21/28專題09主旨大意題目錄目錄01知識(shí)腦圖·學(xué)科框架速建02考點(diǎn)精析·知識(shí)能力全解【知能解讀01】主旨大意題五年高考考情統(tǒng)計(jì)【知能解讀02】主旨大意題五年高考考情解讀【知能解讀03】主旨大意題五年高考考點(diǎn)分類【知能解讀04】主旨大意題五年高考選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)【知能解讀05】閱讀理解滿分突破思維導(dǎo)圖03攻堅(jiān)指南·高頻考點(diǎn)突破【重難點(diǎn)突破01】段落大意題【重難點(diǎn)突破02】段落大意跟蹤訓(xùn)練【重難點(diǎn)突破03】文章大意題【重難點(diǎn)突破04】文章大意題跟蹤訓(xùn)練04避坑錦囊·易混易錯(cuò)診療【易混易錯(cuò)01】標(biāo)題概括題(記敘文)【易混易錯(cuò)02】標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練【易混易錯(cuò)03】標(biāo)題概括題(說明文)【易混易錯(cuò)04】標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練【易混易錯(cuò)05】標(biāo)題概括題(議論文)【易混易錯(cuò)06】標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練05通法提煉·高頻思維拆解【方法技巧01】閱讀主旨大意題答題誤區(qū)【方法技巧02】閱讀主旨大意題誤區(qū)應(yīng)對(duì)【方法技巧03】閱讀主旨大意題滿分策略01主旨大意題五年高考考情統(tǒng)計(jì)卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題猜測(cè)詞義題推理判斷題主旨大意題2025全國(guó)一卷71612025全國(guó)二卷81422024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412024全國(guó)甲卷71612023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712023全國(guó)甲卷81512023全國(guó)乙卷51812022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412022全國(guó)甲卷81332022全國(guó)乙卷101312021新課標(biāo)I卷81422021新課標(biāo)II卷111212021全國(guó)甲卷51812021全國(guó)乙卷616202主旨大意題五年高考考情解讀1.題型概述主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因?yàn)樵擃愵}目不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力,也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。題型主要包括標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中找出一些關(guān)鍵詞、信息句進(jìn)行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨。2.題型特點(diǎn)主旨大意題考查的是對(duì)文章內(nèi)容深層次的理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。標(biāo)題歸納類要求學(xué)生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題，文章大意題和段落大意題考查文章或段落的主旨大意。3.選材特點(diǎn)題材更加豐富多樣，涵蓋記敘文、說明文、議論文等各種文體，主題涉及社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)、科技發(fā)展、文化交流、環(huán)境保護(hù)、人文歷史、健康生活等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，要求考生具備廣泛的知識(shí)背景。4.命題特點(diǎn)特殊疑問句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及推斷作者態(tài)度、文章出處、文章類型、寫作意圖、下段話題等。主旨大意題旨在考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力，是閱讀理解中的高難度題。概括全文大意最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是把每段的大意串起來考慮。該類題主要考查標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。常見的設(shè)問方式有：1．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?3．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?4．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?5．Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout?03主旨大意題五年高考考點(diǎn)分類04主旨大意題五年高考選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)1.正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換與原文關(guān)鍵信息相同含義的不同表達(dá)信息歸納對(duì)分散或復(fù)雜的信息進(jìn)行概括或比較正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)意思明了原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)比較簡(jiǎn)單2.干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無中生有符合生活常識(shí)，但不是該文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意極其相似但是細(xì)節(jié)處與原文有些出入顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭或完全相反正誤參半選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容部分正確，部分和原文錯(cuò)誤以偏概全范圍過于狹窄，僅闡述文章的局部信息05閱讀理解滿分突破思維導(dǎo)圖01段落大意題1.題型解讀段落大意題主要考查考生用準(zhǔn)確的、簡(jiǎn)練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來的能力?？忌谧鲱}時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準(zhǔn)確性更高。2.思維導(dǎo)圖02段落大意題跟蹤訓(xùn)練跟蹤訓(xùn)練1(2025全國(guó)二卷第34題)主題句在段中[1]Doesyoursouldiealittleeverytimeyouthrowawayunusedfood?Minedoes.…[2]Foodwasteisagrowingconcernintherestaurant,supermarket,andsupplychainindustries….[3]FortwoweeksinMarch,GreenwichVillage’sBlueHillrestaurantwasrenamedwastED,andserveditemslikefriedskatecartilage,ajuicepulpburger,andadumpsterdiver’svegetablesalad.Eachdishwastailor-madetoraiseawarenessregardingfoodwaste.[4]AstudybytheFoodWasteAlliancedeterminedthattheaveragerestaurantgenerates33poundsoffoodwasteforevery$1,000inrevenue(收入),andofthatwasteonly15.7%isdonatedorrecycled...[5]ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED’smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,alltheingredients(配料)usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.[6]ThoughwastEDreceivedenthusiasticreviews,itwasdesignedfromthestartasashort-livedexperiment…34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Whytheingredientswereused. B.Whichdisheswerebestliked.C.Whatthedishesweremadeof. D.Wheretheingredientswerebought.跟蹤訓(xùn)練2(2024新課標(biāo)I卷第26題)沒有出現(xiàn)主題句[1]“Iamnotcrazy,”saysDr.WilliamFarber,shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(針灸)onarabbit.“Iamaheadofmytime.”…[2]Farber,agraduateofColoradoStateUniversity,startedoutasamoreconventionalveterinarian.…[3]LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.[4]Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisanyindication,hemayberight…26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.跟蹤訓(xùn)練3(2023全國(guó)乙卷第32題)主題句在段首[1]Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.[2]Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.…[3]Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.…32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.03文章大意題1.命題特點(diǎn)文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，把每個(gè)段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。該題型主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。2.設(shè)問方式1.Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?2.Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?3.Whatisthepassage/textmainlyabout?4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyfocuson?3.思維導(dǎo)圖4.答題策略題型一：利用主題句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：說明文和議論文學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)注“首段”和“段首”。借鑒“七選五”小標(biāo)題類型特點(diǎn)，段首句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段主旨大意，由此推斷段落大意。題型二：利用主題句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段中某句，這就需要考生耐心閱讀揣摩段落各句之間內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，確定主題句位置，進(jìn)而明確段落主旨大意。題型三：利用主題句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾，關(guān)注一些表征總結(jié)性，結(jié)論性的詞:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，這些詞后面連接的通常是主題句。題型四：利用段落沒有主題句推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。題型五：利用“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)推敲語篇主旨大意題技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。04文章大意題跟蹤訓(xùn)練跟蹤訓(xùn)練1(2024新課標(biāo)II卷第31題)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.跟蹤訓(xùn)練2(2022全國(guó)甲卷第31題)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings. B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D.Sticktoapromise.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.01標(biāo)題概括題(記敘文)1.設(shè)題特點(diǎn)記敘文標(biāo)題概括題題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性、概括性和新穎性。此類標(biāo)題往往比較含蓄，有時(shí)候是文章反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞，有時(shí)候是文章的線索詞。2.思維導(dǎo)圖3.解題策略首先，關(guān)注文章首尾段，尤其是尾段往往是夾敘夾議主題升華部分，與標(biāo)題更有千絲萬縷關(guān)系。其次，逐一研讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考慮范圍是否太大太小太偏，兼顧文章反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的線索詞，特別是名詞。02標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練跟蹤訓(xùn)練(2023新課標(biāo)II卷第27題)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker. B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant. D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.25.WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?A.Thekids’parentsdistrustedher. B.Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.C.Somekidsdislikedgardenwork. D.Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable.C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardens B.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape03標(biāo)題概括題(說明文)1.設(shè)題特點(diǎn)思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征，而標(biāo)題概括題較好地反映了學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。此類題旨在考查考生通過閱讀文章正確獲取文章主旨，推斷文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力。說明文在高考閱讀理解中占比較高，應(yīng)引起足夠注意。2.思維導(dǎo)圖3.解題策略首先，特別關(guān)注說明文“倒三角形”結(jié)構(gòu)，重視文章首段主題引領(lǐng)作用。其次，如果首段較長(zhǎng)的話，重視but,now,however往往是文章核心話題。第三，除了“首段”還應(yīng)注意每段“段首”可能是本段主題句，分要點(diǎn)。第四，注意研讀標(biāo)題的話題與首段對(duì)照，排除法逐步縮小范圍去偽存真。04標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練跟蹤訓(xùn)練1(2022全國(guó)甲卷第27題)首段首句概括文章主旨Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters跟蹤訓(xùn)練2(2022新高考Ⅰ卷第21題)首段引出話題，尾段概括主旨WhenSonjaDetrinidadopenedheronlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn’thavehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasflooded,shippingout1,200ordersinJuneof2020alone.Inthepastyear,Detrinidadsentoutmorethan70,000plants.Hersuccessisjustoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosioninthehouseplantindustry.“Plantsareinfashionrightnow,”saysDr.MelindaKnuth,aresearcherfromtheUniversityofFlorida.“Peoplewholiveinplant-richenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating,”shesays.“Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink.”Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewwaysbutthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormone(激素)inourbody.“Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithoutplants,”saysKnuth.“Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Ourstudyshowedthattherewasa30%decreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplant-richworkplaces.”Ifyou’reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurroundingyourselfwithplants,don’tbeatyourselfupifone(orafew!)doesn’tmakeit.“Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,”Detrinidadsays.28.HowwasDetrinidad’sbusinesswhenitstarted?A.Itfacedtoughcompetition. B.Itsufferedagreatloss.C.Itgotlotsoffinancialsupport. D.Itwentsurprisinglywell.29.WhatisoneofKnuth’sfindingsaboutplants?A.Theyappealmoretostudents. B.Theypurifytheenvironment.C.Theyraisethecortisollevel. D.Theyenhanceproductivity.30.WhatdoesDetrinidadtrytoexplainbymentioningdoctorsandlawyers?A.Thenecessityofsocialskills. B.Themeaningofsustainability.C.Theimportanceofrepeatedefforts. D.Thevalueofprofessionalopinions.31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TimetoReplaceHouseplants B.PlantsBoostYourMoodC.TipsonChoosingHouseplants D.PlantsBrightenYourHome05標(biāo)題概括題(議論文)1.題型解讀議論文說理性強(qiáng)，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。2.思維導(dǎo)圖3.解題步驟①抓住論點(diǎn)找主旨。議論文的核心是論點(diǎn)，通常在首段或結(jié)尾段明確提出。標(biāo)題應(yīng)直接反映文章的核心觀點(diǎn)，避免偏離或過于寬泛。例如，若文章討論“數(shù)字閱讀與紙質(zhì)閱讀的差異”，標(biāo)題可能為“紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀：效果之辯”。②關(guān)注文章結(jié)構(gòu)。議論文常采用“提出問題—分析問題—解決問題”的結(jié)構(gòu)。標(biāo)題需體現(xiàn)這一邏輯關(guān)系，如“如何提升閱讀效率：從理論到實(shí)踐”。③結(jié)合選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)。議論文標(biāo)題多以問句或陳述句呈現(xiàn)，語言簡(jiǎn)潔且針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。例如，“人工智能：機(jī)遇還是挑戰(zhàn)？”或“論創(chuàng)新思維的重要性”。④排除干擾選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)若僅涵蓋部分內(nèi)容，而非全文主旨，可排除以偏概全錯(cuò)誤。注意選項(xiàng)中主語、賓語等細(xì)節(jié)是否與原文一致，避免被偷換概念誤導(dǎo)。06標(biāo)題概括題跟蹤訓(xùn)練跟蹤訓(xùn)練1(2025全國(guó)一卷第31題)Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBr?mmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofherlocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市長(zhǎng))tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovementhaveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.28.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?A.Carsoftengetstuckontheroad. B.Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore. D.Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.29.WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?A.Keeptheircitieslivable. B.Promoteculturaldiversity.C.Helptheneedyfamilies. D.Makeexpresswaysaccessible.30.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars. B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C.Theywongovernmentsupport. D.Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhytheRush? B.What’sNext?C.WheretoStay? D.WhotoBlame?01閱讀主旨大意題答題誤區(qū)1.以偏概全：誤把細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨誤區(qū)表現(xiàn)：考生易將文中具體事例或局部信息當(dāng)作全文核心，忽略整體脈絡(luò)。例如：2023年全國(guó)卷I卷D篇：文章圍繞“人類語言中某些發(fā)音（如/f/和/v/）因飲食變化而普及”展開，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)為“古代人類牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)的具體變化”，考生若僅關(guān)注牙齒結(jié)構(gòu)的描述，會(huì)誤選該細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng)，而正確答案應(yīng)為“飲食演變對(duì)語言發(fā)音的影響”。2.過度推斷：主觀延伸未提及的內(nèi)容誤區(qū)表現(xiàn)：脫離文本事實(shí)，根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)或常識(shí)進(jìn)行無依據(jù)推斷。例如：2024年全國(guó)乙卷閱讀C篇：文章介紹“電商平臺(tái)通過大數(shù)據(jù)分析優(yōu)化物流配送”，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置為“未來電商將完全取代實(shí)體店”，考生若受“電商發(fā)展趨勢(shì)”常識(shí)影響，易誤選此選項(xiàng)，而原文僅客觀描述物流優(yōu)化，未涉及對(duì)實(shí)體店的替代關(guān)系。3.忽略首尾段及轉(zhuǎn)折詞：錯(cuò)失主題句定位誤區(qū)表現(xiàn)：未重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章首尾段及but、however等轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的內(nèi)容，導(dǎo)致主題句定位錯(cuò)誤。例如：2024年新高考卷I閱讀A篇：文章首段點(diǎn)明“智能穿戴設(shè)備通過實(shí)時(shí)健康數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)，改變?nèi)藗兊倪\(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣”，尾段呼應(yīng)“技術(shù)與健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通讀首尾段，誤選“設(shè)備硬件設(shè)計(jì)的創(chuàng)新細(xì)節(jié)”。4.混淆文體特征：未針對(duì)性解題誤區(qū)表現(xiàn)：未區(qū)分議論文、說明文、記敘文的文體差異，采用統(tǒng)一解題思路。例如：2023年全國(guó)甲卷閱讀D篇（議論文）：文章通過對(duì)比“傳統(tǒng)教育模式與線上教育的優(yōu)劣”，論證“混合式學(xué)習(xí)的必要性”，考生需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首段論點(diǎn)句“教育模式需適應(yīng)數(shù)字化時(shí)代需求”。02閱讀主旨大意題誤區(qū)應(yīng)對(duì)1.強(qiáng)化主題句定位訓(xùn)練每日選取三篇不同體裁（議論文、說明文、記敘文等）的高考真題閱讀文章，按照文體特點(diǎn)定位主題句。如議論文重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首段論點(diǎn)句和尾段總結(jié)句，快速找出主題句并劃出關(guān)鍵詞，總結(jié)文章主旨。訓(xùn)練一周后，對(duì)比分析不同體裁主題句位置的規(guī)律，形成快速定位的直覺。?2.高頻詞篩選練習(xí)利用真題閱讀材料，制作“高頻詞篩選卡片”。閱讀文章時(shí)，將重復(fù)出現(xiàn)3次及以上的名詞、名詞短語標(biāo)注出來，思考其與文章主旨的關(guān)聯(lián)。每周整理一次高頻詞，分析同一主題（如科技類、環(huán)保類）文章中高頻詞的共性與差異，提高通過高頻詞把握主旨的能力。?3.干擾項(xiàng)分析筆記建立“主旨大意題錯(cuò)題本”，將每次練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)分類整理（以偏概全、過度推斷等）。針對(duì)每個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，詳細(xì)分析其與原文的偏差，如“選項(xiàng)A只涉及文章第二段的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，未涵蓋全文關(guān)于人工智能應(yīng)用的多個(gè)方面，屬于以偏概全”。每周回顧錯(cuò)題本，強(qiáng)化對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)特征的識(shí)別。?4.錯(cuò)題反思總結(jié)每次模擬考試或練習(xí)后，針對(duì)主旨大意題的錯(cuò)題，進(jìn)行深度反思。不僅要明確錯(cuò)誤原因，還要思考如何在下次答題時(shí)避免類似錯(cuò)誤。例如，若因忽略轉(zhuǎn)折詞導(dǎo)致主旨判斷失誤，在下次閱讀時(shí)，提前圈出but、however等轉(zhuǎn)折詞，提醒自己重點(diǎn)關(guān)注其后內(nèi)容。03閱讀主旨大意題滿分策略1.閱讀理解議論文細(xì)節(jié)理解題注意落實(shí)“定位原文”和“同義替換”技巧。2.重視議論文“總分(總)”結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是首段和段首的獨(dú)特引領(lǐng)作用。3.推理判斷題注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏離主旨或推理過度。4.標(biāo)題概括題重視三性：概括性、簡(jiǎn)潔性和新穎性；同時(shí)聯(lián)系首段和關(guān)鍵詞。5.議論文長(zhǎng)難句落實(shí)“括號(hào)法”--（從句）（非謂語）（介詞短語）（名詞短語）。6.滿分策略：讀題干→找原文→做標(biāo)記→留痕跡→看選項(xiàng)→扣字眼。主旨大意題主旨大意題綜合能力提升真題專區(qū)：研讀高考真題，洞悉高考命題規(guī)律，探尋滿分做題技巧和應(yīng)試思維01（2023新課標(biāo)I卷）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall B.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicate D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups. B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess. D.Theindividualestimates.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.02（2025浙江1月卷）Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeusedmodularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrowtogetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesi