2017年醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語真題試卷一（精選）1.SectionA__________________________________________________________________________________________2.Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelpto______theproblem.

A.affiliate

B.alleviate

√

C.aggravate

D.accelerate解析：風(fēng)濕病學(xué)家建議，那些持續(xù)疼痛和痛苦的人首先應(yīng)該借助醫(yī)療來緩解問題。affiliate“接納，為……工作”，alleviate“減少，減緩”，aggravate“增加”，accelerate“加速”。根據(jù)題意，正確答案為B。3.Anallergyresultswhenthebodyhavea（n）______reactiontocertainsubstancesintroducedtoit.

A.spontaneous

B.negative

C.adverse

√

D.prompt解析：當(dāng)身體對某種外來物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不良反應(yīng)時(shí)，就會出現(xiàn)過敏現(xiàn)象。spontaneous“同時(shí)的”，negative“負(fù)面的”，adverse“不利的”，prompt“立刻的”。在有關(guān)過敏的語境里，一般“不良反應(yīng)”用anadversereaction，而不用negative，正確答案為C。4.Diabetesisoneofthemost______andpotentiallydangerousdiseasesintheworld.

A.crucial

B.virulent

C.colossal

D.prevalent

√解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潛在危險(xiǎn)疾病之一。crucial“至關(guān)重要的”，virulent“有毒的”，colossal“龐大的”，prevalent“流行的，常見的”，本題正確答案為D。5.Generally,vaccinemakers______thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantakefourtosixmonths.

A.penetrate

B.designate

C.generate

√

D.exaggerate解析：一般來說，疫苗制造者可以在受精的雞蛋中產(chǎn)生病毒，這個(gè)過程會持續(xù)四到六個(gè)月。penetrate“穿透”，designate“指定”，generate“生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)生”，exaggerate“夸張”。根據(jù)題意，正確答案為C。6.Drinkingmorewaterisgoodfortherestofyourbody,helpingtolubricatejointsand______toxinsandimpurities.

A.screenout

B.knockout

C.flushout

√

D.ruleout解析：多喝水對身體的器官是有益的，有助于潤滑關(guān)節(jié)并沖洗掉毒素和雜質(zhì)。screenout“篩查”，knockout“撞擊”，flushout“沖刷”，roleout“排除”。根據(jù)題意，本題正確答案為C。7.Despitetheirgoodserviceprovided,mostinnsarelessexpensivethanhotelsof______standards.

A.equivalent

√

B.likely

C.alike

D.uniform解析：盡管同樣提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)，大多數(shù)酒館的消費(fèi)要比同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的旅館的消費(fèi)低。A項(xiàng)equivalent“相等的，等價(jià)的”，可做定語，最符合題意；B項(xiàng)likely“很可能的”，一般做表語；C項(xiàng)alike“相似的”，常在句中做表語，不做定語；D項(xiàng)uniform“一致的，統(tǒng)一的”。因此A為正確選項(xiàng)。8.Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohave______effectsonbones.

A.adverse

√

B.prevalent

C.instant

D.purposeful解析：維生素A的慢性高劑量攝入被證明對骨骼有不利影響。adverse“不利的”，prevalent“流行的”，instant“立刻的，即時(shí)的”，purposeful“有目的的，故意的”。根據(jù)題意，本題選擇adverse。9.AccordingtotheGeneva______noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.

A.Customs

B.Congresses

C.Conventions

√

D.Routines解析：《日內(nèi)瓦公約》不允許虐待戰(zhàn)犯。A項(xiàng)custom“習(xí)俗，海關(guān)（復(fù)）”；B項(xiàng)congress“國會”；C項(xiàng)convention“公約”；D項(xiàng)routine“程序”。10.Environmentalofficialsinsistthatsomethingbedoneto______acidrain.

A.curb

√

B.sue

C.detoxify

D.condemn解析：負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)境保護(hù)的官員強(qiáng)調(diào)我們要采取行動(dòng)來抑制酸雨。B．sue“控告”；C．detoxify“使解毒”；D．condemn“譴責(zé)，聲討”。綜合各選項(xiàng)，只有當(dāng)A項(xiàng)填入空格，句意與邏輯相符，其余各選項(xiàng)句意均與邏輯相悖，故答案為A。11.Itisimpossibletosayhowitwilltakeplace,becauseitwillhappen______,anditwillnotbealongprocess.

A.spontaneously

√

B.simultaneously

C.principally

D.approximately解析：不可能解釋出它是怎么發(fā)生的，因?yàn)樗匀话l(fā)生，而且過程不會很長。spontaneously“自發(fā)地”，simultaneously“同時(shí)地”，principally“主要地”，approximately“近似地”。根據(jù)題意，正確答案為A。12.SectionB__________________________________________________________________________________________13.Thepatient'sconditionhasworsenedsincelastnight.

A.improved

B.returned

C.deteriorated

√

D.changed解析：自昨晚開始，病人的情況就惡化了。improve“好轉(zhuǎn)，改善”。return“回歸”，deteriorate“惡化”，changed“改變”，根據(jù)題意，正確答案為C。14.BeijingTelevision-StationTransmittingTowerreallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit'slitup.

A.decorated

B.illustrated

C.illuminated

√

D.entertained解析：北京電視臺轉(zhuǎn)播塔在夜幕中被點(diǎn)亮的時(shí)候很是壯觀。decorate“裝飾”，illustrate“展示”，illuminate“點(diǎn)亮”，entertain“娛樂”。根據(jù)題意，本題正確答案為C。15.Becauseofadverseweatherconditions,thetravelersstoppedtocamp.

A.local

B.unfamiliar

C.good

D.unfavorable

√解析：由于天氣不佳，旅游者們都停下來駐扎了。local當(dāng)?shù)氐?，本地的；unfamiliar不熟悉的；good良好的；unfavorable不利的。故答案為D。16.Informthemanagerifyouareonmedicationthatmakesyoudrowsy.

A.uneasy

B.sleepy

√

C.guilty

D.fiery解析：如果你服用的藥物讓你昏昏欲睡，就告訴經(jīng)理。劃線單詞drowsy的意思是“打瞌睡的，想睡覺的”，與sleepy含義相近，故本題選B。17.Theperiodfrom3,000to1,000B.C.E.,whentheuseofbronzebecamecommon,isnormallyreferredtoastheBronzeAge.

A.obvious

B.significant

C.necessary

D.widespread

√解析：公元前3000年到1000年，銅器使用很廣泛，那個(gè)年代常常被稱為銅器時(shí)代。common“平常，常見”，與widespread含義相通，因此本題答案為D。18.Diabetesisoneofthemostprevalentandpotentiallydangerousdiseasesintheworld.

A.crucial

B.virulent

C.colossal

D.widespread

√解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍和潛在的危險(xiǎn)疾病之一。劃線單詞prevalent的意思是“流行的，常見的”。crucial“至關(guān)重要的”，virulent“有毒的”，colossal“龐大的”，widespread“普遍的”，本題正確答案為D。19.Likewise,sootandsmokefromfirecontainamultitudeofcarcinogens.

A.amatterof

B.abodyof

C.plentyof

√

D.sortof解析：同樣，煙火和煙霧含有大量的致癌物質(zhì)。Amultitudeof的意思是“大量的，很多”，與plentyof含義相近。20.Manyquestionsaboutestrogen'seffectsremaintobeelucidated,andinvestigationsareseekinganswersthroughongoinglaboratoryandclinicalstudies.

A.implicated

B.implied

C.illuminated

√

D.initiated解析：關(guān)于雌激素效應(yīng)的許多問題仍有待闡明，調(diào)查正在通過持續(xù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究和臨床研究尋求答案。劃線單詞elucidate的意思是“闡明，解釋”。implicate“暗示”，imply“暗示，暗含”，illuminate“闡明，啟示”，initiate“發(fā)起，開始”。正確答案為C。21.Thedefectoccursinthefirsteightweeksofpregnancy,thoughnooneunderstandswhy.

A.fault

√

B.deviation

C.discretion

D.discrepancy解析：缺陷發(fā)生在孕期的前八周內(nèi)，盡管沒有人知道是何原因。劃線單詞defect“缺陷”。fault“缺陷，錯(cuò)誤”，deviation“偏離”，discretion“審慎”，discrepancy“矛盾”，fault和defect含義相近。22.Theapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareabundantandchoosingoneappropriateforthiscasecanberatherdifficult.

A.sufficient

B.plentiful

√

C.adequate

D.countable解析：基因工程的應(yīng)用繁多，要從中為這個(gè)案例選擇一種是很困難的。劃線單詞abundant意思是“充分的，富裕的”，與plentiful含義相同。sufficient“充足的”，adequate“合適的，充分的”，countable“可計(jì)算的”，sufficient和adequate的含義重在“（數(shù)量）合適”，不能作為正確答案。三、PartⅢClozeItwasthekindofresearchthatgaveinsightintohowflustrainscouldmutatesoquickly.（Onetheorybehindthe1918version'ssuddendemiseafterwreakingsomuchdevastationwasthatitmutatedtoanonlethalform.）Thesamebranchofresearchconcludedin2005thatthe1918flustartedinbirdsbeforepassingtohumans.Parsingthisanimal-human【C1】______couldprovidecluesto【C2】______thenextpotentialsuperflu,whichalreadyhasaname:H5N1,alsoknownasavianfluorbirdflu.Thispotentialkilleralsohasanumber:59percent.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,nearlythree-fifthsofthepeoplewho【C3】______H5N1since2003diedfromthevirus,whichwasfirstreported【C4】______humansinHongKongin1997beforeamoreserious【C5】______occurredinSoutheastAsiabetween2003and2004.（IthassincespreadtoAfricaandEurope.）SomeresearchersarguethatthosemortalitynumbersareexaggeratedbecauseWHOonly【C6】______casesinwhichvictimsaresickenoughtogotothehospitalfortreatment【C7】______comparethattotheworldwidemortalityrateofthe1918pandemic;itmayhavekilledroughly50millionpeople,butthatwasonly10percentofthenumberofpeopleinfected,accordingtoa2006estimate.H5N1'ssavinggrace—andtheonlyreasonwe'renotrunningaroundmaskedupinpublicrightnow—isthatthestraindoesn'tjumpfrombirdstohumans,orfromhumanstohumans,easily.Therehavebeenjustover600cases（and359deaths）since2003.But【C8】______itslethality,andthechanceitcouldturnintosomethingfarmoretransmissible,onemightexpectH5N1researchtobeexploding,withlabs【C9】______thevirus'smolecularcomponentstounderstandhowitspreadsbetweenanimalsand【C10】______tohumans,andhopingtodiscoveravaccinethatcouldheadoffapandemic.（1）.【C1】

A.interact

B.interface

√

C.connection

D.contamination解析：本題考查上下文語義和名詞含義。interact“互動(dòng)”，interface“結(jié)合，交界”，connection“連接”，contamination“接觸，傳染”?？瞻滋幥耙痪湓捴v到這種流感在鳥類中出現(xiàn)了很多起，才開始向人類傳播。因此parsing鳥類和人類的交叉感染是符合上下文語義走向的。（2）.【C2】

A.stopping

√

B.stopped

C.havestopped

D.stop解析：本題考查固定搭配。acluetodoingsth．的結(jié)構(gòu)中，to為介詞，后面常常跟名詞或者動(dòng)名詞形式，意思是“做……的線索”。（3）.【C3】

A.contacted

B.contracted

√

C.concentrated

D.infected解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。contact是“接觸”但未必感染，contract是“感染”，根據(jù)文章上下文含義，正確答案為contract。（4）.【C4】

A.on

B.in

√

C.of

D.with解析：本題考查介詞?！霸谀硞€(gè)方面”介詞常常用“in”。on表示“以……為主題”。（5）.【C5】

A.breakout

B.takeplace

C.happen

D.outbreak

√解析：本題考查語義。takeplace“發(fā)生”，happen“出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生”，outbreak“爆發(fā)”，根據(jù)語義，D為正確選項(xiàng)。（6）.【C6】

A.accounts

B.numbers

C.counts

√

D.takes解析：本題考查語義和動(dòng)詞含義。做動(dòng)詞講時(shí)，account“把……視作”，number“標(biāo)號”，count“把……算入”，take“拿，取”。根據(jù)句意：有些研究者認(rèn)為這些死亡數(shù)據(jù)有些夸大，因?yàn)閃HO只會將嚴(yán)重到需要去醫(yī)院就診的病例算入在內(nèi)。count是最貼切的選項(xiàng)。（7）.【C7】

A.Moreover

B.Still

√

C.Furthermore

D.Thereafter解析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。moreover表示遞進(jìn)，still有讓步的含義，意思是“盡管如此，仍然……”，thereby表示因果，furthermore表示遞進(jìn)。該題上一句講到有些研究者認(rèn)為這些死亡數(shù)據(jù)有些夸大，因?yàn)閃HO只會將嚴(yán)重到需要去醫(yī)院就診的病例算入在內(nèi)。空格后則強(qiáng)調(diào)該數(shù)字仍然是驚人的。因此這里選擇有讓步含義的副詞still。（8）.【C8】

A.given

√

B.giving

C.togive

D.speakingof解析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。這里需要原因和條件，只有g(shù)iven有此功能，意思是“鑒于，因?yàn)椤薄＿@里是連詞。speakingof的意思是“談到，談起”。（9）.【C9】

A.parsing

√

B.parsed

C.toparse

D.havingparsed解析：本題考查with引導(dǎo)的介賓短語充當(dāng)狀語。withsthdoingsth．，意思是“同時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)室要探究病毒的分子構(gòu)成”。（10）.【C10】

A.presently

B.potentially

√

C.potently

D.importantly解析：本題考查句子含義和副詞。這里表示可能對人類的傳染，只有potentially表示“可能，潛在地”。presently“現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)下”，potently“有力地”，importantly“重要地”。四、PartⅣReadingComprehensionIfyouarereadingthisarticle,antibioticshaveprobablysavedyourlife—andnotoncebutseveraltimes.Arottentooth,akneeoperation,abrushwithpneumonia;anynumberofminorinfectionsthatneverturnednasty.Youmaynotremembertakingthepills,sounremarkablehavetheseone-timewonderdrugsbecome.Modernmedicinereliesonantibiotics—notjusttocurediseases,buttoaugmentthesuccessofsurgery,childbirthandcancertreatments.Yetnowhealthauthoritiesarewarning,inuncharacteristicallyapocalypticterms,thattheeraofantibioticsisabouttoend.Insomeways,bacteriaarecontinuallyevolvingtoresistthedrugs.Butinthepastwe'vealwaysdevelopednewonesthatkilledthemagain.Notthistime.Infectionsthatoncesuccumbedtoeverydayantibioticsnowrequirelast-resortdrugswithunpleasantsideeffects.Othershavebecomesodifficulttotreatthattheykillsome25,000Europeansyearly.Andsomebacterianowresisteveryknownantibiotic.Regularreaderswillknowwhy:NewScientisthasreportedwarningsaboutthisforyears.Wehavemisusedantibioticsappallingly,handingthemouttohumanslikemedicinalcandyandfeedingthemtolivestockbythetonne,mostlynotforhealthreasonsbuttomakemeatcheaper.Nowantibiotic-resistantbacteriacanbefoundallovertheworld—notjustinmedicalfacilities,buteverywherefrommuddypuddlesinIndiatothesnowsofAntarctica（南極洲）.Howdidwereachthispointwithoutviablesuccessorstotoday'sincreasinglyineffectualdrugs?Theanswerliesnotinevolutionbuteconomics.Overthepast20years,nearlyeverymajorpharmaceuticalcompanyhasabandonedantibiotics.Companiesmustmakemoney,andthereisn'tmuchinshort-termdrugsthatshouldbeusedsparingly.Soresearchershavediscoveredpromisingcandidates,butcan'treachintothedeeppocketsneededtodevelopthem.Thiscanbefixed.Aswereportthisweek,regulatoryagencies,worriedmedicalbodiesandBigPharmaarefinallyhatchingwaystoremedythismarketfailure.Delinkingprofitsfromthevolumeofdrugsold（byadjustingpatentrights,say,orofferingprizesforinnovation）hasworkedforotherdrugs,andshouldworkforantibiotics—althoughtheremaybeaworryinglylongwaitbeforetheyreachthemarket.Oneday,though,thesewillfalltoresistancetoo.Ultimately,weneed,evolution-proofcuresforbacterialinfection:treatmentsthatstopbacteriafromcausingdisease,butdon'totherwiseinconveniencethelittleblighters.Whenresistingdrugsconfersnoselectiveadvantage,drugswillstopbreedingresistance.Researchershaveacoupleofcandidatesforsuchtreatment.Buttheyfearregulatorswilldragtheirfeetoversuchradicalapproaches.That,too,canbefixed.Wemustnotneglectdevelopmentofthesustainablemedicineweneed,thewaywehaveneglectedsimpleantibioticR&D.Ifwedo,onedayanothertopdoctorwillbetellingusthatthedrugsnolongerwork—andtherereallywillbenohelpontheway.（1）.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthoristryingto______.

A.warnusagainsttherampantabuseofantibioticseverywhere

B.suggestacourseofactiontoreduceantibioticresistance

C.tellusatimeracebetweenhumansandbacteria

D.remindusoftheuniversalbenefitofantibiotics

√解析：推理題。首段第一句講到“抗生素不止一次地挽救過你的生命”，并且因?yàn)樘Ｒ?，?dǎo)致這個(gè)神奇的藥品變得不被人注意。因此，作者本段的意圖是在提醒人們對抗生素?zé)o處不在的益處引起關(guān)注。（2）.Thewarningfromhealthauthoritiesimpliesthat______.

A.thepre-antibioticerawillreturn

B.theantibioticcrisisisabouttorepeat

C.thewonderdrugsareadouble-edgedsword

D.thedevelopmentofnewantibioticsistooslow

√解析：推理題。本題要結(jié)合全文來解題。第二段最后一句講到病菌一直在進(jìn)化，產(chǎn)生了對抗生素的耐藥性。然而在過去，我們總是能開發(fā)出新抗生素來滅掉它們。第三段首句“Notthistime”進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)折，即這一次沒有更好的抗生素來消滅進(jìn)化的病菌。第四、五段講述抗生素被濫用導(dǎo)致病菌也不斷進(jìn)化獲得更好的耐藥性，使得現(xiàn)有抗生素?zé)o計(jì)可施。第六段深挖原因，是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)使然，大型藥廠因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)利益放棄了抗生素的生產(chǎn)。第七段談到對于這種現(xiàn)象的補(bǔ)救措施。A選項(xiàng)“前抗生素年代將回歸”，B選項(xiàng)“將重蹈抗生素危機(jī)覆轍”，C選項(xiàng)“神奇之藥是雙刃劍”，D選項(xiàng)“新抗生素的研發(fā)過于緩慢”，只有D選項(xiàng)符合全文文意。（3）.Theappallingmisuseofantibiotics,accordingtothepassage,______.

A.hasdevelopedresistantbacteriaworldwide

√

B.hasbeenmainlypracticedforhealthreasons

C.hasbeenseldomreportedasawarningintheworld

D.hasbeenparticularlyworsenedinthedevelopingcountries解析：細(xì)節(jié)題?？股貫E用的問題是在文中第四段提及的。使用抗生素mostlynotforhealthreasonsbuttomakemeatcheaper，現(xiàn)在導(dǎo)致全世界都有耐藥性的病菌出現(xiàn)。因此本題最佳答案為A。（4）.Themarketfailurerefersto______.

A.theinabilitytodevelopmorepowerfulantibiotics

√

B.theexistingincreasinglyineffectualdrugsinthemarket

C.thepoormanagementofthemajorpharmaceuticalcompanies

D.thedeprivedinvestmentindevelopingnewclassesofantibiotics解析：指代題。Thismarketfailure指代的上文的economics因素，及大型制藥公司都停止生產(chǎn)抗生素這一現(xiàn)象。D選項(xiàng)“開發(fā)新級別抗生素資金不足”是A選項(xiàng)可能的原因，failure指代的是現(xiàn)象，因此本題最佳答案為A。（5）.Duringthepresentationofthetwosolutions,theauthorcarriesatoneof______.

A.doubt

B.urgency

√

C.indifference

D.helplessness解析：態(tài)度題。最后一段講到，如果我們再無視，therereallywillbenohelpontheway，屆時(shí)真的就無力回天了，由此可以判斷作者的心態(tài)是焦慮的、迫切的。故本題答案為B。Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftout,ornotsufficientlyexperienced,thechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossible,forexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.Thisprinciple,infact,underliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopment,andisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfood,tosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyone,heslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.Learningtowaitforthings,particularlyforfood,isaveryimportantelementinupbringing,andisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild'sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwords,thefirstindependentsteps,orthebeginningofreadingandwriting.Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningrate,butthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly,ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.Ontheotherhand,though,ifachildisleftalonetoomuch,orwithoutanylearningopportunities,heloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogether,parentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoys,jigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters,othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnight,punctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.Ingeneral,thecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild'sownhappinessandwell-being.（1）.Theprincipleunderlyingalltreatmentofdevelopmentaldifficultiesinchildren______.

A.istosendthemtoclinics

B.offersrecaptureofearlierexperiences

√

C.isintheprovisionofclockworktoysandtrains

D.istocapturethembeforetheyaresufficientlyexperienced解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。Thisprinciple指代的是首段第一句，即如果孩子某個(gè)發(fā)展階段沒有開發(fā)充分，就需要在日后回溯去彌補(bǔ)。這是兒童心理治療和臨床工作的原則，只有B選項(xiàng)是正確歸納。（2）.Thechildinthenursery______.

A.quicklylearnstowaitforfood

B.doesn'tinitiallysleepandwakeatregularintervals

√

C.alwaysacceptstherhythmoftheworldaroundthem

D.alwaysfeelstheworldaroundhimiswarmandfriendly解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。從nursery定位到第二段可知，幼兒本不是天生就知道做事情的順序，而是被taughtgradually來接收某種節(jié)奏的。孩子學(xué)會等待（尤其是等待食物）不是一蹴而就，而是在真正理解某些要求后才逐漸學(xué)會的。因此本題正確答案為B。（3）.Theencouragementofchildrentoachievenewskills______.

A.canneverbetakentoofar

B.shouldbelefttoschoolteachers

C.willalwaysassisttheirdevelopment

D.shouldbebalancedbetweentwoextremes

√解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。用encouragement和newskills回到原文定位到第三段第二句：經(jīng)常讓孩子超越自己的自然學(xué)習(xí)速度，這會給孩子帶來危險(xiǎn)的失敗感和焦慮狀態(tài)。由此可判斷A選項(xiàng)（永遠(yuǎn)都不會過度）和C選項(xiàng)（一定會幫助兒童發(fā)展）是錯(cuò)誤的，B選項(xiàng)（留給學(xué)校老師）未在原文提及，只有D選項(xiàng)（應(yīng)該在兩個(gè)極端中得以平衡）才是正確答案。（4）.Jigsawpuzzlesare______.

A.toodifficultforchildren

B.akindofbuilding-blocktoy

C.notveryentertainingforadults

D.suitableexercisesforparent-childcooperation

√解析：本題的依據(jù)是第四段最后兩句“Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthiscooperation．Building-blocktoys，jigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples．（家長和孩子可以通過一起玩玩具和玩游戲來促進(jìn)彼此之間的溝通與合作，如搭積木、拼圖和猜字游戲。）”，所以D項(xiàng)正確。（5）.Parentalcontrolsanddiscipline______.

A.serveadualpurpose

√

B.shouldbeavoidedasmuchaspossible

C.reflectthevaluesofthecommunity

D.aredesignedtopromotethechild'shappiness解析：推理題。文中最后一句講道：一般來說，這些控制措施代表了父母的需要和社會的價(jià)值觀以及孩子自己的快樂和幸福?？芍改傅目刂拼胧┘却砹俗陨砗蜕鐣膬r(jià)值觀，同時(shí)代表了孩子本人的幸福，這是雙重的（dual），因此本題正確答案為A。For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.Withtheadventofsatellites,however,scientistshavefinallybeenabletomeasuretheSun'soutputwithoutbeingimpededbytheEarth'satmosphere.SolarMax,asatellitefromtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）,hasbeenmeasuringtheSun'soutputsinceFebruary1980.Althoughamalfunctioninthesatellite'scontrolsystemlimiteditsobservationforafewyears,thesatellitewasrepairedinorbitbyastronautsfromthespaceshufflein1984.Max'sobservationsindicatethatthesolarconstantisnotreallyconstantafterall.Thesatellite'sinstrumentshavedetectedfrequent,smallvariationsintheSun'senergyoutput,generallyamountingtonomorethan0.05percentoftheSun'smeanenergyoutputandlastingfromafewdaystoafewweeks.ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsontheSun'sdisk.SunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun'ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2,000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.Particularlylargefluctuationsinthesolarconstanthavecoincidedwithsightingsoflargesunspotgroups.In1980,forexample,SolarMax'sinstrumentsregistereda0.3percentdropinthesolarenergyreachingtheEarth.Atthattimeasunspotgroupcoveredabout0.6percentofthesolardisk,anarea20timeslargerthantheEarth'ssurface.Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput.Somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.Thispossibilitywasdismissed,however,bycomparingsolarMax'sobservationswithdatafromasimilarinstrumentoperatingonNASA'sNimbus7weathersatellitesince1978.（1）.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsbelievevariationsinthesolarconstantarerelatedto______.

A.sunspotactivity

√

B.unusualweatherpatterns

C.increasedlevelsofdust

D.fluctuationsintheEarth'stemperature解析：文章倒數(shù)第二段告訴我們，太陽常數(shù)的變化與太陽黑子的出現(xiàn)吻合，因此正確答案為A。（2）.Whyisitnotpossibletomeasurethesolarconstantaccuratelywithoutasatellite?

A.TheEarthistoofarfromtheSun.

B.SomeareasonEarthreceivemoresolarenergythanothers.

C.Thereisnotenoughsunlightduringtheday.

D.TheEarth'satmosphereinterfereswiththesunlight.

√解析：答案在第一段最后一句話“Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromoverreachingtheground．”即便是在地球上云層最少的地方，也很難測量準(zhǔn)確，因?yàn)槌嗽茖?，還有氣分子和灰塵粒子會影響陽光到達(dá)地球的量，因而影響常數(shù)測量。所以是地球大氣層干擾了陽光的傳播，答案選D。（3）.WhydidscientiststhinkthatSolarMaxmightbegivingunreliableinformation?

A.SolarMaxdidnotworkforthefirstfewyears.

B.SolarMax'sinstrumentsweregettingol正確答案:D

C.ThespaceshuttlecouldnotfixSolarMax'sinstruments.

D.Nimbus7interferedwithSolarMax'sdetectors.解析：答案在第二段倒數(shù)第四行“…thoughtthesatellite’s（SolarMax）agingdetectorsmighthavelesssensitiveovertheyears．”科學(xué)家認(rèn)為不可靠是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這顆衛(wèi)星的探測器老化了，測量不準(zhǔn)，因此答案選B。A選項(xiàng)沒有說出直接原因；C、D不符合文章內(nèi)容。（4）.Theattempttodescribethesolarconstantcanbestbedescribedas______.

A.anongoingresearcheffort

√

B.aquestionthatcanneverbeanswered

C.anissuethathasbeenresolved

D.historicallyinteresting,butirrelevanttocontemporaryconcerns解析：試圖測出太陽常數(shù)這種努力被描述為______最恰當(dāng)。A“仍在進(jìn)行的努力研究”，從文章的表述我們可以知道雖然并沒有取得很大的突破，但科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀辉谂?，并且這種研究是有意義的。（5）.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

A.ThecomponentsoftheEarth'satmosphere,

B.Thelaunchingofaweathersatellite.

C.Themeasurementofvariationsinthesolarconstant.

√

D.Theinteractionofsunlightandairpollution.解析：這篇文章主要講的是太陽常數(shù)的測量方法，答案選C；A“地球大氣層的構(gòu)成部分”；B“天氣衛(wèi)星的發(fā)射”；D“陽光和空氣污染的交互作用”，都不是正確答案。Opticalillusionsarelikemagic,thrillingusbecauseoftheircapacitytorevealthefallibilityofoursenses.Butthere'smoretothemthanthat,accordingtoDr.BeauLotto,whoiswowingthescientificworldwithworkthatcrossestheboundariesofart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.Whattheyreveal,hesays,isthatthewholeworldisthecreationofourbrain.Whatwesee,whatwehear,feelandwhatwethinkweknowisnotaphotographicreflectionoftheworld,butaninstantaneousunthinkingcalculationastowhatisthemostusefulwayofseeingtheworld.It'sabestguessbasedonthepastexperienceoftheindividual,alongevolutionarypastthathasshapedthestructureofourbrains.Theworldisliterallyshapedbyourpasts.Dr.Lotto,40,anAmericanwhoisareaderinneuroscienceatUniversityCollegeLondon,hassetouttoproveitinstunningvisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallations,whichhavebeenincludedinart-scienceexhibitions.Heexplainshiscomplexideasfromthestartingpointofvisualillusions,whichfarfromrevealinghowfragileoursensesareshowhowremarkablyrobusttheyareatprovidingapictureoftheworldthatservesapurposetous.Forcenturies,artistsandscientistshavenotedthatagreydotlookslighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalightbackground.Theconventionalbeliefwasthatitwasbecauseofsomewaythebrainandeyeisintrinsicallywired.ButDr.Lottobelievesit'salearntresponse;inotherwords,weseetheworldnotasitisbutasitisusefultous."Contextiseverything,becauseourbrainshaveevolvedtoconstantlyre-definenormality,"saysDr.Lotto."Whatweseeisdefinedbyourownexperiencesofthepast,butalsobywhatthehumanracehasexperiencedthroughitshistory,"Thisisillustratedbythefactthatdifferentculturesandcommunitieshavedifferentviewpointsoftheworld,conditionedovergenerations.Forexample,Japanesepeoplehaveafamousinabilitytodistinguishbetweenthe"R"andthe"L"sound.ThisarisesbecauseinJapanesethesoundsaretotallyinterchangeable."Differentiatingbetweenthemhasneverbeenuseful,sothebrainhasneverlearnttodoit.It'snotjustthatJapanesepeoplefindithardtotellthedifference.Theyliterallycannothearthedifference."Dr.Lotto'sexperimentsaregroundingmoreandmorehypothesesinhardscience."Yes,myworkisidea-driven,"hesays."Butlotsofresearch,suchasMRIbrainscanning,istechnique-driven.Idon'tbelieveyoucanunderstandthebrainbytakingitoutofitsnaturalenvironmentandlookingatitinalaboratory.Youhavetolookatwhatitevolvedtodo,andlookatitinrelationshiptoitsecology."（1）.Whatdoestheword"them"inthefirstparagraphreferto?

A.Humansenses.

B.Thefallibilityofsenses.

C.Revealingcapacity.

D.Opticalillusions.

√解析：指代題。根據(jù)語法要求，them應(yīng)該指代前文可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，由此可排除B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)。再根據(jù)語義，本文主題為視錯(cuò)覺，因此正確答案為D。（2）.Accordingtothepassage,whatisknownaboutDr.BeauLotto?

A.Thoughheisaneuroscientist,hehasshockedthescientificworldwithhisextensiveresearchinart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

B.Dr.LottoisaprofessoratUniversityCollegeLondonwhoisspecializedinanumberofdisciplinessuchasart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

C.Dr.Lottohasbeenattemptingtoexhibithiscreativeproductionsinart-scienceexhibitionsinthehopeofprovinghisideaonopticalillusions.

√

D.Dr.Lottohassetouttocreatevisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallationswhichwellcombinedtheknowledgeofart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。從第三段首句可知，他是美國人，是倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院在神經(jīng)科學(xué)方面的準(zhǔn)教授（reader），并非教授，由此可判斷B選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。setouttodo表示“開始嘗試做……”，根據(jù)首段末和第三段開頭可知，作者已經(jīng)做出了visualillusions，sculpturesandinstallations，并嘗試用這些作品來證明他關(guān)于opticalillusion的觀點(diǎn)，故答案為C。（3）.WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromDr.Lotto'sstudy?

A.Peopleshouldbelievetheirbrainsratherthantheireyesastheworld,toagreatmeasure,iscreatedandshapedbyhumanbrain.

B.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheirsensesforwhattheysee,hear,feel,andthetruthmaybecontrarytothephotographicimageoftheworld.

C.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheireyesforwhattheyseeareonlyaccidentalandtemporaryformsoftheworld,whichvariesinaccordancewithcontexts.

D.Peopleshouldbeawarethattheireyescanplaytricksonthemaswhattheyseeisactuallycreatedbytheirbrainswhichareshapedbytheirpastexperiences.

√解析：推理題。本文的主題是視錯(cuò)覺，即人們的所見、所聞、所感都是大腦的創(chuàng)造，而這種創(chuàng)造又是基于人類過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的。因此本題D選項(xiàng)是正確答案。（4）.AccordingtoDr.Lotto,whatisthereasonforthefactthatagreydotlookslighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalightbackground?

A.Itisafactthatthedotemergedtobelighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainst