BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAUniversitiesandTheirFunctionsUnitOneThisisaspeechfirstaddressedtotheAmericanAssociationoftheCollegiateSchoolsofBusinessin1927.ThetextselectedhereisadaptedfromTheAimsofEducationandOtherEssays,NewYork:FreePress,1967.BackgroundInformation

AlfredNorthWhitehead(1861—1947):Englishmathematicianandphilosopher.Heisbestknownasthedefiningfigureofthephilosophicalschoolknownas

processphilosophy,

whichtodayhasfoundapplicationtoawidevarietyofdisciplines.Sentence:Buttheprimaryreasonfortheirexistenceisnottobefoundeitherinthemereknowledgeconveyedtothestudentsorinthemereopportunitiesforresearchaffordedtothemembersofthefaculty.(Para.1)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為theprimaryreason…isnot…either…or…。其中，conveyedtothestudents做themereknowledge的后置定語(yǔ)；affordedtothemembersofthefaculty做themereopportunitiesforresearch的后置定語(yǔ)。

LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thetragedyoftheworldisthatthosewhoareimaginativehavebutslightexperience,andthosewhoareexperiencedhavefeebleimagination.(Para.4)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Thetragedyoftheworldisthat…。that所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中包括兩個(gè)并列短句，分別以thosewhoareimaginative和thosewhoareexperienced做主語(yǔ)。其中，but意為only。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Itrequiresanimaginativegraspoftheinterlockinginterestsofgreatorganisation,andofthereactionsofthewholecomplextoanychangeinoneofitselements.(Para.7)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Itrequiresanimaginativegrasp…。animaginativegrasp后用and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別為oftheinterlockinginterestsofgreatorganisation和ofthereactionsofthewholecomplextoanychangeinoneofitselements。其中，its代指greatorganisation。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thewayinwhichauniversityshouldfunctioninthepreparationforanintellectualcareer,suchasmodernbusinessoroneoftheolderprofessions,isbypromotingtheimaginativeconsiderationofthevariousgeneralprinciplesunderlyingthatcareer.(Para.11)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Theway…isby…。inwhich引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)theway；underlyingthatcareer為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作thevariousgeneralprinciples的后置定語(yǔ)。其中，thatcareer代指anintellectualcareer。LongorDifficultSentences1.justificationn.正當(dāng)理由Thereisno

justification

foranyfurthertaxincreases.

沒有什么理由來進(jìn)一步加稅了。

2.

zestn.極大的快樂；熱情；興趣The

victory

hasgivenhimarenewedzestforfor

the

game.

勝利重新喚起他對(duì)這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的熱情。Newwords&phrases

3.illuminatev.照亮；闡明；啟發(fā)Youneedtoilluminate

thesubjectwithsomefreshinsightsorexamples.你需要用一些新的見解或例子來闡明這個(gè)主題。4.elicitv.引出；探出Hewassurethattherequestwould

elicit

apositiveresponse.

他覺得這一請(qǐng)求一定能夠引起積極反響。Newwords&phrases

5.flinchv.不想或不做某種不愉快的事He

is

a

leader

who

doesn't

flinch

fromanydifficulties.他是一個(gè)不屈不撓的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。6.conceivev.構(gòu)思；想象Wecannotevenconceiveofwhatlifewouldbelikewithoutcomputers.我們甚至無法想象沒有電腦將會(huì)是怎樣的日子。Newwords&phrases

7.pedestrianadj.平淡的；缺乏想象或靈感的Hiscircumstancesandexperiencesofhiscareerlifewereanythingbutpedestrian.

他的職業(yè)經(jīng)歷是很不平常的。8.precedev.在…之前；先于Agricultural

development

usually

precedes

economic

development.

農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展通常需要在整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中處于領(lǐng)先地位。Newwords&phrases

9.construev.解釋；理解Youmay

construethisstatementinanumberofdifferentways.這份聲明可以有好幾種解釋。10.hamperv.束縛；妨礙Thosewhohamper

rescueeffortswillbefinedbythepolice.警察會(huì)對(duì)那些妨礙救援的人處以罰款。Newwords&phrases

11.investwith

賦予…某種性質(zhì) Mr.Smithinvestedhislawyerwithcompletepowertoactforhimwhenhewasabroad.

出國(guó)期間，史密斯先生讓律師全權(quán)代表他。12.intermsof

在…方面；以…來表達(dá)Thesebeachresortsstillremainunbeatablein

terms

of

price.

這些海邊度假勝地，在價(jià)格方面仍具有絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Newwords&phrases

BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBADifferentFutureforHigherEducation?ProperNames

ChesterEvansFinn,Jr.:aformerprofessorofeducation,aneducationalpolicyanalyst,andaformerUnitedStatesAssistant

SecretaryofEducation.HeisaFellowoftheInternationalAcademyofEducation,anAdjunctFellowatthe

HudsonInstitute,andaseniorfellowat

StanfordUniversity’s

HooverInstitution

wherehechairstheKoretTaskForceonK-12Education.Sentence:…manycollegesarenowprovidingthesortofeducationthatshouldhavebeenprovidedinhighschool,andthewillingnesstoacceptill-preparedstudentsunderminestheirdedicationinelementaryandsecondaryschool.(Para.7)Analysis:此句中and連接兩個(gè)完整的句子。前半句中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾thesortofeducation。定語(yǔ)從句中shouldhavebeen構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意指“應(yīng)該被提供但并沒有被提供的教育”。后半句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為thewillingness…underminestheirdedication。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Costandpriceescalationareeffectingenrollmentpatterns,shiftingstudentsfromprivatecollegetoheavilysubsidizedpublicinstitutions,tocommunitycolleges,andtonontraditionalschoolsthatmanagetochargewhateverthefederalgrantsandloansprovide.(Para.8)Analysis:此句的主句為Costandpriceescalationareeffectingenrollmentpatterns，逗號(hào)后為現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為shift…from…to…，其中有3個(gè)并列的to結(jié)構(gòu)：toheavilysubsidizedpublicinstitutions,tocommunitycolleges以及tonontraditionalschools。本句最后的that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾nontraditionalschools。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Butthemassproviders,tornbetweentheiraspirationstowardtraditionalstatusandtheirobligationtorespondtoshiftingmarkets,desperatelyneedtoclarifytheirmission.(Para.17)Analysis:此句的主句為Butthemassproviders…desperatelyneedtoclarifytheirmission。句子中的tornbetween…and…結(jié)構(gòu)為過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)，說明themassproviders的狀態(tài)。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thistrendconcurswiththecommon-sensenotionthattheprimarybeneficiariesofhighereducationarethestudentsandthattheyshouldpayforit.(Para.23)Analysis:此句的主句為Thistrendconcurswiththecommon-sensenotion，隨后的that…andthat…為兩個(gè)并列的同位語(yǔ)從句，以解釋、說明thecommon-sensenotion的具體內(nèi)容。其中they代指thestudents。LongorDifficultSentences

ProperNamesProperNamesCPI=consumerpriceindexA

consumerpriceindex

(CPI)measureschangesinthepricelevelofa

marketbasket

of

consumergoodsandservicespurchasedbyhouseholds.Itisastatisticalestimateconstructedusingthepricesofasampleofrepresentativeitemswhosepricesarecollectedperiodically.TheannualpercentagechangeinaCPIisusedasameasureofinflation.ACPIcanalsobeusedtoindex(i.e.,adjustfortheeffectofinflation)therealvalueofwages,salaries,pensions,forregulatingpricesandfordeflatingmonetarymagnitudestoshowchangesinrealvalues.

ProperNamesProperNamescharterschoolA

charterschool

isaschoolwhichreceivespublicfundingbutoperatesindependently,oftenwithaacurriculumandeducationalphilosophydifferentfromtheotherschoolsinthesystem.Charterschoolsareanexampleof

alternativeeducation.專題補(bǔ)充講解翻譯概述一、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐、評(píng)價(jià)譯文質(zhì)量的尺度。翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確立，對(duì)于建立科學(xué)的翻譯理論體系具有重要意義。 1.嚴(yán)復(fù)的三字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“信、達(dá)、雅”，即Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance。2.現(xiàn)代翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“忠實(shí)、通順”?！爸覍?shí)”即忠實(shí)于原文，譯者必須準(zhǔn)確且完整地把原文的思想及內(nèi)容表達(dá)出來，不可擅自增刪或變意，要尊重作者在敘述、說明和描寫中所反映的思想、觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)及個(gè)人感情；“通順”即指譯文的語(yǔ)言必須合乎規(guī)范、通俗易懂，力求譯文樸實(shí)、通暢、清新、生動(dòng)。翻譯概述二、科普英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)

科普文章文體的特點(diǎn)是：清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密，同時(shí)兼具通俗性和趣味性。

在翻譯科普類文章的時(shí)候，需要首先了解科普文章的特點(diǎn)。以下所列結(jié)構(gòu)均在科普文章中出現(xiàn)較多。 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句 2.非限定動(dòng)詞 3.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) 4.后置定語(yǔ) 5.長(zhǎng)句、復(fù)雜句翻譯概述 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句

科普文章側(cè)重?cái)⑹峦评恚瑥?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。在敘述時(shí)常避免使用第一、二人稱，以避免主觀臆斷的印象。因此較多使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在翻譯時(shí)，需要注意被動(dòng)句的翻譯以及主、被動(dòng)句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例：

原句：Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine.

譯文：應(yīng)當(dāng)注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。

翻譯概述 2.非限定動(dòng)詞

科普文章要求行文簡(jiǎn)練、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，所以通常使用分詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句；分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句；不定式短語(yǔ)代替各種從句；介詞+動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。所以在翻譯時(shí)，需要注意句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換。例：

原句：Radiatingfromtheearth,heatcausesaircurrentstorise.

譯文：熱量由地球輻射出來時(shí)，使得氣流上升。翻譯概述 3.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）是科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一，用以強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性、確切性。所以翻譯時(shí)，需要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)譯。例：

原句：Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.

譯文：地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。翻譯概述 4.后置定語(yǔ)

為了表達(dá)更加明確，科普類文章經(jīng)常大量使用后置定語(yǔ)。在翻譯時(shí)，需注意語(yǔ)序的改變和詞性的轉(zhuǎn)譯。例：