易錯點(diǎn)17閱讀理解主旨大意題

目錄

01易錯陷阱（3大陷阱）

02舉一反三

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒一】標(biāo)題類易混易錯點(diǎn)

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒二】段落大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒三】文章大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)

03易錯題通關(guān)

易錯陷阱1：標(biāo)題類易混易錯點(diǎn)。

【分析】

標(biāo)題類是對中心思想的加工和提煉，可以是單詞、短語、也可以是句子。她的特點(diǎn)是短小

精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性、精確性強(qiáng)；不能隨意改變語言表達(dá)的程度和色彩。如果是短語類選

項，考生容易混淆重點(diǎn)，此時應(yīng)當(dāng)先劃出選項的關(guān)鍵詞。

此類題和文章的中心主題句有很大關(guān)系。中心主題句一般出現(xiàn)在第一段，有時第一段也可

能引出話題，此時應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注第二段和最后一段，看看是否會出現(xiàn)首尾呼應(yīng)。

易錯陷阱2：段落大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)。

【分析】每個段落都有一個中心思想，通常會在段落的第一句或最后一句體現(xiàn)，這就是段落主

題句。如果沒有明顯的主題句時，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括處段落大意。有時考生還會找錯文章

對應(yīng)位置，盲目選詞文中相同的詞句，而出現(xiàn)文不對題的現(xiàn)象。

易錯陷阱3：文章大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)。

【分析】確定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，

就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括。如，議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語，記敘文中尋找概括情節(jié)

和中心的動詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞。文中出現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)時，要牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)彩色體現(xiàn)全

文中心的。此時，要注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but,however,yet,inspiteof,onthecontrary等。

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒一】標(biāo)題類易混易錯點(diǎn)

【例1】（浙江省義烏五校2023-2024學(xué)年高三聯(lián)考試題）

Thescientist’sjobistofigureouthowtheworldworks,to“torture(拷問)”Naturetorevealher

secrets,asthe17thcenturyphilosopherFrancisBacondescribedit.Butwhoarethesepeopleinthelab

coats(orsportsjackets,orT-shirtsandjeans)andhowdotheywork?Itturnsoutthatthereisagood

dealofmysterysurroundingthemystery-solvers.

“Oneofthegreatestmysteriesisthequestionofwhatitisabouthumanbeings—brains,

education,cultureetc.thatmakesthemcapableofdoingscienceatall,”saidColinAllen,acognitive

scientistatIndianaUniversity.

Twovitalingredientsseemtobenecessarytomakeascientist:thecuriositytoseekoutmysteries

andthecreativitytosolvethem.“Scientistsexhibitaheightenedlevelofcuriosity,”readsa2007

reportonscientificcreativity.“Theygofurtheranddeeperintobasicquestionsshowingapassionfor

knowledgeforitsownsake.”MaxPlanck,oneofthefathersofquantumphysics,oncesaid,the

scientist“musthaveavividandintuitiveimagination,fornewideasarenotgeneratedbydeduction

(推論),butbyanartisticallycreativeimagination.”

......

ongasourbesttechnologyforseeinginsidethebrainrequiressubjectstolienearlymotionless

whilesurroundedbyagiantmagnet,we’reonlygoingtomakelimitedprogressonthesequestions,”

Allensaid.

Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A．WhoAreTheMystery-solvers

B．ScientistsAreNotBornButMade

C．GreatMystery:WhatMakesAScientist

D．SolvingMysteries:InsideAScientist'sMind

易錯分析：沒有理清第一段和第二段的關(guān)系。第一段提出疑問，引出話題，第二段提出文章的

中心主題，全文圍繞其展開說明。

【答案】C

【解析】文章標(biāo)題。根據(jù)第二段““Oneofthegreatestmysteriesisthequestionofwhatitisabout

humanbeings——brains,education,cultureetc.—thatmakesthemcapableofdoingscienceatall,”

saidColinAllen,acognitivescientistatIndianaUniversity.(印第安納大學(xué)的認(rèn)知科學(xué)家ColinAllen

說：“最大的謎團(tuán)之一是，人類究竟是什么——大腦、教育、文化等——使他們能夠從事科學(xué)研

究。”)”結(jié)合文章主要探討了到底是哪些因素造就了科學(xué)家。C選項“偉大的奧秘:是什么造就了

科學(xué)家”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

【變式1】（山東省曲阜師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年質(zhì)量檢測）

Perhapsyouthinkyoucouldeasilyaddtoyourhappinesswithmoremoney.Strangeasitmay

seem,ifyou'reunsatisfied,theissueisnotalackofmeanstomeetyourdesiresbutalackofdesires—

notthatyoucannotsatisfyyourtastesbutthatyoudon'thaveenoughtastes.

Realrichesconsistofwell-developedandheartycapacities(能力)toenjoylife.Mostpeopleare

alreadyswamped(淹沒)withthings.Theyeat,wear,goandtalktoomuch.Theyliveintoobiga

housewithtoomanyrooms,yettheirhouseoflifeisahut.

Yourhouseoflifeoughttobeamansion(豪宅),aroyalpalace.Everynewtaste,everyadditional

interest,everyfreshenthusiasmaddsaroom.Hereareseveralroomsyourhouseoflifeshouldhave.

Artshouldbeadesireforyoutodevelopsimplybecausetheworldisfullofbeautifulthings.Ifyou

onlyunderstoodhowtoenjoythemandfeedyourspiritonthem,theywouldmakeyouashappyasto

findplentyofhamburgersandeggswhenyou'rehungry.

Literature,classicliterature,isabeautiful,richlyfurnishedroomwhereyoumightfindmanyan

hourofrestandrefreshment.Togainthatlovewouldgotowardmakingyouarichperson,forarich

personisnotsomeonewhohasalibrarybutwholikesalibrary.

MusiclikeMozart'sandBach'sshouldn'tbeabsent.Realrichesareofthespirit.Andwhenyou've

broughtthatspirituptowhereclassicalmusicfeedsitandmakesyoualittledrunk,youhave

increasedyourthrillsandbetteredthem.Andlifeisamatterofthrills.

Sports,withoutwhichyouremainpoor,meanalotinlife.Nomatterwhoyouare,youwouldbe

morehuman,andyourhouseoflifewouldbebettersupportedagainstthebaddays,ifyoucould,and

did,playedabit.

Whateverroomsyoumightaddtoyourhouseoflife,thesecretofenjoyinglifeistokeepadding.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A．HouseofLifeB．SecretofWealth

C．RestandRefreshmentD．InterestandEnthusiasm

易錯分析：第一段沒有出現(xiàn)中心主旨句時，慌亂中無中生有，按現(xiàn)實(shí)生活去無中生有選擇干擾

項。應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注第二段，尾段和其余段落的主題句。

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活里很多人物質(zhì)上非常豐富，住

豪宅，享美食。但是他們精神上卻是貧窮的，要想得到內(nèi)心的幸福，需要了解藝術(shù)，文學(xué)，音

樂等等不同的內(nèi)容來豐富我們的內(nèi)心世界。文章中多次提到“house”，把生活比喻為“一所房子”，

要想幸福，必須在這所房子里填滿藝術(shù)、文學(xué)、音樂等精神上的東西。A項“HouseofLife”涵蓋

了這些內(nèi)容。故選A項。

【變式2】（安徽省皖江名校聯(lián)盟2023年高三聯(lián)考）

Well,topickupwhereweleftofflasttime.I’mcertainthatyouknowalltoowellthedangers

hidingontheWorldWideWeb.Andwhetherit’sforschoolwork,entertainment,orjustsocializing

withfriends,theInternetwillsurelybeamajorpartofyourchild’slife.So,it’simportanttosecure

theironlinestays.

It’snottheeasiestthing,butkeepingopenlinesofcommunicationisprimary.Letthemknow

theycansharetheironlineactivitieswithyou.Talktothemabouttheironlinepresenceasearlyas

possible,ideallybeforetheybegintouseemail,socialmedia,orasmartphone.Discusswhattheyfind

interestingonlineandlearningfromthemaboutpopularwebsitesandapps;thiswillcreate

understandingandallowyoutoidentifypotentialrisks.

Next,monitorwithoutspying.Mostkidslearntounderstandboundaries,likerespectingothers’

personalspace,ornotopeningthecookiejarwithoutasking.Internetuseisnodifferent.It’shelpful

forkidstohavegroundrulesastowhichwebsitestheycanvisit,whichappstheycanuse,andwhat

theycanshareonline.Remindthemthatiftheyfeeluneasywithanythingthatoccursonline,theyneed

toalertanadultimmediately.

......

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A．WhatIsHiddenontheNet?B．HowtoMakeOnlineStays?

C．BeaSmarterInternetUserD．KeepYourKidsSafeOnline

【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“So,it’simportanttosecuretheironlinestays.(因此，確保他們

在網(wǎng)上的安全是很重要的)”及全文，文章主要提供了“如何保障孩子網(wǎng)上活動安全”的幾條建議。

由此可知，“KeepYourKidsSafeOnline(保證你的孩子安全上網(wǎng))”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選

D。

【變式3】（福建省泉州科技中學(xué)2023年高三試題）

Stuckinsidehisroomatanassistedlivingcenter,BobColemanknewhecouldnotgooutin

publicwiththeepidemic(疫).Buthewasnotcutofffromoutside:hesharedhisloveforcountry

musicovertheInternet.“Hello,everybody.It’sabrightdayinTennessee,”hesaidintohismicrophone.

“ThisisBobColeman,comingtoyoufromRoom3325…”.ThenColemanbegantoplaythemusiche

loves-hitsfromcountrymusicstars.The88-year-oldcarefullychooseseachsong.

ColemanandseveralotherretireeshaveturnedintoDJs(流行音樂播音員),foranewonline

radiohourknownas“RadioRecliner.”AmarketingcompanycalledLuckiecameupwiththeideaof

RadioRecliner.Listenerscansendsongrequestsinhonoroffamilyorfriends.Forexample,listeners

mighthearamessagelikethis:“Hey,Granny.ThisisyourfavoritegranddaughterAmy.Wejust

wantedtocallinandsayweloveyou.”The60-minuteshowstartedwithretireesinmiddleTennessee.

Ithassinceexpanded,withresidentsofassisted-livingcentersinotherstatestakingpartintheproject.

ManyjumpedatthechancetoworkasaDJtoeasethelonelinessofsocialdistancingrules.

MitchBennettservesasLuckie’schiefcreativeofficer.Hesaystheideawastoprovideasenseof

communitytoolderpeople.“Forthisgeneration,radiowastheoriginalsocialmedia,”Bennettsaid,

“Dedicatingasongtosomeoneyouloveandhavingthemhearitalongwitheveryoneelseisaspecial

wayofconnecting.”

InGeorgia,80-year-oldEdRosenblatt,whohadmadefullpreparationsforhisshow,saidanhour

hespentplayingsongsonRadioReclinerresultedinafloodoftextmessages,emailsandcallsfrom

familyandfriends,andmanyofthemessageswerefrompeoplehehadnotheardfromforyears.

What’sthebesttitleforthetext?

A．OlderAdultsNeedMoreCareDuringtheEpidemic

B．OlderAdults,StuckbytheEpidemic,TurnIntoDJs

C．OlderAdultsWereBusyWithMusicDuringtheEpidemic

D．OlderAdults,StuckbytheEpidemic,ShowMusicTalents

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述疫情期間老人們積極參與RadioRecliner成

為音樂DJ，通過分享自己喜歡的音樂來擺脫孤獨(dú)，以及更多地與朋友和家人聯(lián)系。故B項“受

疫情困擾，老年人成為DJ”可以作為本文的最佳標(biāo)題。故選B。

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒二】段落大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)

【例2】（江蘇省徐州市第七中學(xué)2023年高三期中試題）

AsakidgrowingupinasuburbofLondon.Ilovedtogolookingfortheperfectparkbench.

SomeSundaymornings,mydadcouldbepersuadedtodrivetonewparks.We’dhaveakick-around

withasoccerball,shareabagofDoritosandcheckoutallthebenchesinthearea,readingthewords

onthem.

Thegoodparkbenchleavesmeinastate,somewherebetweennostalgia(懷舊)andeager

anticipation.WhereonceIwasexcitedbythewordscarvedonwood,Inowfind,asa10-year-old,that

I’mmoreappreciativeofeachbench’squietstoicism(坦然淡定),thewaytheyarewillingtowaitout

theirturnineveryweather,remainingavailabletoall-comers.Likeagoodbookorpieceofmusic,a

parkbenchallowsforasenseofsolitude(獨(dú)處)andcommunityatthesametime,whichiscrucialto

lifeinagreatcity.

Partofmyobsessionwithparkbenchesisasspaceswherehistorysettles.Byplantingseedsof

curiosity,andmakingspaceforreflection,parkbenchesbecomedoorstothepast.Maybethat’sthe

greatestpoweroftheparkbench:itscapacityencouragestheartofobservation.Agoodbenchcatches

usinourquietest,mostvulnerable(脆弱的)moments,whenwemaybeopentoimaginingnew

narrativesandrevisitingoldones.Ourmasksaretakenoff,hungfromthebench’swroughtiron.On

othernearbybenches,babiesarebeingburped.Glancesexchanged.Sandwicheseaten.Newspapers

readit.

......

Whichaspectofparkbenchesdoesparagraph3focuson?

A．Design.B．History.C．Location.D．Power.

易錯分析：容易出現(xiàn)文不對題，找錯位置。同時對文中長句不會分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，曲解文意，提

煉關(guān)鍵詞錯誤。

【答案】D

【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段的“Byplantingseedsofcuriosity,andmakingspaceforreflection,

parkbenchesbecomedoorstothepast.Maybethat’sthegreatestpoweroftheparkbench:itscapacity

encouragestheartofobservation.Agoodbenchcatchesusinourquietest,mostvulnerable(脆弱的)

moments,whenwemaybeopentoimaginingnewnanauvesandrevisitingoldones.(通過播下好奇心

的種子，為反思提供空間，公園長椅成為通往過去的大門。也許這就是公園長凳最大的力量：

它的性能促進(jìn)了觀察的藝術(shù)。一張好的長凳能在我們最安靜、最脆弱的時刻抓住我們，這時我

們可能會想象新的納米機(jī)器人，并重溫舊的納米機(jī)器人。)”可知，第三段主要講的是長凳的力

量，故選D。

【變式1】（重慶市第八中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高考適應(yīng)性試題）

TheYurokpeoplehavelivedalongtheKlamathRiver,whichflowsfromtheCascadesinOregon

southwestthroughNorthernCalifornia,forthousandsofyears,protectingtheregionandriverfrom

whichthey—andothers—drawsustenance(生計).

Butasdevelopmentandpollutioncontinuetoreducethenumberoffishintheriverandthe

quantityandqualityofitswaters,theYurokTribeislegalizing(合法化)thetribe’slongstandingcare

bygrantingtheRightsofPersonhoodtotheKlamath,thefirstriverinNorthAmericatohavesuch

rightsdeclared.

......

Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?

A．Theprocessoflegalization.B．ThetraditionofYuroktribe.

C．Thereasonbehindthelegalization.D．TheimportanceoftheKlamathRiver.

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Butasdevelopmentandpollutioncontinuetoreducethenumber

offishintheriverandthequantityandqualityofitswaters,theYurokTribeislegalizing(合法化)the

tribe’slongstandingcarebygrantingtheRightsofPersonhoodtotheKlamath,thefirstriverinNorth

Americatohavesuchrightsdeclared.(但是，隨著開發(fā)和污染不斷減少河中魚類的數(shù)量，以及河水

的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量，尤洛克部落通過授予克拉馬斯河人格權(quán)利，將部落長期以來的照顧合法化，這

是北美第一條宣布擁有這種權(quán)利的河流)”可知，隨著開發(fā)和污染的持續(xù)，尤洛克部落將部落長

期以來的照顧合法化，由此可知，本段主要講述了這一舉措的背景。故選C項。

【變式2】（江蘇省決勝新高考2023-2024學(xué)年高三10月大聯(lián)考）

Theterm“beergoggles”issaidtohavebeencoinedbymaleNorthAmericanuniversitystudents

inthe1980s.Yetdespiteunconfirmedevidenceforthephenomenon,thelinkbetweenalcohol

intoxication(醉酒)andphysicalattractionhasnotbeensystematicallystudied.

ProfBowdringoftheUniversityofPittsburghinvited18pairsofmalefriendsintothelaboratory

toratetheattractivenessofmenandwomentheyviewedinphotosandvideos.Ononeoccasion,both

menweregivenenoughcranberryjuicetoraisetheirbloodalcoholconcentrationtoabout0.08%-the

legallimitfordrivinginEngland—andontheotheroccasion,theybothreceivedanon-alcoholic

drink.Afterprovidingattractivenessratingsforthephotos,theywereaskedtoselectwhichofthese

individualstheywouldmostliketointeractwithinafutureexperiment.

......

Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A．Thecomparisonoftwoexperiments.

B．TheprocessofBowdring’sexperiment.

C．Theunderlyinglogicofbeergoggleseffect.

D．Themethodsofappreciatingattractiveness.

易錯分析：缺乏對段落主題句在首句的關(guān)注度，長難句結(jié)構(gòu)劃分容易出錯，故而引起曲解文意。

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中的“ProfBowdringoftheUniversityofPittsburghinvited18

pairsofmalefriendsintothelaboratorytoratetheattractivenessofmenandwomentheyviewedin

photosandvideos.(匹茲堡大學(xué)的鮑德林教授邀請了18對男性朋友進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)室，讓他們對照片和

視頻中男性和女性的吸引力進(jìn)行打分。)”可知，ProfBowdring讓研究對象進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)室開始進(jìn)行

研究，結(jié)合下文中介紹別讓這些研究對象一部分喝含有酒精的飲料和另一部分喝不含酒精的飲

料，以及“Afterprovidingattractivenessratingsforthephotos,theywereaskedtoselectwhichofthese

individualstheywouldmostliketointeractwithinafutureexperiment.(在提供了照片的吸引力評級

后，他們被要求在這些人中選擇他們在未來的實(shí)驗(yàn)中最愿意與之互動的人。)”可知，給他們提

供照片的吸引力評級后，讓他們選擇在未來實(shí)驗(yàn)中最愿意與之互動的人，綜合以上信息可知，

第二段講述的是研究的過程。故選B項。

【變式3】（廣東省珠海市第三中學(xué)2023年高三試題）

......

Inmytwenties,whenIwasalmostconstantlyinastateofanxiety,Ineverwentonholiday.Iwas

scaredofflying,scaredofmybossnoticinghowmuchnicerlifewaswithoutmeintheoffice.I

thoughtnotgoingonholidaymademeaharderworker,whenactuallyitjustmademeamoretiredone.

Then,abosspulledmeasidetotellmethathewasn’tgoingtothankmefornottakingmyholidays.I

thenbookedacheapbeachholidaywithafriend,andwasgenuinelyamazedtofindIfeltmuchbetter

forit.

......

Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?

A．Thebenefittheauthorobtainedfromtravelling.

B．Thesourceoftheauthor’sstressduringofficehours.

C．Thechangeoftheauthor’sattitudetotakingholidays.

D．Thereasonwhytheauthortriedtobeaharderworker.

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第四段內(nèi)容“Inmytwenties,whenIwasalmostconstantlyinastate

ofanxiety,Ineverwentonholiday.Iwasscaredofflying,scaredofmybossnoticinghowmuchnicer

lifewaswithoutmeintheoffice.Ithoughtnotgoingonholidaymademeaharderworker,when

actuallyitjustmademeamoretiredone.Then,abosspulledmeasidetotellmethathewasn’tgoing

tothankmefornottakingmyholidays.Ithenbookedacheapbeachholidaywithafriend,andwas

genuinelyamazedtofindIfeltmuchbetterforit.(在我20多歲的時候，當(dāng)時我?guī)缀蹩偸翘幱诮箲]的

狀態(tài)，我從來沒有去度假。我害怕坐飛機(jī)，害怕老板注意到我不在辦公室生活會好得多。我原

以為不去度假會讓我更努力工作，但實(shí)際上不度假只會讓我更累。然后，一位老板把我拉到一

邊，告訴我他不會因?yàn)槲也恍菁俣兄x我。然后我和一個朋友訂了一個便宜的海灘度假，我真

的很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)我感覺好多了。)”可知，第四段主要講述了作者對于度假的態(tài)度的改變。故選C。

【易錯點(diǎn)提醒三】文章大意類易混易錯點(diǎn)

【例3】（江蘇省徐州市第七中學(xué)2023年高三期中試題）

Newbio-plasticsarebeingmadeinlaboratoriesfromstraw,woodchipsandfoodwaste,with

researchersaimingtoreplaceoilasthesourceoftheworld’splastic.

Thenewapproachesincludegeneticallymodifyingbacteriatoeatwoodandproduceuseful

chemicals.Butthebio-plasticsarecurrentlysignificantlymoreexpensivetomakethanfossil

fuel-basedplastics.

Landandseasaroundtheworld,fromhighmountainstodeepoceans,havebecomepollutedwith

plastic,promptingmajorpublicconcern.Theworldhasproduced8bntonsofplasticsincethe1950s

anddemandisstillrising.

Whilesomewasteplasticisrecycled,muchofitisburnttoproduceelectricity,resultingin

carbonemissionsthatdriveclimatechange.Incontrasttoplasticmadefromoil,plasticsmadefrom

plant-basedmaterialsonlyreleasethecarbontheplantsabsorbedfromtheairastheygrew.

Bio-plasticswillalsogivemoreoptionsforproductsthatbiodegrade(生物降解)intheenvironment,

althoughtheycanbemadeverylong-lastingifrequired.

“Plasticsareanincredibleenhancementtoourdailylives,”saidPaulMines,CEOofBiome

TechnologiesintheUK,whichhasspentt5minthelastfiveyearsonbio-plasticsresearch.“Butwe

can’tgoonusingfossilfuel-basedmaterials.About6-7%ofeverybarrel(桶)ofoilisusedtomake

plastics.”

“Usingplantmaterialsisfeasible,”saidprofessorSimon,attheUniversityofYork.“Replacing

halfofthenation’splasticbottlescouldbedoneusingjust3%ofthesugarbeetcrop,5%ofwheat

strawor2.5%offoodwaste,”hesaid.

Currently,justafewthousandtonsofbio-plasticareusedintheUKeachyear,comparedto

millionsoftonsofconventionalplastic.Minessaidthiscouldrisetoabout20,000tonsinthenextfive

years.

......

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A．Plasticsarcnecessaryindailylife.B．Oilisthesourceoftheworld’splastic.

C．Bioplasticmakingisapromisingindustry.D．Scientistsareresearchingbioplasticmaking.

易錯分析：未關(guān)注首段，不重視文章中心主題句的總結(jié)。

【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Newbio-plasticsarebeingmadeinlaboratoriesfromstraw,

woodchipsandfoodwaste,withresearchersaimingtoreplaceoilasthesourceoftheworld’s

plastic.(實(shí)驗(yàn)室正在用稻草、木屑和食物垃圾制造新型生物塑料，研究人員的目標(biāo)是取代石油成

為世界塑料的來源)”并結(jié)合全文可知，文章主要介紹了研究者們正在研究生物塑料。故選D。

【變式1】（福建省福州高級中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高三10月試題）

AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren’sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催

眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountof

medicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(醫(yī)學(xué)影像)procedures.

“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon’tmove.Itworksperfectly.It’samazing,”saidJohanne

L’Ecuyer,amedical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital.

TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewhere

examinationsaredoneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanesthesia(麻醉).

AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist-wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersin

themedical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren’shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfor

theprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwould

causeanxiety.

......

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A．Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.

B．Thestandardmethodofconductinghypnosis.

C．Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechnology.

D．Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.

【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren’sHospitalsuggestedthat

theuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedin

areductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(醫(yī)學(xué)影像)

procedures.(蒙特利爾兒童醫(yī)院的一個試驗(yàn)項目表明催眠技術(shù)的使用可以減輕病人的痛苦和焦慮。

一位法國醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)專家——也是一位催眠師被邀請到兒童醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學(xué)影像部門培訓(xùn)幾位員

工。)”可知，全文主要講述催眠技術(shù)在醫(yī)學(xué)影像程序中的應(yīng)用。故選D。

【變式2】（2023年全國高三專練）

Inpreviousrecessions(經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退),billionaireswerehitalongwiththerestofus;ittookalmost

threeyearsforForbes’s400richestpeopletorecoverfromlossescausedin2008’sGreatRecession.

Butinthecoronavirusrecessionof2020,mostbillionaireshavegottenricherthaneverbefore.

BillionairesincreasedtheirnewbillionsjustasmillionsofotherAmericansranintoterrible

financialproblems.Morethan20millionpeoplelosttheirjobsatthestartofthepandemic.Food

banksacrossthecountryarepreparingforanothergreatincreaseindemand.WhyareAmerican

billionairesdoingsowellwhilesomanyotherAmericanssuffer?Peoplemayfindpartofthereasons

fromthefollowingfact.Stocks(股票)areoverwhelminglyownedbythewealthy,andthestock

markethasrecoveredfromitsearly-pandemicdepthsmuchmorequicklythanotherpartsofthe

economy.

......

Whatdoestheauthormainlytellusinthepassage?

A．FoodbanksarenotenoughintheUnitedStates.

B．Therichestkeptgettingrichereveninthepandemic.

C．Thestockmarketrecoveredbeforethepandemicstarted.

D．400richestpeoplerecoveredfromlossesinthepandemic.

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Butinthecoronavirusrecessionof2020,most

billionaireshavegottenricherthaneverbefore.”（但在2020年的冠狀病毒衰退中，大多數(shù)億萬富

翁比以往任何時候都更富有。）可知，文章主要是講最富有的人在疫情中也變得越來越富有。故

選B。

【變式3】（2022年江蘇高三?？迹?/p>

Lightpollutionisasignificantbutoverlookeddriveroftherapiddeclineofinsectpopulations,

accordingtothemostcomprehensivereviewofthescientificevidencetodate.

Artificiallightatnightcanaffecteveryaspectofinsects'lives,theresearcherssaid."Westrongly

believeartificiallightatnight—incombinationwithhabitatloss,chemicalpollution.invasive(入侵

的)species,andclimatechange—isdrivinginsectdeclines,"thescientistsconcludedafterassessing

morethan150studies.

Insectpopulationcollapseshavebeenreportedaroundtheworld,andthefirstglobalscientific

reviewpublishedinFebruary,saidwidespreaddeclinesthreatenedtocausea"catastrophiccollapseof

nature'secosystems".

Therearethoughttobemillionsofinsectspecies,moststillunknowntoscience,andabouthalf

areactiveatnight.Thoseactiveinthedaymayalsobedisturbedbylightatnightwhentheyareat

rest.

Themostfamiliarimpactoflightpollutionismoths(飛蛾)flappingaroundabulb,mistakingit

forthemoon.Someinsectsusethepolarisationoflighttofindthewatertheyneedtobreed,aslight

waveslineupafterreflectingfromasmoothsurface.Butartificiallightcanscupper(使泡湯)this.

Insectsareimportantprey(獵物)formanyspecies,butlightpollutioncantipthebalanceinfavourof

thepredatorifittrapsinsectsaroundlights.Suchincreasesinpredationriskwerelikelytocausethe

rapidextinctionofaffectedspecies,theresearcherssaid.

Theresearcherssaidmosthuman-causedthreatstoinsectshaveanaloguesinnature,suchas

climatechangeandinvasivespecies.Butlightpollutionisparticularlyhardforinsectstodealwith.

However,unlikeotherdriversofdecline,lightpollutionisrelativelyeasytoprevent.Simply

turningofflightsthatarenotneededisthemostobviousaction,hesaid,whilemakinglights

motion-activatedalsocutslightpollution.Shadinglightssoonlytheareaneededislitupisimportant.

Itisthesamewithavoidingblue-whitelights,whichinterferewithdailyrhythms.LEDlightsalso

offerhopeastheycanbeeasilytunedtoavoidharmfulcoloursandflickerrates.

Whatisdiscussedinthepassage?

A．Causesofdeclininginsectpopulations.

B．Consequencesofinsectpopulationcollapses.

C．Lightpollution:thekeybringerofinsectdeclines.

D．Insectdeclines:thedriverofthecollapsedecosystem.

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意題。由文章總領(lǐng)段第一段“Lightpollutionisasignificantbutoverlookeddriverof

therapiddeclineofinsectpopulations,accordingtothemostcomprehensivereviewofthescientific

evidencetodate.(根據(jù)對迄今為止的科學(xué)證據(jù)進(jìn)行的最全面的回顧，光污染是昆蟲數(shù)量迅速下降

的一個重要但被忽視的驅(qū)動因素)”，結(jié)合下文內(nèi)容主要圍繞介紹光污染對昆蟲減少的影響展開

可知，本文主要討論昆蟲數(shù)量下降的原因。故選C項。

1.（2023年新高考I卷）

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustrated

whathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationhe

conductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbe

quiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthe

same.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrors

areaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeopleare

similarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmore

technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhatever

reasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

......

Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemake

errors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometo

underestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,

resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheir

errorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedor

dependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯

錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的

誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣

的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是

獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計的準(zhǔn)確性就會下降)”可知，本

段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)

確的估計，討論了獨(dú)立估計的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測。因此本段主要解

釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。

2.（2023年高考浙江卷）

AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安

裝)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallof

th