專敗11閔履理斛說明文（衩松文）（就京專用）

（五年考情?探規(guī)律）c

五年考情（2021-2025）

考點(diǎn)分布

命題趨勢(shì)

年份體裁詞數(shù)話題細(xì)節(jié)推理主旨詞義

理解判斷大忠猜測(cè)

對(duì)社會(huì)比較這一觀念的思考：并非所有題材聚焦科技前沿（如AI倫

理、航天技術(shù)）、社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)（如

議論文406社會(huì)比較都不健康，可加以利用促進(jìn)自0111

環(huán)保治理、心理健康）與文化

2025我提升

傳承，融入地域特色，凸顯時(shí)

個(gè)人故事與自我認(rèn)同、幸福感之間關(guān)系代性與價(jià)僚觀引領(lǐng)。題型設(shè)計(jì)

說明文3991210

及如何改變個(gè)人故事。強(qiáng)化高階思維，推理判斷題占

比提升，要求分析論證邏輯

討論科學(xué)問題：宇宙是否是由計(jì)算機(jī)模

議論文4080301（如因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)）和

擬生成的

作者隱含態(tài)度，主旨題側(cè)重提

2024

人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及人類建煉核心觀點(diǎn)或論證框架。語篇

說明文3841110

立道德準(zhǔn)則的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，長難句（如定語

從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞）和多重轉(zhuǎn)

說明文366人類社會(huì)發(fā)展中人們的短視現(xiàn)象0300

2023折關(guān)系增多，需通過上下文語

說明文對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活的影響

429AI0211義關(guān)聯(lián)（如同義復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義對(duì)

說明文415解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維1200比）解題。詞匯難度適中但注

重學(xué)術(shù)性，涉及科技術(shù)語和文

2022量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功

議論文4001111化特定詞匯，熟同生義考查頻

嗎？

率增加。命題強(qiáng)調(diào)跨學(xué)科能力

說明文354全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念0201與批判性思維，引導(dǎo)考生辯證

2021文章通過討論時(shí)間的定義，講述了人們分析技術(shù)發(fā)展與人文價(jià)值的

議論文

4801210關(guān)系。

應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。

（五年真題?分點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)練）

（2025?北京?高考）

Nottoolongago,onacoldwinternight,therewasateenagerwhowantedmorescreentimeandaparentwho

saidno.Theteenagerwasadvocatingforherrighttoscroll（翻屏）fbranextra30minutes.Theparentarguedthat

noneofherfriends'parentsletthemhavescreensafter9o'clock."1thought,inthisfamily,wedon'tcompare

ourselveswithotherpeople,Dad?”【heteenagerreplied.Theparent—whowasme,bytheway—justgotserved.

Sincetheywereyoung,Ihavetoldmykidsnottocomparethemselveswithotherpeople.Ihavearguedcountless

timesthatcomparisonsarethe“thiefofjoy”.

Althoughmydaughterdidn'twin,shedidhelpexposeoneoftheworstpiecesofadviceIhaveevergiven.Inmy

de佗nee,Ididwhatwe'vealldonebefore,whichisrepeatreceivedwisdomwithoutexploringthenuances.Butnow

isthetimetosettherecordstraight,whichstartswithquestioningtheideathatallsocialcomparisonisunhealthy.

Socialcomparisonsdo,ofcourse,oftengetusintoemotionaltrouble.Buttheycanbeharnessed［利用）forour

bettermentifweunderstandhowtheywork.Thesocialcomparisonsv/emake—onesthatleadustofeelgoodorbad

aboutourselves—arevitaltoourabilitytothrive（成長）.Scienceprovidesaguidewecanusetoharnessthewaywe

performthesecomparisonstoreducetheirnegativeemotionalimpacts.

Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisoutperformingyoucouldresultinfeelingsofenvyifyoufocusonthe

thingstheyhaveandyoudon't,oritcanbeenergizingandinspiringifyonusethesecomparisonsasasourceof

motivation,fbrexample,4tIftheycanachievethat,socan1."Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisdoingworse

thanyoucouldresultinfearandworryifyouthinkabouthowyoucouldfallintosimilarcircumstances,oritcan

drawoutfeelingsofgratitudeandappreciationifyouusethatcomparisontobroadenyourviews-forexample,

uWow,thingscouldbemuchworse;Tmdoinggreat/'

WhatIwishIlaughimydaughterearlierarethesenuances.Howwefeelaboutourselvesrestsnotjustonwhom

wccompareourselveswithbutalsoonhowwcthinkaboutthatcomparison.That'ssomethingwcallhavecontrol

over.

28.Howdidtheauthorfeelabouthisdaughter'sargument?

A.Excited.B.Inspired.C.Energized.D.Relieved.

29.Whatdocstheword“nuances”underlinedinParagraph2mostprobablymean?

A.Majorachievements.B.Complexfeelings.

C.Significantimpacts.D.Finedifferences.

30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanBecomeaHealthyHabit

B.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanStrengthenFamilyTies

C.SocialComparisonsCanGetUsintoEmotionalTrouble

D.SocialComparisonsCanBeControlledbyScience

【答案】28.B29.D30.A

【主題】本文是一篇議論文。作者通過講述自己和女兒關(guān)于能否延長看屏幕時(shí)間的爭論，引巴對(duì)社會(huì)比較

這一觀念的思考，指出并非所有社會(huì)比較都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促進(jìn)自我提升。

28.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段**Althoughmydaughterdidn'twin,shedidhelpexposeoneoftheworstpieces

ofadviceIhaveevergiven.（雖然我女兒沒有嬴，但她確實(shí)幫助揭露了我曾經(jīng)給出的最糟糕的建議之一。）”以

及后文作者對(duì)社會(huì)比較的重新思考可知，作者從女兒的爭論中得到了啟發(fā)。故選B。

29.【解析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“Inmydefence,Ididwhatwe'vealldonebefore,whichisrepeatreceived

wisdomwithoutexploringthenuances.Butnowisthetimetosettherecordstraight,whichstartswithquestioning

theideathatallsocialcomparisonisunhealthy.（為自己辯護(hù)一下，我做了我們所有人都做過的事，就是重復(fù)那

些大家都認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，卻沒有探究其中的—o但現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候糾正這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)了，首先要質(zhì)疑所有社會(huì)比較

都是不健康的這一想法.)”可知,作者之前只是重復(fù)普遍觀點(diǎn)，沒有深入探究不同情況，現(xiàn)在要重新審視,

所以“nuances”意思可能是“組微差別”。故選D。

30.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Socialcomparisonsdo,ofcourse,oftengelusintoemotionaltrouble.But

theycanbeharnessed（利用）forourbettermentifweunderstandhowiheywork.（當(dāng)然，社會(huì)比較常常會(huì)給我們

帶來情感困擾。但如果我們了解其運(yùn)作原理，就可以利用它們來提升自我。）”，以及第四段“Comparing

yourselfwithsomeonewhoisoutperformingyoucouldresultinfeelingsofenvyifyoufocusonthethingsthey

haveandyoudon't,oritcanbeenergizingandinspiringifyouusethesecomparisonsasasourceofmotivation（如

果你關(guān)注那些比你表現(xiàn)出色的人所擁有而你沒有的東西，與他們比較可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嫉妒之情；但如果你將這

些比較作為動(dòng)力來源，它也可以讓你充滿活力并受到鼓舞）”等內(nèi)容，表明了社會(huì)比較并非全然有害，若運(yùn)

用得當(dāng)可成為健康習(xí)慣，助力個(gè)人發(fā)展。所以選項(xiàng)A“與他人比較可以成為一種健康的習(xí)慣”為最佳標(biāo)題，

故選Ao

（2025?北京?高考）

Thecallto“knowyourself5hasbeentheresinceancienttimes,butoursenseofselfdoesn'talwaysmatchwhat

othersperceive.Consideringthestorieswetellaboutourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.

Formanyyears,psychologistssawidentityasacombinationofsomeone'svalues,beliefs,goalsandsocialroles.

Then,inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichheproposesthat,aswegothrough

life,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstorythroughwhichweunderstandour

lives.

Ourlifestoryissomethingthatstartscomingtogetherinourteenageyears,whenwebegintoorganiseourlives

intochaptersaroundkeyeventsorifechanges,andbegintoseeourselvesasboththecentralcharacterand,toa

varyingextent,thestory'sauthor.Peoplewithmoreconsistentstoriestendtohaveastrongersenseofidentity,and

theyfeeltheirlifehasmoremeaning,directionandsenseofpurpose.Suchpeopleshowgreateroveralllife

satisfaction,too.

Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwell-beingandcertainstorythemes.Hediscoveredthatwhether

someonedescribeshavinghadsomecontrolovereventsintheirpastisanimportantpredictorofaperson'smental

health.Anotherkey（hemeinvolvesfindingsomekindofpositivemeaningafterstressfulevents.4tPecplecouldtalk

aboutgainingknowledgeorpersonalgrowth,''saysJohnson.Hisresearchshowsthatthisisoftenmissingfbrpeople

withmentalhealthconditions.Thegoodnewsisthatthereisevidencewecanlearntochangeourownstory.

LisaGreen,anotherresearcher,soundsafewnotesofcaution（謹(jǐn)慎）.Forinstance,hearingaboutthepowerof

redemptive（拯救1生的）stories,manypeoplemayfeelforcedtofindapositiveangleonhorribleevents.Shesaysthat

Westernculturealreadypushespeopletolookfbrthesilverliningbehindeverycloud.

Ifyouwanttoturnoveranewleaf,though,onetoptipisthatithelpstochooseasignificantdatethatsignalsthe

startofanew“chapler”.Contrary（opopulardoubt,resolutionsmadeonIJanuaryaremoreeffectiveforthisreason.

So,whetheryourgoalissavingmoneyorgettingfit,thereisnobettertimetobecometheauthorofourowndestiny

（命運(yùn)）.

31.Whatcanbeinferredaboutpersonalstories?

A.Theyareunrelatedtohealth.B.Consistentonesleadtostress.

ourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.（u認(rèn)識(shí)你自己”這一呼吁自古便有,但我們對(duì)自己的認(rèn)知

并不總是與他人對(duì)我們的看法相吻合。思考我們講述的關(guān)于自己的故事，能幫助我們以更好的方式改變自

己的想法。）”和第二段中44Then.inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichhe

proposesthat,aswegothroughlife,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstory

throughwhichweunderstandourlives.（然后，在20世紀(jì)80年代，鮑勃?約翰遜創(chuàng)造了身份的生活故事模型，

他提出，在我們的一生中，這些核心特征與我們的記憶一起構(gòu)建了一個(gè)個(gè)人故事，我們通過這個(gè)故事來理

解我們的生活。）”和第四段中"Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwell-beingandcertainstory

themes.（約翰遜還研究了幸福感與某些故事主題之間的聯(lián)系。）”可知，全文圍繞“個(gè)人生活故事如何構(gòu)建

自我認(rèn)知并影響幸福感”展開，分析了其形成、作用及相關(guān)研究。"Howself-identityworks”自我認(rèn)同是如

何運(yùn)作的。）”符合題意。故選A。

（2024?北京?高考）

Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse'svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm^simulation

hypothesis”（模擬假說）returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationa

concept（ha（somescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobably

neverknowwhetherit'strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.

The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthat（heuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthat

areunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryrolein

strucluringandshapingourperceplions.Modernscienceshaverevealed（hatourperceptualexperienceof（heworld

istheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive（認(rèn)知的）functionsinthebrain.Noone

knowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical（實(shí)證的）experiencefailstorevealreality,

reasoningwon'trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatareccntingenlonoursocial,cultural

andpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.

So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputer

simulation.Andthen,wccanshiftourinquityfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?**to“Canwcmodelthe

universeasacomputersimulation?Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,

webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors（隱【喻）thatarefamiliartous.InNewton'sera,weimaginedthe

universeasaclock.InEinstein's,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle（粒子）physics.

Nowthatweareintheinformationage,vvehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,

virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.

Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingif:heuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran

outputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemore

toolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.

Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe

“computersimulation''metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.

28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?

A.Makeanassumption.B.Illustrateanargument.

C.Giveasuggestion.D.Justifyacomparison.

29.Whatdoesthephrase^contingenton^^underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?

A.Acceptedby.B.Determinedby.C.Awakenedby.D.Discoveredby.

30.AsfbrKant'sargument,theauthoris.

A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcernedD.disapproving

31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould.

A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousones

B.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistory

C.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulation

D.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.

【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C

【解析】

【主題】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對(duì)于宇宙的認(rèn)知和信息時(shí)代下的作者對(duì)于宇宙爭論的

看法。

28.【解析】推理判斷題八根據(jù)第一段“Searchingtheterm^simulationhypothesis”（模擬假說）returnsnumerous

resultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationaconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytake

seriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetheril'strue.Wecan,

instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.（搜索“模擬假說"這一術(shù)語會(huì)得到許多關(guān)于宇宙是否是計(jì)

算機(jī)模擬的爭論結(jié)果一一些科學(xué)家實(shí)際上認(rèn)真對(duì)待這個(gè)概念。不幸的是，這不是一個(gè)科學(xué)問題。我們可

能永遠(yuǎn)都不知道這是不是真的。相反，我們可以利用這個(gè)想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識(shí)）”可知，作者對(duì)F模擬假說提

出質(zhì)疑，是為了提出自己的建議，建議使用這一想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識(shí)。故選C項(xiàng)。

29【解析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段“Ifempirical（比證的）experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon't

revealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturaland

psychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.（如果經(jīng)驗(yàn)不能揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，推理也不會(huì)揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，因?yàn)樗蕾囉?/p>

contingenton我們的社會(huì)、文化和心理歷史的概念和詞語）“可知，句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，指代先行

詞conceptsandwords,且結(jié)合常識(shí)，概念和詞語取決「我們的社會(huì)、文化和心理歷史，推測(cè)劃線短語表示“取

決于”,與determinedby意義相近。故選B項(xiàng)。

3（）.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimately

consistsofthingsinthemselvesthatarcunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaid

ourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.（18世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家康德認(rèn)為,宇宙最終

由不可知的事物本身組成。雖然他認(rèn)為客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)是存在的，但他說，我們的大腦在構(gòu)建和塑造我們的感知

方面發(fā)揮著必要的作用）”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewill

neverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation4因此，如果我們接受宇宙是不可知的，我們也接受我們永遠(yuǎn)不

會(huì)知道我們是否生活在計(jì)算機(jī)模擬中）”可知，作者引用康德的觀點(diǎn)，并在客觀陳述后利用該觀點(diǎn)來構(gòu)建自己

的論述，由此可知，作者對(duì)康德的論點(diǎn)持欣賞的態(tài)度。故選A項(xiàng)。

31.［解析］推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran

outputofcomputation.Alltheseincxiclsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemore

too.swehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.（爭論宇宙是否是一個(gè)時(shí)鐘、一組粒子還是計(jì)算

輸出的產(chǎn)物是沒有意義的。所有這些模型都是處理未知事物和發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的工具。我們擁有的工具越多，我

們就能變得越有效、越有洞察力）”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuilding

previousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation,'metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugely

rewardingexercise.（可以想象，與之前構(gòu)建科學(xué)模型的過程相比，開發(fā)基于“計(jì)算機(jī)模擬”隱喻的模型也將是

一項(xiàng)非常有益的工作）”可知，作者認(rèn)為爭論宇宙是否是虛擬的，這是沒有意義的，我們應(yīng)該停止?fàn)幷撚钪媸?/p>

否為模擬，而應(yīng)該著手于將其作為一個(gè)模型來探索和理解，這樣會(huì)更有助于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步。故選C項(xiàng)。

（2024?北京?高考）

FranzBoas'sdescriptionofInuit（因紐特人）lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeof

earlyhumans.Here,norms（規(guī)范）wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtaken

toheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteracticnswithother

groupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrily

leadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,the

Inuit'spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.

Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmay

varywithasocialgroup'shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,while

cooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofiinymoralising

religionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinihesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanisms

forlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts（本能）includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalof

othersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshape

ourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstincts

motivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.

Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportamforself-care.

Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringand

dangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssave:ime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilar

inasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitis

inconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.

Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgelalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Hence

self-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboosts

problem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellas（hephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacity

forlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyuiiobviousways.

32.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthefbmiingoftheInuit'smoralcode?

A.Livingconditionswerethedrive.B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.

C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.D.Honestywasihekey.

33.Whatcanwclearnfromthispassage?

A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies.B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.

C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.

34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCulturesB.TheValuesofSelf-discipline

C.Brains:WallsAgainstChaosD.TheRootsofMorality

【答案】32.C33.B34.D

【主題】本文是一篇說明文。主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過

程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中。

32.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Here,norms（規(guī)范）wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwere

wellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriage

andinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusical

batlles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthern

Canadabeingsodemanding,theInuit'spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.（在這里，規(guī)范是不成文

的，很少明確表達(dá)，但被很好地理解和銘記。不贊成不誠實(shí)和暴力行為；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、婚姻以及與其他群體的互

動(dòng)都受到傳統(tǒng)的松散控制。沖突往往通過音樂斗爭來解決。因?yàn)閼嵟臓幷摃?huì)導(dǎo)致混亂，所以強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。

在無情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因紐特人對(duì)待道德的務(wù)實(shí)態(tài)度很有道埋）“口」知，因紐特人的生

活中，規(guī)范是不成文的，因紐特人的道德準(zhǔn)則的形成是以社會(huì)傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。故選C項(xiàng)。

33.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceplofanymoralisingreligionor

writtenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearning

andproblemsolving.（這些普遍規(guī)范遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它們植根于人類基本

需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制）”可知，普遍的道德規(guī)范植根于人類基本需求的相似性以

及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制，即人類的基本需求導(dǎo)致普遍的道德規(guī)范形成。故選B項(xiàng)。

34.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"FranzBoas'sdescriptionofInuit（因紐特人）lifeinthe19thcentury

illustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.（弗朗茲?博厄籽*j19世紀(jì)因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期

人類可能的道德準(zhǔn)則）”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，主要介紹了早期人類道

德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中，所以“道德的起源”

適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。

（2023?北京?高考）

Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantproblem

inindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequencesleadstosomeofthe

world'smostseriousproblems:climatechange,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColeargues

thattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyof

theinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.

Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias（偏向）towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsin（he

momentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.In

business,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,it

translatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices（犧牲）todaythatcouldmakeamaiordifference

tomorrow.Instead,allthatmattersisnextquarter'sprofit,orsatisfyingsonicothernear-termdesires.

Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesinglecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatour

psychologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People'shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample,but

thereareothers.Oneofthemisabouthowthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsabout

thefuture.Forinstance,youmighthearsomeonesay:"It'scoldthiswinter,soIneedn'tworryaboutglobal

warming."Anotheristhatloudandurgentmattersaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignore

longer-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreattentionthan,say,gradual

biodiversitydecline.

Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens（夕卜星人）wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn'tsendships;they

wouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenilcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformof

collective“poormemory"，andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutof

theordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreensafterlong

drives.Children,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.

28.TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainlyto.

A.drawacomparison

B.introduceatopic

C.evaluateastatement

D.highlightaproblem

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.

B.Lessonsofhistoryarchighlyvalued.

C.Thehumanmindishadatnotingslowchange.

D.Humansareunwillingtoadmittheirshortcomings.

30.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?

A.Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohumans.

B.Humanstendtomakelong-termsacrifices.

C.Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.

D.Biastowardsthepresenthelpsreducenear-termdesires.

【答案】28.D29.C30.A

【主題】本文是說明文。近年來，來自不同領(lǐng)域的研究人員一致認(rèn)為，短期主義現(xiàn)在是工業(yè)化社會(huì)的一個(gè)

重大問題。事實(shí)證明，人們對(duì)現(xiàn)在有偏見，以犧牲健康為代價(jià)，專注于當(dāng)下有吸引力的事物，而犧牲了未

來自己或社區(qū)的健康、幸福和財(cái)務(wù)穩(wěn)定。

28.【解析】推理判斷題。第一段首句“Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreed（hat

short-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.（近年來，來自不同領(lǐng)域的研究人員一致認(rèn)

為，短期主義現(xiàn)在是工業(yè)化社會(huì)的一個(gè)重大問題。）”提出一個(gè)問題一一短期主義，接著下文“Thehistorian

FrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedat

oncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.（歷史學(xué)家弗朗西斯?科爾（Francis

Cole）認(rèn)為，西方已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)“只有現(xiàn)在存在的時(shí)代，現(xiàn)在的特點(diǎn)是瞬間的殘酷和無休止的現(xiàn)在的無聊”j

引用歷史學(xué)家FrancisCole的話來強(qiáng)調(diào)只注重現(xiàn)在的這種短期主義的危害，由此可推知,文章引用FrancisCol

的話是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)問題，故選D。

29.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens（外星人）warnedtoweaken

humanity,theywouldn'tsendships;theywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmental

transformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethe

stateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary/—位心理學(xué)家曾經(jīng)開玩笑說，如果外星人想削弱人

類，他們不會(huì)派出飛船