinEnglish,ithasaclearexplanation:amanwhoisveryfortunate.2.1.3AmbiguityIfyouaskmewhichvocabularyofambiguityimpressedmemost?Iwillsaytheword“dragon”.DragonisaChinesetotem.Chinesepeople,includingoverseasChineseallovertheworld,holdafirmbeliefthatwearedescendantsofthedragon.Atthesametime,wehaveaspecialandcomplexlovefor“dragon”.TheemperorsinChinesehistoryarealsonamed“truedragonemperor”.ThecultureofdragoninChinaisasymbolofauspiciousness.Meanwhile,itsymbolizespower,wealth,future,andagrowingspirit.Nevertheless,inwesternmythsandlegends,dragonisahugelizard.Ithasadoubleofwingsandalongsnaketail.Itsbodysurfaceisfullofscales.Itcansprayfirefromitsmouth.Inthemiddleages,dragonwasasymbolofsin.TheBibleoncesaidthatSatanwascalled"thegreatdragon".GuangzengHaisaysthattherearetwodefinitionsofdragoninLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish:①animaginaryfirebreathinganimalinchildren'sstories;②araceolderwoman,especiallyonewhoallowstoolittlefreedomtoayounggirlinhercharge(GuangzengHai,2000).DragonisoftenusedasaderogatorytermbecauseitisnotlovedbypeopleinthenationalcultureofBritainandAmerica.TheBiblesaysthatthedragonwasstabbedtodeathbySt.Georgewithalargespear.TheforeignpressalsocalledDragonforthedetestablepolicewhobeatpeoplespecially.Afterunderstandingtheculturaldifferences,wewillnotmisunderstandthephrase"theolddragon"whenwereadit.Itstruemeaningis"devil".ManyambiguouswordsexistbothinEnglishandChinese.Forexample,“beefcake”and“cheesecake”meansmaleandfemalebodybuildingphoto,wemightregarditasdeliciouscakewhilewedonotknow.Ifwetranslate“halfwayhouse”directly,wewillgetastrangemeaning,andactuallyitreferstoakindofhospital.Inothercases,duetoculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandwesterncountries,someEnglishwordshavethesamemeaningbutoppositeconnotation.Forinstance,idealismisusedasaphilosophicalterm.IdealismdoesnotshowobviouslythecommendatoryorderogatorysenseinEnglish,whileithasaderogatorymeaninginChinese.InChinese,itoftencontainsthemeaningofdepartingfromrealityandderogatory.Westernpeopleemphasizeindividualindependenceconsciousness,individualfreedomandpower,andthespiritofindependentstruggletorealizeself-worth.Theword“individualism”sumsuptheseideas,butitisdifferentinChinese.Withtimegoingby,ChinesepeopleareinfluencedgreatlybyConfucianismandtheyhaveformedanintrovertedandhumblecharacter.Thetraditionhasacertainnatureofpraise.Thedifferenceisthatwesternculturepaysattentiontochangeandenterprising.Whenusingtraditional,ithasaderogatorymeaning,referringtosomeonewhofollowstheold-fashionedway.Ofcourse,thelandlordsandcapitalistsinChinesesocietyareparticularlydisgusted,andwemayevenusethesewordstobelittlesomethings.ButinEnglish,thewords“l(fā)andlord”and“capitalist”arecommendatorywordsinwesternsociety.2.1.4SpecialMeaningSomewordsextendedfromsomeclassicalstories,somephenomenaanduniquethings.Thesewordsaregivennewmeaningartificially\o"添加到收藏夾".Theemergenceofthesewordscannotbedirectlytranslated.Forexample,“l(fā)onelinessindustry”referstoasocialwelfareprojectfortheelderlyintheUnitedStates,buttranslatingitaccordingtothemeaningofthewordislonelyindustry.Asthemodernindustrialcivilizationdestroysthehumanitarianspirit,moreandmorechildrenintheUnitedStatesdonotwanttolivewiththeirparents.Leavingouttheyoung,manylonelyoldpeoplecannotbetakengoodcareof,sothelivingconditionsoftheelderlyinAmericaareterrible,resultinginsocialproblems.Therefore,tosolvethisproblem,theAmericangovernmentdecidetoestablishaspecialsocialprojectfortheelderly:lonelinessindustry.JosephHeller,anAmericannovelist,putforward“Catch-22”firstlyinhisnovelCatch-22inthe20thcentury.“Acatch-22situation”isoftenusedtodescribeadifficultdilemmatogetridof.IfitistranslatedintoNo.22armyrule,itwillbemisunderstood.Thereare“King'sEnglish”and“Queen'sEnglish”inEnglish,butthelanguagetheyrefertoisroughlyequivalenttothe"Mandarin"oftenspokeninChinese,whichisacorrectandstandardlanguage.TheylookliketwospecialEnglishlanguagewhenweinterpretthemwordbyword.“Dragon'steeth”isusedtorefertotherootofbroadcastinghatredandhostility.ThisallusionoriginatedfromtheancientGreekmyth.ItmainlytalksaboutCadmuswasthesonofAgenor,kingofPhoenicia.Hekilledafiercedragonandplanteditsteethintheground.Asaresult,thesedragonteethturnedintowarriorscomingoutofthegroundtokillCadmus.Therefore,“sowdragon'steeth”meanstoproducehatredandhostility.Thereisanotherexampleofwordswithspecialmeaningfrommyth：“Pandora'sbox”,whichisthesourceofdisaster.Pandorawasaperfectandinnocentwoman.ThegodsofOlympiaspreadthedisastertohuman.TheybelievedthathumanshouldnotacceptthefirewhichwasstolebyPrometheusfromheaven,sotheyweredeterminedtopunishhuman.ThegodsdidtheirbesttocreatePandora,gaveherbeautyandintelligence.Inaddition,theyalsogaveherstrongcuriosity.PandoramarriedPrometheus'youngerbrother,then,Zeusgaveheragoldboxasdowryandtoldhernottoopenit.Pandorasoonbecameimpatientandopenedthegoldbox,withallkindsofdisasterscomingtotheworld.Fortunately,therewasstillhopeatthebottomofthebox,althoughtheworldissufferingfrommanydisasters,peoplestillstruggle.Thisphraseiscloselyrelatedwithwesternmythology,someonehasnoideawithoutlearningwesternculture.2.2ProverbManyEnglishproverbsareidiomaticanddifficulttounderstand.Itmainlyreferstoafigurativemeaningandaspecialuse,itsmeaningisnoteasytoinferfromtheliteral.Ifweonlyunderstanditintheliteralsense,butdonotstudyitcarefully,wearelikelytogetitwrong.Therearemanythingsrelatedtoproverbs,oneofthemissocialandculturaltraditions.Theproverbwillbemisunderstandifpeopledonotstudytheirnationalcultureandsocialhabits.Proverbsaremainlycomposedofwordsandcollocationsofwordsorphrases,andthecollocationisoftenconventional.Wecan'tapplythecollocationruleofmothertonguetoEnglishlearning.Forexample,inEnglish,thereisasayingthat“bringowlstoAthens”,thisproverbmeans“makeanunnecessarymove”.Ifyoudon'tknowthemeaningoftheproverb,youmayunderstanditastakingowlstoAthens.“Alewillmakecatspeak”meanspeoplewouldtalkalotafterdrinking.Weshouldnotthinkthatthealemakescatsayswords.“Bebornwithasilverspooninone'smouth”isthatsomeoneborninarichfamily.Asweallknow,noonegnawsasilverspoonwhilebeingborn.“Countthechickenbeforetheyarehatched”referstosomebodyisoptimistictooearly.Ifyoudidnotlearnit,youmayfeelconfusedandmutterthatwhythepersoncanpredict.2.3SentencesGenerallyspeaking,thebasicguidingideologyofsentenceunderstandingistomobilizeallpositivefactorstounderstandsentences,includinggrammaticalclues,relatedwordclues,wordformationclues,modifierclues,contextclues,punctuationclues,etc.Backgroundknowledgeisalsothebasisoflanguagecommunication.Whenwelearnforeignlanguage,weneedtotryourbesttoknowrelevantculturalbackgroundknowledge.Otherwise,wewillnotbeabletoaccuratelygetthefeedbackinformationofthearticle.Evenifthereisnotanewwordinmanysentences,thereareobstaclestounderstanding.Forexample,“theachievements'heel”comesfrom"thegoalskeeperistheachievements'heelinthisteam".ThesentencewaswrittenintheancientGreekmythology.AchilleisanoutstandingheroinancientGreeklegends.ItissaidthatAchillewasonlyaveryordinarychildwhenhewasborn.Hismother,inordertotrainhisstrongwillandmakehimamanofironandsteel,carriedhimupsidedownandputhimintheriverofhelltosoak.Asexpected,afterimmersion,hisbodybecameapairofsteel.Nofierceenemyishisopponent.However,becausehisheelswereinhismother'shands,theywereneverimmersedintheriverofhell.Inthisway,hisheel,likeordinarypeople,hasbecometheweakness.Later,inabattle,hewasshotintheheelbyhisenemies.Thehero,whohasmadegreatachievements,finallydiedofhisownfatalweakness.Thisphrase,aswellasthevariationof“theheelofAchille”,isinterpretedas"fatalweakness".Odetothewestwind,theBritishromanticpoet,hasafamoussentence:"Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?"whichhasthesayingof"thewestwindheraldsspring".Thereasonwhythepoetsaidthesewordsisthatintheearlyspringofwesterncountries,thespringwindwillblowfromthewesternsea,whichiscausedbytheclimate.Therefore,thewestwindrepresentswarmthinwesternculture,justliketheeastwindinChineseculture.XiaojingHaoconsidersthatbecauseoftheclimate,thesummerinEnglandisnotashotasitinChina,butratherwarmandpleasant.So,Shakespearesaidinhispraiseofhislover,"shallIcomparethemtoasummer'sday".Itisnottosaythathisloverispassionate,likethesummersun,buttoshowhislover'stendernessandgentleness(XiaojingHao,2007).ForrestGump,afamousmovieintheUnitedStates,inwhichGump'smothersaid,"Lifewaslikeaboxofchocolate,youneverknowwhatyou'regonnaget"(XiaolanGu,2017).Thisclassiclanguagehasbeenpraisedbypeopleallthetime.Butwhyusechocolateasametaphorinsteadofotherthings?ItrequiresustounderstandAmericancustoms.Becausetherewereusuallytwelveortwenty-fourchocolatesintheUnitedStates,eachwithadifferentpackageandtaste,shapeandcolor.Therewasnosignatthattime,soIhadtoopenitinmymouthandtasteitbeforeIknewwhatitwaslike.2.4ChapterIntermsoflogicalfeatures,ChinesetextsaredifferentfromEnglishtexts.ThemainpresentationofEnglishpassageisthemodeofreasoning.Themodeofreasoningreferstoputtingforwardthecentralideafirst,reasoningaroundthecentralideastepbystep,withobviouslogicalconnection,whichisthetotalscorestructure.Chinesepassagemainlypresentsinductivefeatures.Inductivemodereferstoputtingforwardvariousviewsfirst,spreadingoutthinking,andfinallysettlinginacertainpoint.BilianLinthinksthatChinesepeoplepayattentiontoeuphemismandimplicitness,sointhemostChinesearticles,thecentralideawillbeputattheendofthearticle,andalargenumberofgreetingsandrenderingswillbewrittenbeforeit(BilianLin,2018).Forexample,whenChinesepeoplewritetoothersforthereasonofborrowingmoney,theywillwritetheyaresorrytodisturbeachother,thenwritetheirowndifficultiesandnecessities,andfinallysaytherequesttoborrowmoneyfromeachother.Inthisway,theletterwillgivereceiverasincerefeeling.Butforthewesternerswhoaremoredirectincharacter,itisdifficulttounderstand,sotheyoftenfeelconfused.Westernerswritearticleswithoutstandingthemesandopen-mindedideas.Theyusuallypointoutthecentralideainthefirstthreesentencesofthearticle,whichisjusttheoppositewayoftheChinesearticle.CountermeasuresWintonBermbeck,anexpertinforeignlanguageteachingintheUnite