國外英語考試-雅思-第1章閱讀理解

［問答題］LPassage1

WhySomeWomenCrosstheFinishLineAheadofMen?AWomenwho

apply（江南博哥）forjobsinmiddleorseniormanagementhavea

highersuccessratethanmen,accordingtoanemploymentsurvey.But

ofcoursefarfewerofthemapplyforthesepositions.Thestudy,by

recruitmentconsultantsNBSelection,showsthatwhileoneinsixmen

whoappeal'oninterviewshortlistsgeljobs,Iliefiguierisesloone

infourforwomen.

BThestudyconcendivatedonapplicationsformanagement

positionsinthe$45,000to$110,000salaryrangeandfoundthat

womenaremoresuccessfulthanmeninboththeprivateandpublic

sectors.DrElisabethMarxfromLondonbasedNBSelectiondescribed

thefindingsasencouragingforwomen,inthattheysendapositive

messagetothemtoapplyforinterestingmanagementpositions.Butshe

added,“Weshouldnotlosesightofthefactthatsignificantly

fewerwomenapplyforseniorpositionsincomparisonwithmen.”

CReasonsforhighersuccessratesamongwomenaredifficultto

isolate.Oneexplanationsuggestedisthatifawomancandidate

managestogetonashortlist,thenshehasprobablyalreadyproved

herselftobeanexceptionalcandidate.DrMarxsaidthatwhenwomen

applyforpositionstheytendtobebetterqualifiedthantheirmale

counterpartsbutaremoreselectiveandconservativeintheirjob

search.Womentendtoresearchthoroughlybeforeapplyingfor

positionsorattendinginterviews.Men,ontheotherhand,seemto

relyontheirabilitytosellthemselvesandtoconvinceemployers

thatanyshortcomingstheyhavewillnotpreventthemfromdoinga

goodjob.

DManagerialandexecutiveprogressmadebywomenisconfirmed

bytheannualsurveyofboardsofdirectorscarriedoutby

Korn/Eerry/Carre/OrbanInternational.Thisyearthesurveyshowsa

doublingofthenumberofwomenservingasnonexecutivedirectors

comparedwiththepreviousyear.However,progressremainspainfully

slowandtherewerestillonly18postsfilledbywomenoutofa

totalof354nonexecutivepositionssurveyed.HilarySears,apartner

withKorn/Ferry,said,womenhaveraisedthelevelofgradesweare

employedinbutwehavestillnotbrokenthroughbarrierstothetop.

EInEuropearecentfeatureofcorporatelifeintherecession

hasbeenthedelayeringofmanagementsdivuctures.Searssaidthat

thishashaltedprogressforwomeninasmuchasdelayeringhastaken

placeeitherwherewomenareworkingorinlayerstheyaspire

to.Searsalsonotedapositivedivendfromtherecession,whichhas

beenthegrowingnumberofwomenwhohavestartedupontheirown.

FInbusinessasawhole,thereareanumberoffactors

encouragingtheprospectofgreaterequalityinthe

workforce.Demographicdivendssuggestthatthenuiubei-ofwomengoing

intoemploymentissteadilyincreasing.Inadditionafargreater

numberofwomenarenowpassingthroughhighereducation,makingthem

betterqualifiedtomoveintomanagementpositions.

GOrganisationssuchastheEuropeanWomen?sManagement

DevelopmentNetworkprovidearangeofopportunitiesforwomento

enhancetheirskillsandcontacts.Throughaseriesofbothpan

Europeanandnationalworkshopsandconferencesthebarrierstowomen

inemploymentarebeingbrokendown.However,ArianeBerthoinAntal,

directoroftheInternationalInstituteforOrganizationalChangeof

ArchampsinFrance,saidthatthereisonlyanecdotalevidenceof

changesinrecruitmentpatterns.Andshesaid,"It'sstillsohard

forwomentoevengetontoshortlists,therearesomanyhurdlesand

barriers."Antalagreedthattherehavebeensomepositivesignsbut

saiduUntilthereisabeliefamongemployers,untiltheyvaluethe

difference,nothingwillchange.”

Answerthequestionsbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

1.Whatchangehastherebeeninthenumberofwomenintop

managementpositionsdetailedintheannualsurvey?

2.Whataspectofcompanysdivucturinghasdisadvantagedwomen?

3.Whatinformationtellsusthatmorewomenareworkingnowadays?

4.Whichgroupofpeopleshouldchangetheirattitudeto

recruitment?

正確答案：1.doubling

（本題題干問的是管理層女性數(shù)量有什么變化。由關鍵詞topmanagement

positions和annualsurvey定位到原文D段第二句"Thisyearthesurvey

showsadoublingofthenumberofwomenservingasnonexecutive

directorscomparedwiththepreviousyear”，可以清晰地看到表達數(shù)量變

化的詞只有doubling,所以本題的答案為doubling。）

2.delayering

（本題題干問的是哪種公司結構對女性不利。由關鍵詞disadvantaged

women定位至!!原文E段首句“InEuropearecentfeatureofcorporatelife

intherecessionhasbeenthedelayeringofmanagementstructuresn,

可見描述管理結構的詞語只有delayering,所以本題的答案為delayering。）

3.demographictrends

（本題題干問的是哪些信息表明工作的女性數(shù)量在上升。本題關鍵詞是more

womenareworking,意思是有更多的女性開始工作，即進入工作崗位的女性數(shù)

量在上升，對應原文F段第二句aDemographictrendssuggestthatthe

numberofwomengoingintoemploymentissteadilyincreasing”,由此

可知是demographictrends表明了這些信息，所以本題的答案為demographic

trendso）

4.employers

（本題題干問的是哪些群體應該改變自身對雇傭的態(tài)度。本題無明顯關鍵

詞，可按順序性原則在原文第3題的答案處向后閱讀，對應原文G段尾句Antal

agreedthattherehavebeensomepositivesignsbutsaid“Until

thereisabeliefamongemployers,untiltheyvaluethedifference,

nothingwillchange”,change為原詞重現(xiàn)，attitudetorecruitment對應

原文中valuethedifference,因此本題答案為employerso）

［問答題］2.Passage2

Automobilesv.s.PublicTransportPublicdivansportplaysa

cendivalroleinanyefficienturbandivansportsystem.Indeveloping

coundivies,whereatleast16citiesareexpectedtohavemorethan

12millionpeopleeachbytheendofthisdecade,failingtogive

prioritytopublicdivansportwouldbedisasdivous.

Theterm“publicdivansportcoversmanydifferenttypesof

vehicles,butmostcommonlyreferstobusesanddivains.Railservices

fallintofourmajorcategories:rapidrail（alsocalledthe

underground,tube,medivo,orsubway）,whichoperatesonexclusive

rightsofwayintunnelsoronelevateddivacks;divams,whichmove

withotherdivafficonregularsdiveets;lightrail,whichisa

quieter,moremodernversionofdivamsthatcanruneitheron

exclusiverightsofwayorwithotherdivaffic;andsuburbanor

regionaldivains,whichconnectacitywithsurroundingareas.

Therecentdivendinmanycitiesistowardlightrailover

“heavy“rapidrailsystems.Whereasmedivosrequireexclusiverights

ofway,whichoftenmeansbuildingcostlyelevatedorunderground

linesandstations,lightrailcanbebuiltonregularcitysdiveets,

whichmeansnoexdivaexpenses.

Theconceptofpublicdivansportalsoincludesorganizedcar

pools,inwhichseveralpeoplesharethecostoftidingtogetherin

thesameprivateautomobile.ForU.S.commutersinareaswith

inadequatebusanddivainservices,thisistheonly“public”

divansportoption.Butevenwhereothersystemsarecomprehensive,

thereisvastpotentialforcarpooling;recentresearchshowsthat

inciLiesIlieworldover,privatecarsduringconiiuuliiighouison

averagecarryjust1.2-1.3personspervehicle.

Publicdivansportmodesvaryinfueluseandemissionsandinthe

spacetheyrequire,butifcarryingreasonablenumbersofpassengers,

theyallperformbetterthansingleoccupantprivatecarsoneachof

thesecounts.

Althoughenergyrequirementsvaryaccordingtothesizeand

designofthevehicleandhowmanypeopleareonboard,busesand

divainsrequirefarlessfuelperpassengerforeachkilomediveof

divavel.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,alightrailvehicleneeds

anestimated640BTUsofenergyperpassengerperkilomedive;acity

buswouldusesome690BTUsperpassengerperkilomedive;andacar

poolwithfouroccupants1,140BTUs.Asingleoccupantautomobile,by

condivast,bumsnearly4,580BTUsperpassengerperkilomedive.

Thepollutionsavingsfrompublicdivansportareevenmore

dramatic.Sincebothrapidandlightrai1haveelecdivicengines,

pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotorexhaust,butfromthepower

plantgeneratingelecdivicity,whichisusuallylocatedoutsidethe

city,whereairqualityproblemsarelessserious.Fortypical

U.S.commuterroutes,rapidrailemits30gramsofnidivogenoxides

forevery100kilomediveseachrailpassengerdivavels,comparedwith

43gramsforlightrail,95gramsfordivansitbuses,and128grams

forsingleoccupantautomobiles.PublicdivansportJspotentialfor

reducinghydrocarbonandcarbonmonoxideemissionsisevengreater.

Althoughdieselbusesespeciallyindevelopingcoundiviescanbe

heavypolluters,existingtechnologies,suchasfilters,cancondivol

theirexhaust.Busescanalsorunonlesspollutingfuelssuchas

propane(usedinpartsofEurope)andnaturalgas(usedinBraziland

China).TestbusesintheNetherlandsthatrunonnaturalgasare

estimatedtoemit90percentlessnidivogenoxideand25percentless

carbonmonoxidethandieselenginesdo.

Inadditiontoreducingfuelconsumptionandpollution,public

divansportsavesvaluablecityspace.Busesanddivainscarrymore

peopleineachvehicleand,iftheyoperateontheirownrightsof

way,cansafelyrunatmuchhigherspeeds.Inotherwords,theynot

onlytakeuplessspacebutalsooccupyitforashortertime.Thus,

comparingidealconditionsforeachmodeinonelaneofdivaffic,an

undergroundmedivocancarry70,000passengerspastacertainpoint

inonehour,1iglilrailcancarryuplo35,000people,andabus,

justover30,000.Bycondivast,alaneofprivatecarswithfour

occupantseachcanmoveonlyabout8,000peopleanhour,andwithout

suchcarpoolingthefigureis,ofcourse,farlower.

Theavailabilityanduseofpublicdivansportvarywidelyin

citiesaroundtheglobe.Sincevariationsindistancesandcity

densitiesaffectthetotalkilomedivesofdivavel,theannualnumber

ofdivipseachpersontakesbypublicdivansportprovidesabetter

standardforcomparingitsimportanceinvariouscities.Therangeof

frequencyofpublicdivansportuseisshowninTable(seepage73).

Urbanpublicdivansporthaslongbeenagovernmentpriorityin

WesternEurope.Allmajorcitiestherehavehighcarownership,but

well-developedbusandrailsystemsareavailable,andoverallpublic

divansporttypicallyaccountsforbetween20and30percentof

passengerkilomedives.Inrecentyears,severallargecitieshave

steppeduptheircommitmenttopublicdivansportation,combining

furtherinvestmentswithcomplementarypoliciestoresdivictautouse.

Publicdivansportalsoplaysanimportantroleinurbanareasof

developingcoundivies.InmanycitiesinAsia,LatinAmerica,and

Africa,busesmake50-80percentofallmotorizeddivips.Busesare

sometimeshopelesslyovercrowded;itisnotuncommontoseeseveral

ridersclingingtotheoutside.Yetmostcitiesindeveloping

coundivieshavelowerpublicdivansportuseperpersonthanthosein

WesternEurope,reflectingtheinabilityofsmallbusfleetstokeep

upwithpopulationgrowth.

Amongtheworld,smajorcities,thoseinAusdivaliaandthe

UnitedStatesmaketheleastuseofalternativestotheprivate

car.Indeed,lessthan5percentofU.S.divipsarebypublic

divansport,butinsomecitiessuchasNewYorkCityandChicago,

whereserviceisprovidedextensively,itisusedheavily.Indeed,

nearlyonequarteroftheentirecoundivv，spublicdivansportdivips

areinNewYorkCity.

*BTUs:BritishThermalUnits（ameasureofenergyconsumed）

Dependenceonpublicdivansportinselectedcities,

CityPopulationModeTrips

Tokyo11.6mbus,train,metro,rail650

BuenosAires9.0mbus,metro248

Beijing8.7mbus,metro107

Seoul8.7mbus,metro457

Moscow8.0mbus,tram,metro713

Chicago6.8mbus,metro,rail101

Berlin3.1mbus,tram,metro,rail356

Toronto2.8mbus,tram,metro200

Melbourne2.7mbus,train,rail95

Abidjan1.8mbus,boat132

1989Dallas1.4mbus22

*divipsperpersonperyear

Answerthequestionsbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes16-20onyouranswersheet.

1.Whatisafactorthatmakeslightrailpreferabletorapidrail?

2.Whatistheaveragenumberofpeopleinautomobilesduring

commutinghours?

3.Whereisthepollutionmeasuredfrom?

4.Inwhichaspectdoesrapidrai1outperformlightrail?

5.Whatproportionofpassengerkilomedivesisundertakenby

privateautomobileinWesternEurope?

正確答案：1.noextraexpenses

（本題意思是輕軌比地鐵更受青睞的原因。由題干中的關鍵詞lightrail

preferabletorapidrail可定位到原文第三段的第二句uWhereasmetros

requireexclusiverightsofway,whichoftenmeansbuildingcostly

elevatedorundergroundlinesandstations,lightrailcanbebuilt

onregularcitystreets,whichmeansnoextraexpenses”.由止匕可知由于

輕軌可以建在城市普通街道上，也就是意味著沒有額外費用，因此輕軌優(yōu)于地

鐵之處在于"noextraexpenses”，故本題答案為noextraexpenseso）

2.1.2-1.3

（本題意思是上下班時間私家車上的人數(shù)平均是多少人。由題干關鍵詞

commutinghours定位到原文第四段的最后一句u??,recentresearchshows

thatincitiestheworldover,privatecarsduringcommutinghourson

averagecarryjust1.2—1.3personspervehicle"，意思是“近期調查表

明，全球各個城市在上下班時間平均每輛私家車上僅有1.2—1.3人”，故本題

答案為1.2—1.3。）

3.powerplant

（本題要考察污染的衡量指標。由題干中的關鍵詞pollution,measured定

位到原文第七段的第二句"pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotor

exhaust,butfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricity,由該句可

知污染是根據(jù)產生電力的發(fā)電廠測量，故本題答案為powerplanto）

4.lesspollution

（本題為推理題。本題題干問的是地鐵在哪一方面優(yōu)于輕軌，由關鍵詞

outperform可定位到原文第七段“rapidrailemits30gramsofnitrogen

oxidesforevery100kilometreseachrailpassengertravels,compared

with43gramsforlightrail,95gramsfortransitbuses,and128

gramsforsingleoccupantautomobiles.PublictransportJspotential

forreducinghydrocarbonandcarbonmonoxideemissionsiseven

greater"由此數(shù)據(jù)可推知地鐵優(yōu)于輕軌的地方在于少污染，故本題答案為less

pollutiono）

5.70-80%

（本題為推理題。由題干中的關鍵詞WesternEurope定位到原文倒數(shù)第三

段的第二句uoverallpublictransporttypicallyaccountsforbetween

20and30percentofpassengerkilometers”，原文說的是公共交通占20—

30%,而題干問的是私人汽車所占的比例，應該減去公共交通的比重，故本題答

案為70—80%。）

［問答題］3.Passage3

Sydney2000OlympicsThecostofstagingtheyear2000Olympicsin

Sydneywasestimatedtobeastaggering$960million,butthecity

waspreparingtoreapthefinancialbenefitsthatensuedfromholding

suchaninternationaleventbyemulatingthecommercialsuccessof

LosAngeles,theonlycityyettohavemadeademonsdivableprofit

fromtheGamesin1984.

Atprecisely4:20amonFridaythe24thofSeptember1993,itwas

announcedthatSydneyhadbeatenfourothercompetingcitiesaround

theworld,andAusdivalianseverywhere,notonlySydneysiders,were

justifiablyproudoftheresult.But,ifSydneyhadlostthebid,

wouldthetaxpayersofNSWandofAusdivaliahaveapprovedof

governmentsspendingmillionsofdollarsinafailedandcostly

exercise?

Theremayhavebeensomeconsolationinthefactthatthebid

camein$1millionbelowtherevisedbudgetand$5millionbelowthe

originalbudgetof$29millionformulatedinmid-1991.However,the

finalcostwastheconsiderablesumof$24million,thebulkofwhich

waspaidforbycorporateandcommunitycondivibutions,merchandising,

licensing,andtheproceedsoflotteries,withtheNSWGovernment,

whichhadoriginallybeenwillingtospendupto$10million,

condivibutingsome$2million.TheFederalGovernment?sgrantof$5

millionmeant,ineffect,thattheSydneybidwasfinancedbyevery

Ausdiveiliaiilaxpayer.

Priortotheannouncementofthewinningcity,therewas

considerabledebateaboutthewisdomoftakingfinancialrisksof

thiskindatatimeofeconomicrecession.Othersarguedthat70per

centofthefacilitieswerealreadyinplace,andallwereon

government-ownedland,removingsomepotentialareasofconflict

whichdivoubledpreviousOlympicbidders.TheformerNSWPremier,

Mr.NickGreiner,wentonrecordassayingthattheadvantageof

havingtheGames"isnotthatyouaregoingtohave$7.4billionin

exdivagrossdomesticproductoverthenext14yearsIthinkthe

realpointoftheGamesisthepsychologicalchange,thecatalystof

confidence…apartfromtheothermoreobviousreasons,suchasthe

buildingofsportingfacilities,tourism,andthingsofthat

nature.”

However,thedubiousnessofthebenefitsthatMelbourne,an

unsuccessfulbidderforthe1988OlympicGames,receivedatatime

whentheStateofVictoriawasstillineconomicturmoilmeantmany

corporatebodieswereunenthusiastic.

ThereisnodoubtthatSydney'sseductivephysicalcharmscaused

theworldrsmediatocomparethecityfavorablytoitsrivals

Beijing,Berlin,Manchester,andIstanbul.Mr.GodfreySanter,the

AusdivalianTouristCommissionysManagerofCorporatePlanning

Services,statedthatsoonafterthebidwasmade,intensemedia

focuswasalreadyhavingabeneficialeffectonin-boundtourism.

Developersandthoseresponsibleforcommunitydevelopment

projectseagerlypointedtotheimprovementstakingplacetothe

existinginfrasdivuctureofthecity,thecreationofemployment,and

especiallythebuildingofsportingfacilities,allofwhichmeetthe

needsofthecommunityandhelptoadivivactmoretourists.At

HomebushBay$300millionwasspentprovidingthetwinathletic

arenasandthe“high-tech“AquaticCendive.However,perhapsthe

mostimpressivelegacywasthenewattitudeshowntowardsboth

indusdivialrelationsandenvironmentalproblems.Thehigh-profile

natureofthebid;andtheperceptionthatitmustproceedsmoothly

createdauniqueattitudeofcooperationbetweentheworkforceand

employersinvolvedintheconsdivuctionoftheOlympicVillageat

HomebushBay.Theimprovementsincludedthelackofsdivikes,the

breakingdownofdemarcationbarriers,andthecompletionofprojects

withinbudgetandaheadofLime.

TheSecretaryoftheNSWLaborCouncil,Mr.MichaelEasson,was

quotedassaying…uWhatwe'veachievedshouldbecomethemodelfor

therestofthebuildingindusdivy…greatcooperation,good

management,improvementinrelationsbetweenemployersandemployees,

andafeelingofoptimism…”.Thelastingbenefitswillbefirst-

ratesportingfacilitiesatHomebushBayandanindusdivialrelations

modelwhichshouldimpactontherestofthebuildingindusdivy.

Improvednegotiationsandcooperationoverthebidbetweenthe

GreenpeaceenvironmentalgroupandtheStateGovernmentalsosawa

newrespectdeveloponbothsides.Suddenly,environmentalistswereno

longerregardedasbeingradicallyopposedtoalldevelopmentand

neitherwastheStateGovernmentperceivedasinconsideratetowards

environmentalconcerns.

ThesuccessofSydney'sbidlaidtorestmuchoftheopposition

tothegamble.Nonetheless,mosteconomistsagreethatitwouldbe

wisewhenconsideringfuturerisksofthiskindtobearwellinmind

thefinancialconsequencesoffailure.

Answerthequestionsbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.

1.Howmanycitieswerecompetingin1993fortherighttohold

the2000Games?

2.WhatwasthecostoftherevisedbudgetfortheSydneybid?

3.AsaresultoftheFederalGovernment?s$5milliongrant,who

alsocondivibutedtowardsthebid?

4.WhatphraseofthreewordsinthetextdescribestheStateof

VictoriawhenMelbournebidfortheGames?

5.HowmanyachievementsdoestheSecretaryoftheNSWLabor

Councilmentioninhisindusdivialrelationsmodel?

正確答案：1.5/5cities/five/fivecities

（由題干中的1993和2000games可以定位到原文第2段的第一句“At

precisely4:20amonFridaythe24thofSeptember1993,itwas

announcedthatSydneyhadbeatenfourothercompetingcitiesaround

theworld…”，可知悉尼戰(zhàn)勝了其他4個城市，因此包括悉尼在內1993年申

奧的城市應該有5個。所以答案為5/5cities/Five/Fivecitieso）

2.$25million

（該題的關鍵詞是reusedbudget和cost,據(jù)此可以定位到原文第三段第

一句“…Lhebidcamein$lmillionbelowIlierevisedbudgetand$5

millionbelowtheoriginalbudgetof$29million…"，從這句話中可知,

最初預算是$29million,修改后的預算比最初預算少$5million,因此，可知

修改后的預算是$24million。）

3.everyAustraliantaxpayer/Australiantaxpayer

（本題的關鍵詞是contributedtothebid,根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到原文第三段

最后一句"TheFederalGovernment?sgrantof$5millionmeant,in

effect,thattheSydneybidwasfinancedbyeveryAustralian

taxpayer”，題干和原文表達基本一致所以很容易看出正確答案為Every

Australiantaxpayer/Australiantaxpayer。）

4.ineconomicturmoil

（根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞theStateofVictoria和Melbourne可對應到原文

第五段“However,thedubiousnessofthebenefitsthatMelbourne,an

unsuccessfulbidderforthe1988OlympicGames,receivedatatime

whentheStateofVictoriawasstillineconomicturmoilmeantmany

corporatebodieswereunenthusiasticv,意思是“1988年申辦奧運會時，

維多利亞州仍然處在經(jīng)濟混亂期”。故答案為ineconomicturmoilo）

5.4/four

（根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞SecretaryoftheNSWLaborCouncil可對應到原

文倒數(shù)第三段，考生仔細閱讀不難找出文中一共列舉了四種成就，因此正確答

案為4。注意這里只需要填4種即可，不需將這四種成就列舉出來。）

［問答題］4.Passage1

FindingtheLostFreedomATheprivatecarisassumedtohave

widenedourhorizonsandincreasedourmobility.Whenweconsiderour

children'smobility,theycanbedriventomoreplaces（andmore

distantplaces）thantheycouldvisitwithoutaccesstoamotor

vehicle.However,allowingourcitiestobedominatedbycarshas

progressivelyerodedchildren,sindependentmobility.Childrenhave

lostmuchoftheirfreedomtoexploretheirownneighborhoodorcity

withoutadultsupervision.Inrecentsurveys,whenparentsinsome

citieswereaskedabouttheirownchildhoodexperiences,themajority

rememberedhavingmore,orfarmore,opportunitiesforgoingouton

theirown,comparedwiththeirownchildrentoday.Theyhadmore

freedomtoexploretheirownenvironment.

BChildren's,independentaccesstotheirlocalsdiveetsmay

beimportantfortheirownpersonal,mentalandpsychological

development.Allowingthemtogettoknowtheirownneighborhoodand

communitygivesthema“senseofplace”.Thisdependsonuactive

explordlion”,whichisnotprovidedforv/henchildiendiepassengeis

incars.(Suchchildrenmayseemore,buttheylearnless.)Notonly

isitimportantthatchildrenbeabletogettolocalplayareasby

themselves,butwalkingandcyclingjourneystoschoolandtoother

destinationsprovidegenuineplayactivitiesinthemselves.

CThereareverysignificanttimeandmoneycostsforparents

associatedwithdivansportingtheirchildrentoschool,sportandto

otherlocations.ResearchintheUnitedKingdomestimatedthatthis

cost,in1990,wasbetween10billionand20billionpounds.

DThereductioninchildren'sfreedommayalsocondivibuteto

aweakeningofthesenseoflocalcommunity.Asfewerchildrenand

adultsusethesdiveetsaspedesdivians,thesesdiveetsbecomeless

sociableplaces.Thereislessopportunityforchildrenandadultsto

havethespontaneousexchangesthathelptoengenderafeelingof

community.Thisinitselfmayexacerbatefearsassociatedwithassault

andmolestationofchildren,becausetherearefeweradultsavailable

whoknowtheirneighbors?children,andvzhocanlookoutfortheir

safety.

ETheexdivadivafficinvolvedindivansportingchildren

resultsinincreaseddivafficcongestion,pollutionandaccident

risk.Asourroadsbecomemoredangerous,moreparentsdrivetheir

childrentomoreplaces,thuscondivibutingtoincreasedlevelsof

dangerfortheremainingpedesdivians.Anyonewhohasexperienced

eitherthereducedvolumeofdivafficinpeakhourduringschool

holidays,orthedivafficjamsnearschoolsattheendofaschool

day,willnotneedconvincingaboutthesepoints.Thus,therearealso

importantenvironmentalimplicationsofchildren'slossoffreedom.

FAsindividuals,parentssdivivetoprovidethebest

upbringingtheycanfortheirchildren.Hov/ever,indoingso,(e.g.by

drivingtheirchildrentosport,schoolorrecreation)parentsmaybe

condivibutingtoamoredangerousenvironmentforchildren

generally.Theideathat“sdiveetsareforcarsandbackyardsand

playgroundsareforchildren“isasdivonglyheldbelief,and

parentshavelittlechoiceasindividualsbuttokeeptheirchildren

offthesdiveetsiftheywanttoprotecttheirsafety.

GTnmanypartsofDutchcities,andsomedivafficcalmed

precinctsinGermany,residentialsdiveetsarenowplaceswherecars

mustgivewaytopedesdivians.Intheseareas,residentsareaccepting

Llieviewihalthefunclioiiofsdiveetsisnotsolelytoprovide

mobilityforcars.Sdiveetsmayalsobeforsocialinteraction,

walking,cyclingandplaying.Oneofthemostimportantaspectsof

theseEuropeancities,intermsofgivingcitiesbacktochildren,

hasbeenarangeofudivafficcalming”initiatives,aimingat

reducingthevolumespeedofdivaffic.Theseinitiativeshavehad

complexinteractiveeffects,leadingtoasensethatchildrenhave

beenableto“recapture“theirlocalneighborhood,andmore

importantly,thattheyhavebeenabletodothisinsafety.Recent

researchhasdemonsdivatedthatchildreninmanyGermancitieshave

significantlyhigherlevelstofreedomtodivaveltoplacesintheir

ownneighborhoodorcitythanchildrenin