考研外語(yǔ)考試題目及答案5

一、UseofEnglish

1、Recentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrect

identificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesof

justice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeopleby

witnessesinacourtroomisnotas(1)ascommonlybelieved.

Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe(2)_____offaithjudges,

jurors,lawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.

TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper,

“TotalRecall?TheReliabilityofWitness(3)〃，asa

companionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfinds

thatcommonlyheld(4)abouthowourmindsworkandhow

wellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis

(5)change,itshouldnotbeunderestimated.

Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceaboutevents,and

judgesandjuries(6)itsreliability.Thepaperpoints

outthatmemoryiscomplex,andthereliabilityofanyperson，s

recallmustbeassessed(7).

Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory(8)overtime.

Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare(9)―theirbest

immediately(10)encodingtheinformation,decliningat

firstrapidly,thengradually.Thelongerthedelay,themore

likelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwill

interfere(11)theoriginalmemory,whichreduces

(12).

Thepapersays(13)__interviewsormediareportscancreate

such(14)."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohaving

theirmemories(15)whenthepassageoftimeallowsthe

originalmemoryto(16),andwillbemostsusceptibleif

theyrepeatthe(17)asfact.”

Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheevent,then

(18)ittoproducesomething(19)thanwhatwas

experienced,significantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheir

memoryofaneventoroffender,"Further,witnessesmay

stronglybelieveintheirmemories,eventhoughaspectsof

thosememoriesare(20)false.”

A.trustful

B.reliable

C.innocent

D.considerable

2、⑵

A.rate

B.degree

C.extent

D.scale

3、⑶

A.Manifestation

B.Declaration

C.Presentation

D.Testimony

4、(4)

A.perceptions

B.acceptances

C.permissions

D.receptions

5、(5)

A.subjectto

B.liablefor

C.incapableof

D.attributableto

6、(6)

A.assess

B.appreciate

C.calculate

A.with

B.in

C.at

D.on

12、(12)

A.appropriacy

B.accuracy

C.originality

D.justice

13、(13)

A.consequent

B.successive

C.subsequent

D.preceding

14、(14)

A.distortions

B.deformations

C.malfunctions

D.malformations

15、(15)

A.altered

B.transformed

C.converted

D.modified

16、(16)

A.fade

B.diminish

C.lessen

D.dwell

17、(17)

A.misinformation

B.mistreatment

C.misguidance

D.misjudgement

18、(18)

A.associate

B.connect

C.link

D.integrate

19、(19)

A.other

B.rather

C.more

D.less

20、(20)

A.invariably

B.constant]y

C.justifiably

D.verifiably

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,

waningprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtheruling

familiestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawing

fromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.

Inaprosperouscommunity,ontheotherhand,politesociety

soonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEnglandtherehasneverbeen

anyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemanners

appropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.

Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements=basic

moralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;and

artificial,optionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentsto,say,

womenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityand

importance.

Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationforweakandrespect

forage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodin

thepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania,

theyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,

untilaboutacenturyago,youngchildrendidnotsitintheir

parents'presencewithoutaskingpermission.

Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesof

sociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesofother

functionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.

Beforetheinventionofthefork,etiquettedirectedthatthe

fingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossible,beforethe

handkerchiefcameintocommonuse,etiquettesuggestedthat

afterspitting,apersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuously

underfoot.

Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartof

graciousliving,hasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswith

wealthandleisure,whichadmittedwomenasthesocialequals

ofmen.Afterthefal1ofRome,thefirstEuropeansocietyto

regulatebehavior,inprivateliftinaccordancewitha

complicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvence,in

France.

Provencehadbecomewealthy.Theloadshadreturnedtotheir

castlesfromthecrusades,andtheretheidealsofchivalrygrew

up,whichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenand

demandedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlove

toaladywhowouldbehisvaliantdeeds,thoughhewouldnever

comephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionofthe

conceptofromanticlove,whichwastoinfluenceliteraturefor

manyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebased

form,insimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday.

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,the

rulingfamilies

A.triedtodestroythelowerandmiddleclassesusing

etiquette.

B.discriminatedagainstthelowerclassusingetiquette.

C.triedtoteachetiquettetothelowerandmiddleclasses.

D.putthemiddleandworkingclassesintofencedenclosures.

2、

Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements.

A.practicalrules,optionalmoraldutiesandformal

compliments.

B.rules,regulationsandrequirements.

C.optionalmoralduties,optionalpracticalrulesand

artificialgraces.

D.formalcompliments,basicmoraldutiesandpracticalrule.

3、

Thecustomofyoungmenbowingtoshowrespectwhenpassing

thedwellingsoftheirelderswascitedasacharacteristicof

A.theancientEgyptians.

B.partsofTanzania.

C.Englandaboutacenturyago.

D.allsocieties.

4、

Etiquettecultivatedasartofgraciousliving

A.hasbeentypicalofrichandleisuredsocieties.

B.advocatesthatwomenarethesameasmen.

C.beganinnineteenth-centuryProvence.

D.looksdownonextremelyrefinedbehaviour.

5、

Theidealsofchivalrydemandedthat

A.aknightshouldneverhavephysicalrelationshipwithwomen.

B.aknightshouldinspirehisladytovaliantdeeds.

C.aknightshoulddedicatehisvaliantdeedstoawoman.

D.romanticpeopleshouldinfluenceliterature.

6、OncefreeofEtruscandomination,theRomansdevelopeda

Republicanform,ofgovernmentwhichlasteduntilthefirst

centuryBC,andprovidedimportantcontinuityforReman

institutions.Themotto〃S.P.Q.R.〃一SenatusPopulusgue

Romanus,“TheRomanSenateandPeople"reflectedthephilosophy

oftheearlyRomanpoliticalandsocialorderandremainedthe

watchwordofRomansocietyuntilImperialtimes.Itmeantthat

sovereigntyrestedinthepeoplethemselves,andnotinany

particulargovernmentalform.YetinmanywaystheRoman

Republicfunctionedasademocracy.Decisionsaffecting

societyweremadeataseriesofassemblieswhichallcitizens

attendedtoexpresstheirwill.TheSenate,ontheotherhand,

conductedthebusinessofgovernmentincludingthepassageof

legislationandthesupervisionofelectedmagistrates.Over

thecenturiesthegreatestissuesaffectingRomansocietywere

playedoutasdramascreatedbytensionsbetweenpeopleand

Senate.

TheSenateitselfwasahereditaryinstitutioncomprisingan

assemblyofheads,patresofoldpatricianfamiliesandlater

wealthymembersofthecitizenry-plebs.Thethreehundred

membersthereforerepresentedoldandnewmoney,power,and

socialinterest.Itwasaself-renewingoligarchy.Thetwoir.ost

importantofficerswhoruledthestateweretheconsuls,

electedbytherepresentativeassembliesforone-yearterms,

attheendofwhichtheybecamemembersoftheSenate.InRome

therichruledviatheSenate.Thegeneralcitizenrywerelittle

morethanpeasants.BythethirdcenturyBCthedivisionbetween

aristocratandpeasanthadwidenedappreciably-theformer

growinginrichesandthelattersinkingfurtherandfurther

intopoverty.YettheconstitutionalframeworkoftheRepublic

heldthesmallRomansocialordertogether,wardingoff

revolution,permittingchange,andprovidingthebodypolitic

withreasonablywell-trainedleaderswhoknewhow,aboveall

else,tokeeptheRepublicfunctioningandalive.Itwas,in

fact,theinternalstabilityoftheRepublicwhichirade

expansionpossible,bringingaboutthenextphaseofReman

history.

Romanexpansionwasbasedonmilitaryconquest.Verylittle

connnerceandindustryexistedinRome,unlikeAthens,andthe

qualityoflifeinRomecametodependdirectlyuponthewealth

ofconqueredregionsbroughtbacktoRomeasspoilsofmilitary

victory.BythemiddleofthesecondcenturyBCRomehad

conqueredCarthageinNorthAfricaandCorinthinAsiaMinor,

andhadthusassumedapositionofpoliticaldominanceinthe

Hellenisticworld.Theinternationalizationofculture,

evidentinHellenictimes,increasedfurtherundertheRomans.

Later,RomewouldextenditscontrolthroughoutEuropeand

eventuallytotheBritishIsles.

Whatkindofsocialform,immediatelyfollowedtheRoman

RepublicAge?

A.feudalism

B.Etruscandomination

C.socialism

D.impericalism

7、

Whatdoes〃S.P.Q.R.〃suggestaccordingtothetext?

A.ItsuggeststhatTheRomanSenatewaselectedbythepeople

andgovernedthepeople.

B.ItsuggeststhatTheRomanSenatewasthehighestauthority.

C.Itsuggeststhatitwasthepeople,notgovernment,whoheld

thepowerandrightofthecountry.

D.ItsuggestthattheRomanRepublicfunctionedademocracy

thesameasAmerica.

8、

Whatdoestheword"patrician"meaninthesecondsentenceof

thesecondparagraph?

A.Patron

B.Supporter

C.Governmental

D.Aristocrat

9、

Whichofthefollowingholdthemostimportantpositioninthe

Senate?

A.Consuls

B.Plebs

C.People

D.Patres

10、

Inthelastparagraph,Romanexpansionwasdescribedvividly,

whatisthebaseoftheexpasion?

A.Militaryconquest

B.Superiormilitarystrategy

C.Thescientificstructureofthesociety

D.Advancedculture

11、ItisbecauseofhisplaysthatShakespeareisnow

consideredthegreatestEnglishwriterinhistory.Theerain

whichhelived,ElizabethanEngland,wasatimeinwhichbroad

interestsandcreativitycouldflourish.Elizabeth,thequeen,

wasbelovedbyhersubjectsandprovedtobeapowerfulandable

ruler.UnderthereignofElizabeth,Englandchangedfroman

islandkingdomtoanexpandingempire.Englandgrewrich

throughtrade.Sixteenth-centuryEnglishmentraveledtothe

NewWorldandtoAfrica.Music,dance,poetry,painting,and

architectureflourished;buttheartform,inwhichElizabethan

EnglanddistinguishedtherestofEuropewasthetheater.

Thetheater,whichhadpracticallydisappearedfromEuropewas,

atthistime,receivedasapartofthechurchservice.Later,

nolongerasapartoftheservice,the"mysteryplays”

respondedtopopulartastebyaddingmoreandmorecomic

elements.InEngland,theyweresponsoredbyvarioustrade

guildsandpresentedonstagewagonsthatwentfromplaceto

place.Whenthemysteryplaysbegantolosetheirappeal,they

werereplacedby"morality"playswhichalwaystaughtamoral.

InRenaissanceEngland,writerswereparticularlyinterested

inclassicaltextssuchasLatinandGreekplays.Schoolsand

universitiesbegantoproducecomediesandtragediesbyPlatus,

Terence,andSeneca.Shakespearewaswellacquaintedwith

classicalhumanitiesandclassicaltragediesandcomedies

oftenservedasmodelsinhisowndrama.ARenaissanceman,

Shakespeare'sinterestwentbeyondbooklearningtopractical

knowledgeofmilitarystrategy,seafaring,businessaffairs,

andthenewgeographicaldiscoveries,allevidentinhisplays.

Companiesofstrollingplayswhichhadspecializedinmorality

playsrespondedtothechangebystagingnewplays.

Professionalactors,whohadbeenviewedbyEnglishsocietyas

littlebetterthanvagrantsorcriminals,graduallycameunder

theprotectionofthenobility.Licensedtheatercompanieswere

formed;Shakespearebelongedtooneofthose,whereinaddition

tohiswriting,heacquiredawideexperienceinactingand

theatermanagement.

Thetheatergrewinpopularityandpublictheaterswerebuilt,

notinsidethecitylimitsbutjustoutside,alongwithother

placesofentertainment.TheatersinElizabethanEnglandwere

patronizedbyallsocialclasses.TheGlobeTheater,builtin

1599,wheremanyofShakespeare'splayswereperformed,hada

platform,stagejuttingoutintoacentralcourtyard.The

audiencestayaroundthreesidesofthisplatform,the

lower-classwhoeachpaidapennyinthepitandthewealthier

spectatorsinthegalleriesabove.Theorchestrawasonstage,

asmusicwasusuallyasignificantpartoftheproduction.

Indeed,thecostumes,scenery,singing,playing,anddancing,

aswellasactingwasessentialtothetotalshow.Therewas

nolighting,however,playswereperformedintheafternoon.

Shakespeareknewhisaudience:histheaterisaddressednot

justtotheeducatedbuttoallclassesofsociety.

WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheElizabethan

England?

A.Broadinterestsandcreativityflourished.

B.EnglishpeoplebegantotraveltotheContinent.

C.Thetheaterwasthemostprominentartform.

D.Englandwasnolongeranislandkingdom.

12、

Accordingtothetext,thetheater

A.firstappearedinEngland.

B.followstwoclassicalrules.

C.wereonlysponsoredbythenobility.

D.hadvarioustypes.

13、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaynotbethereasonfor

Shakespeare'ssuccess?

A.HelivedintheElizabethanAge.

B.Howasquitewealthy.

C.Hehadbroadinterest.

D.Hewasexperiencedinactingandtheatermanagement.

14、

Theunderlinedword〃patronized"inthelastparagraphmeans

A.enjoyed.

B.encouraged.

C.sponsored.

D.promoted.

15、

Shakespeare'splayswere

A.enjoyabletoalltheclassesofsociety.

B.performedalldaylong.

C.presentedonstagewagons.

D.thecopiesoftheLatinandGreekplays.

16>InapplyingtheOptimumCurrencyArea(OCA)framework,

theconsensusthatEastAsiapresentsasgoodacandidatefor

monetaryintegrationasEuropeisgenerallyarrivedat.However,

itcanbeobservedthatOCAframeworkhadonlyaninsignificant

parttoplayinthedecisiontopasstheEuropeMonetaryUnion

(EMU),ittendstobeovershadowedbypoliticalsentiments.

Thus,thecentralquestiononthepossibilityofanAsian

MonetaryUnionliesnotinitssatisfactionoftheOCAcriteria,

butwhetherthepoliticalresolvetoachievesuchaunionis

existent.

Unfortunately,itappearsthatthepoliticalclimateofEast

Asiaisnotfavorabletowardssuchaunionatpresent,andis

unlikelytoundergomuchpositivealterationinthenearfuture.

ThusthemanifestationofanAsianMonetaryUnionisunlikely

intheforeseeablefuture,asthepoliticalresolvetobring

thisaboutisevidentlylacking.

However,todismissoutrightthepossibilityofcreationofan

EastAsianmonetaryunionwouldbepresumptuous.Eventhough

thepoliticalclimateinEastAsiadoesnotappeartobeready

forsuchanundertakingasyet,itcannotbedeniedthat

integrativeandcooperativeinitiativeshaveindeedmademuch

positiveprogress.Althoughthestateofpan-Asian

institutionsisnowherecomparablewithneededtoengineerthe

EMU,howeverEastAsiaistakingdefinitestepstowards

regionalcooperation.

Thus,itwouldbehastytosimplywriteofftheprospectsof

suchaunion.TheroadtoEastAsiamaybelongandfraughtwith

obstacles,butitisnotimpossible.Onlywithvisionary

leadership,whichlooksbeyondregionalpolitical

sensitivitiesandrivalries,torecognizetheeconomic

imperativeandpromiseofsuchamonetaryunion,canithave

hopesofmaterialization.EastAsianleaders,unwillingto

undertakemonetaryunificationduetofearsofthelossof

politicalsovereigntywhichitwouldentailshouldbeir.ore

farsightedandrecognizethatinthepresentage,sovereignty

isnolongerabsoluteasglobalizationacceleratesand

increasinglyblursthelinesofnationalboundaries.

Sovereigntyisnotcompletelylostasnationswillstillbeable

toinfluencedecision-makingthroughtheunion,butasone

voiceamongstallothermembers.Furthermore,misgivingseibout

theprospectsofAsianmonetaryunificationbasedonthe

groundsthatEastAsiannationsareatverydifferentstages

ofeconomicdevelopmentwithdiversestructureofeconomy

shouldlooktowardsthemonetaryunionbetweenSingaporeand

Brunei,whichhasendureddespiteitsmembers，vast

dissimilarity.Thus,currenteconomicdisparitiesshouldnot

proveinsurmountabletoanEastAsianmonetaryunion,provided

regulatoryandfiscalreformscriticaltosoundandsustainable

economicgrowtharedevelopedalongsidemonetaryunification.

Intheprevioussection,aproposalwhichsuggestsgradual

stepstowardsAsianmonetaryunificationismappedout,by

firstachievingsmallermonetaryunionsinsteadofan

Asian-widemonetaryunion.Inthisway,thevasteconomic

disparityacrossAsiaisbreachedgradually,asopposedto

tacklingitinitsentirety,withtheultimateaimofanEast

Asianwidemonetaryunion.

Thetextismainlyabout

A.TheobstaclesofanEastAsianMonetaryUnion(EAMU).

B.TheimpossibilityofanEAMUintheshortrun.

C.TheprospectofanEAMU.

D.ThecomparisonbetweenEAMUandEMU.

17、

WhatisthedominatingobstacleinrheprocessofEAMU?

A.Thepoliticalresolve.

B.TheimbalanceinAsianeconomicdevelopment.

C.Theculturaldifferences.

D.Thehistoricalandgeographicconflicts.

18、

Theunderlinedword"breached“inthelastsentenceofthetext

couldbestbereplacedby

A.Enlarged.

B.Deepened.

C.Flatted.

D.Eliminatod.

19、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.WecanapplythesameframeworkofEMUtoanEAMU.

B.Sovereigntywillbelostintheprocessofregional

integration.

C.SingaporeandBruneihavebeeninamonetaryunion.

D.CurrenteconomicdisparitiesareinsurmountabletoanEAMU.

20、

Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestindicatethe

author'sattitude?

A.ThelackofpoliticalresolverendersanEAMUimpossible.

B.AnEAMUispracticalinthelongrundespitetheirregional

differences.

C.MonetaryunionprovestobesuccessfulinSingaporeand

Brunei.

D.MonetaryunioninEastAsiacancometrueintheshortrun

becauseofeconomiccooperation.

21>PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C>E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentupon

electricityintheirdailylives,acrucialpartofthesystem

thatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yes,thecountry

hasbuiltmorepowerplants一enoughtocreateaglutofpower

inmostpartsofthecountry.(41).

California，sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandthe

roleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesin

itspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalability

todeliverpower.

(42)______.Moreover,thedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequate

coordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowof

electricity.Theseinterregionalweaknessesaresofartheir.ost

plausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.

(43).Theproblemiswiththesystemofrules,

organization,andoversightthatgovernsthetransmission

networks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnow

caughtinadifficulttransition.

Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystem

basedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddays,therewasno

competitionforcustomers.Today,themissionistoconnect

buyersandsellersseekingthebestdeal,irrespectiveof

politicalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.

(44)______,Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfway

thereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.The

Californiapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssent

regulatorsbacktothedrawingboard,slowingthedevelopir.ent

ofnewinstitutions,rulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitive

marketswork.

(45).

A.Overall,formorethanadecade,thepowerindustryhasbeen

strugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenew

marketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfa

centuryofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatwere

toohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobswere

migratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothose

withlowerprices.

B.Butthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthe

stalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.

C.Asaresult,thedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmission

organizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepower

transmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmission

organizations.Semestatesfearthattheircheappowerwculd

besuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwantto

subordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatory

Commission.

D.Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswoulcrecede,nevermindwhen

lifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.

Looting,too.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Nagin,who

saidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonths,was

forcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrime,not

savingpeople.

E.What'spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordination

betweenregions?Thetechnologyexists,andisavailable;the

economicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregions

farexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.

F.Yet,despiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek'sblackoutthat

thenationhasa"thirdworld〃powergrid,theregionalnetworks

arefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspect,thesystemhas

becomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsair.ong

thedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewires

onthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherising

flowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworst

bottlenecksinthesystem.

G.Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993,KEPCOhas

establishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguish

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26>PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Inthespanof18months,IsaacNewtoninventedcalculus,

constructedatheoryofoptics,explainedhowgravityworksand

discoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult,1665andtheearly

monthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.(46)Itwasa

sustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoone

thoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjust

before1900,itallbegantounravel.