牛津新教材選修三Unit3ReadingChinesecharacters:foundationofaremarkablewritingsystem漢字:非凡書寫系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)Intheyear1899,somemysticalsymbolscarvedonoraclebonesattractedtheattentionofascholarinBeijing.Thatwaswhenpeoplefirstbegantorealizethesignificanceofthesebeautifulinscriptions.Sincethen,themysterysurroundingtheoriginofChinesecharacters,thefoundationofaremarkablewritingsystem,hasstartedtoberevealed.1899年，甲骨文上的一些神秘符號引起了北京一位學者的注意。從那時起，人們開始意識到這些美麗的銘文的重要性。從那時起，圍繞著漢字起源的謎團開始被揭開，漢字是一種非凡的書寫系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。1.mysticaladj.神秘的；神秘主義的adv.mystically神秘地mysteriously神秘地；故弄玄虛地；難以理解地adj.mysterious神秘的；不可思議的；難解的1).difficulttounderstandorexplain;strange神秘的；奇怪的；不易解釋的2).(especiallyofpeople尤指人)strangeandinterestingbecauseyoudonotknowmuchaboutthem神秘的；陌生的3)(ofpeople人)notsayingmuchaboutsth,especiallywhenotherpeoplewanttoknowmore詭秘的；故弄玄虛的?Hewasbeingverymysteriousaboutwherehewasgoing.他十分詭秘，閉口不談他要去哪里。mystical1).havingspiritualpowersorqualitiesthataredifficulttounderstandortoexplain神秘的；不可思議的；難以解釋的?mysticalforces/powers神秘的力量╱能力2).connectedwithmysticism潛修的；神秘主義的n.mystery神秘，秘密；奧秘；神秘的事物vt.mystify使神秘化；使迷惑，使困惑2.inscriptionn.題詞；銘文；刻印scriben.抄寫員；作家；劃線器v.寫下，記下；用劃線器劃scribblev.潦草地寫，匆匆地寫；亂涂，亂畫n.潦草的書寫（或字跡），匆忙完成的文章；胡寫亂畫的東西，涂鴉describev.描述；形容；把…稱為;做…運動；畫出…圖形；形成…形狀subscribev.訂閱，訂購；定期繳納會員費;定期捐款贊助；認購（股票）；贊成，同意；〈正式〉簽署（遺囑、合同或其他文件）；申請，注冊，報名；購買（一系列演出的）聯(lián)票prescribev.給……開（藥），讓……采用（療法）；開處方；規(guī)定，命令；制定規(guī)定；推薦，推舉Theseoracleboneinscriptions,theearliestformofChinesecharacterseverfoundtothisareclearproofthatthehistoryoftheChinesewritingsystemstretchesbackabout3,500years.Theinscriptionsarehighlyplex,suggestingthatearlierformsareyettobediscovered.Allwehaveatthemoment,however,isthelegendofCangJie,whoissaidtohaveinventedthefirstcharactersabout5,000yearsago.Legendhasitthathesawanimaltracksintheground,andbegandrawingpicturesofobjectsinnature,suchasthemoon,thesunandthetrees.35005000月亮、太陽和樹木。tothisday直到現(xiàn)在，一直持續(xù)到今天stretchback回溯到beyettodo尚未......idtohavedone據(jù)說...做了...besaidtobedoing據(jù)說正在進行besaidtodosth據(jù)說...要做...Notsurprisingly,theearliestChinesecharacterswerethefruitsofourancestors'carefulobservationandstrikingimagination.TheChinesecharactershan,forexample,issimplyadrawingofamountain.However,ourancestorsfoundnoteverythingwasconvenienttodrawasaconcreteimage,soanotherwayofformingChinesecharacterswasdevelopedtorepresentabstractconcepts.Somecharacterswerecreatedbyaddingsymbolslikeadotoralinetoanexistingpictographic(adj.象形文字的，繪畫文字的)charactertoindicatethings.Forinstance,thecharactersshangandxiaindicatethingsontopofandbelowaline.Gradually,thesecharacterswerefarfromenoughtodescribethecolourfulanddiverseworld,soanewwayofformingcharacterswasdevelopedbyputtingtogetherdifferentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaning.Anexampleofthisisthecharacterming,whichbinesrifor“sun"andyuefor"moon"toexpressthemeaningofbeingbright.Thesetypesofcharactersindicatemeaning,buttheydonotprovidecluesabouttheirpronunciation.Anothergroupofcharacterswerecreatedbybiningmeaningandpronunciation.Inhu,theChinesecharacterfor“l(fā)ake”,forinstance,theleftpartindicatesthemeaningandtherightpartthepronunciation.Thismethodmadeiteasiertocreatenewcharacters,somostChinesecharacterstodaybelongtothisgroup.“山”些漢字是通過在已有的象形文字上添加點或線等符號來表示事物而產(chǎn)生的。例如，“上”和“下”兩個字表示的是線上下的東西。漸漸地，這些漢字遠遠不足以描述豐“明“日”和“月”“湖”farfrom(being)

離……要求相差很遠,遠離，遠非Farfrombeingadreamer,she'salevelheadedpragmatist.她是個冷靜理智的實用主義者，遠非一個空想家。Thejobisfarfromeasy.這份工作一點也不容易。farfromsatisfactory遠不能令人滿意farfromperfect不完美,遠非完善farfromsuccessful.遠沒有成功Sincetheircreation,Chinesecharactershavebeenevolvingconsistently,increasinginpracticalvalueasamunicativetool.About1,000yearsaftertheoracleboneinscriptionswereusedduringtheShangDynasty,QinshihuangunifiedChinaandXiaozhuanwasmadetheofficialwritingstyleoftheQinDynasty.ThenLishubecameamainstreamstyleofwritingintheHanDynasty.TheevolutionfromXiaozhuantoLishumarkedarevolutionarytransformationfromancientcharactersintomoderncharacters.AnothermilestoneintheevolutionofthestyleofChinesecharacterswasKaishu,whichreacheditspeakintheDynasty.Itbecamepopularforitseaseofuse,andeventuallyprogressedintowhatwenowconsidertobethestandardscript.Apartfromchangesinwritingstyle,Chinesecharactershavebeensimplifiedsothattheycanbeusedmoreeasilybythemasses.Eveninmoderntimes,therehavebeenattemptstosimplifyChinesecharacters.Onefarreachingchangetookplaceinthe1950s,whentheChinesegovernmentsimplifiedandstandardizedChinesecharacters,promotingmassliteracy.1000年后，秦始皇統(tǒng)一了中國，小篆成為秦朝的官方書寫20501.progressinto逐漸發(fā)展成為makeprogressin在...方面取得進步2.后綴ify、fy。字母y作元音讀[a?]或[?]。當y在兩個音節(jié)以上的單詞末尾都讀[?]，只有在fy中讀[a?]。ify、fy功相同，是常見的動詞后綴，意為“使……；使成為……；使……化”。通常加在名詞或形容詞后構(gòu)成動詞，表達“使某物具有該詞根所表示的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)”。1）simplify[?s?mpl?fa?]v.簡化 2）amplify[??mpl?fa?]v.放大；增強3）clarify[?kl?r?fa?]v.澄清；闡明 4）classify[?kl?s?fa?]v.分類；歸類5）intensify[?n?tens?fa?]v.加強；加劇 6）justify[?d??st?fa?]v.證明……合理7）modify[?m?d?fa?]v.修改；變更 8）notify[?n??t?fa?]v.通知；告知9）purify[?pj??r?fa?]v.凈化；提純 10）qualify[?kw?l?fa?]v.（使）具備資格11）solidify[s??l?d?fa?]v.（使）凝固；鞏固12）terrify[?ter?fa?]v.使恐懼；恐嚇13）vivify[?v?v?fa?]v.使生動；使活潑14）beautify使美麗，美化15.uglifyvt.把…弄成難看；將…丑化；糟蹋16)satisfy[?s?t?sfa?]v.使?jié)M意，使高興Alongsideitsevolution,ChinesecharactershavesustainedtheChinesecivilizationoverthousandsofyears.ThankstoChinesecharacters,storiesofourancestorshavebeenpasseddowninaformthatremainsaccessibletousandtheglorioushistoryofourcountryhasbeenpreserved.Moreover,ChinesecharactershavegreatlyinfluencedthewritingsystemsinmanyotherAsiancountriessuchasJapanandVietnam,formingthe“Chinesecharacterculturalsphere”“漢字文化圈”.Forinstance,itwasonlyafterChinesecharactersspreadtoJapanthattheJapanesewritingsystemstartedtobedeveloped.thespreadofChinesecharacters,educatedpeopleinthesecountriescarefullystudiedChineseliteraryandphilosophicaltexts哲學文本,suchastheworksoftheDynastypoetsandTheAnalects/??n?lekts/《論語》ofConfucius,andlearnttheartofChinesecalligraphy/k??l?ɡr?fi/書法，書法藝術(shù).Aswecansee,ChinesecharactersholdthekeytopromotingthetransmissionofChineseculture.“漢字文化圈”中國書法藝術(shù)。我們可以看到，漢字是促進中國文化傳播的關(guān)鍵。1.alongsideprep.在……旁邊；沿著……的邊；與……一起，與……并肩（工作）；與……相比；與……同等重要的；同時，共存adv.在旁邊2.spheren.（活動、興趣、專業(yè)知識的）范圍，領(lǐng)域；球體，球，球形；社會階層；勢力范圍；<文>蒼穹，天，天空；<文>天體；天體外殼；地球儀vt.使……成球形；包圍；放入球內(nèi)3.holdthekeyto是……的關(guān)鍵AccordingtothefamouswriterYuGuangzhong,eversinceChinesecharacterswereborninancienttimes,thememoriesandhopesofourancestorshavebeenwellplacedinthem.Indeed,Chinesecharactersprovideanunbreakablelinktoournation'spastandconnectustoourancestors.EverytimewereadorwriteChinesecharacters,thewhispersofourancestorstravelthroughtimeandspace,andbringwiththemthestoriesofhumancivilization.bringsth.withsb.帶來人類文明的故事。ExtendedreadingConfucius'sphilosophy:amoralinspiration孔子的哲學:道德的啟迪On28September,alargenumberofpeoplegatherinQufu,ShandongProvince,tocelebratethebirthdayofConfucius.Onthisday,peoplehonourthememoryofConfuciusandcelebratetheuniquelegacyhelefttomankind.Althoughhelivedmorethan2,500yearsago,thegreatphilosopherandeducatorhasmadeamajorcontributiontohumancivilization.9月28日，許多人聚集在山東曲阜，慶祝孔子的誕辰。在這一天，人們緬2500大的哲學家和教育家對人類文明做出了重大貢獻。ConfuciuslivedintheSpringandAutumnperiod,fromabout551BCEto479BCE.HefoundedthephilosophicalschoolofConfucianism,establishedprivateschools,andeditedanumberofclassicalworks.Acpaniedbysomeofhisloyalstudents,hespent14yearsofhislifetravellingfromstatetostate,spreadinghisideasanddiscussingphilosophicalquestions.AlthoughConfuciusfailedtoreceivetherecognitionhedeservedduringhislifetime,histeachingshavesurvivedthroughtheages,forthebenefitoflatergenerations.55147914世時沒有得到應(yīng)有的認可，但他的學說卻流傳千古，造福后人。Afterhisdeath,hissayingswererecordedandpiledbyhisstudentsintoabookcalledTheAnalects/??n?lekts/《論語》ofConfucius,whichsummarizedthephilosopher'sthoughtsondifferentsubjectssuchasmorality,politicsandeducation.AtthecoreofhisthinkingarethethreekeyconceptsofandLi,whichareallconnectedtoourrelationshipwithotherpeople.Renisgenerallydefinedas“benevolence”慈善，仁慈/b??nev?l?ns/,whichmeanslovingpeople.Confuciusemphasizedthatloveshouldbeginwiththeloveofone'sparents.Hesaid,“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhentheirparentsarealive.”Thiskindofloveisthenexpandedintotheloveofallpeople.Yicanbetranslatedas"righteousness”/?ra?t??sn?s/正義；正直；公正；正當,thatis,doingwhatoneoughttodo.Confuciusbelievedthatagentleman“thinksofrighteousnessinthefaceofgain”.Lirefersto"ritual"/?r?t?u?l/儀式，典禮；習慣，例行公事insociallife.Itisaboutbehavinginthemostappropriatewayinanygivensituation,basedonsocialcustomsandone'srelationshipwithotherpeopleinvolved.義為“仁愛”，意思是愛人。孔子強調(diào)愛應(yīng)該從愛父母開始。他說:“孩子不應(yīng)該遠行?！边@種愛便擴展為對所有人的愛。義可以翻譯為“正義”，也就是做自己應(yīng)該做的事?？鬃诱J為君子“見利而思義”。禮指的是社會生活中的“儀式”。它是關(guān)于在任何特定的情況下，根據(jù)社會習俗和個人與他人的關(guān)系，以最適當?shù)姆绞叫惺?。ThephilosophyofConfuciuscanprovideuswithvaluablemoralguidanceonhowtodevelopourselvesasindividuals,howtoworkforthemongood,andhowtobuildandmaintainharmoniousrelationshipswithothers.Confucius'sgoldenprinciple,“Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou”,stillholdstrueforpeopleinmoderntimes.Wheninteractingwithothers,peopleshouldputthemselvesintheotherperson'sposition,regardingitasacodeofconducttoliveharmoniouslywithothers.Furthermore,acoreconceptinthephilosophyofConfuciusthathasgreatlyinfluencedChinesepeople'smoralvaluesisthatthepublicgoodesbeforepersonalinterest.Peoplewhoshouldergreatresponsibilityinpursuitofthemongoodandselflesslyputtheinterestsofothersbeforetheirownaregreatlyadmiredandheldupasrolemodels.ItisalsoworthnotingthatConfuciusfocusedontheconventionsofritualandetiquette/?et?k?t/,whichhavedeeplyinfluencedhowpeopleplaytheirmultipleritualroles.Forexample,studentsshouldhonourtheirteachers,andchildrenshouldshowrespectfortheirelders.Byobservingsuchsocialnorms,eachindividualcangetaclearerideaofhowtobalancetheirvariousrolesandrelationshipswithintheirfamilyandinsocietyatlarge（（囚犯）在逃,逍遙法外,一般說來,詳細地）.（承上啟下）Beyondthemoralprinciple