離子交換劑及其分類

IonexchangersandtheirclassificationHydrometallurgicalprocessandequipmentCourseleader:QinYongben課程導入

Courseguide離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification能夠進行離子交換的這類物質(zhì)。Suchsubstancescapableofionexchange.離子交換劑

Ionexchanger林忠

Lin

Zhong

主講教師

Lecturer課程導入

Courseguide離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification能與溶液中的離子進行等當量交換反應Itcancarryoutequivalentexchangereactionswithionsinsolution.常指用于離子交換操作的一類不溶、不熔的細粒固體。Itoftenreferstoakindofinsolubleandinfusiblefinesolidsusedinionexchangeoperations.課程導入

Courseguide離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification用途

Uses非電解質(zhì)溶質(zhì)的吸附劑

Adsorbentsfornon-electrolytesolutes有機化學反應的催化劑

Catalystsfororganicchemicalreactions有機液體的脫水劑

Dehydratingagentfororganicliquids

含有若干離子基團的不溶性高分子物質(zhì)，通過在該不溶性高分子物質(zhì)(母體)上，引入若干活性基團而制成。Aninsolublepolymersubstancecontainingapluralityofionicgroupsispreparedbyintroducingapluralityofactivegroupsintotheinsolublepolymersubstance(precursor).離子交換劑

Ionexchanger概念

Concept離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換劑的劃分

Classificationofionexchangers離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin根據(jù)母體不同

Accordingtodifferentprecursors根據(jù)其活性基團的性質(zhì)

Accordingtothenatureofitsactivegroup離子交換纖維素

Ion-exchangedcellulose離子交換凝膠

Ionexchangegel陽離子交換劑

Cationexchanger陰離子交換劑

Anionexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification沸石

Zeolite凝膠樹脂

Gelresin氧化還原樹脂

Redoxresin螯合樹脂

Chelatingresin來源

source離子交換劑的分類

Classificationofionexchangers天然離子交換劑

Naturalionexchanger人工-合成離子交換劑

Artificial-syntheticionexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification有機離子交換劑

Organicionexchanger無機離子交換劑

Inorganicionexchanger化學組成

Chemicalcomposition離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換劑的分類

Classificationofionexchangers可交換的離子性質(zhì)

Exchangeableionicproperties陽離子交換劑

Cationexchanger陰離子交換劑

Anionexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換劑的分類

Classificationofionexchangers

可交換離子為OH-或Cl-，稱為OH型或Cl型離子交換劑。陰離子交換劑

Anionexchanger

可交換離子為H+或Na+時，稱為H型或Na型離子交換劑。

陽離子交換劑

Cationexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification可交換的離子性質(zhì)

Exchangeableionicproperties離子交換劑的分類

ClassificationofionexchangersWhentheexchangeableionisH+orNa+,itiscalledanH-typeorNa-typeionexchanger.

TheexchangeableionisOH-orCl-,whichiscalledanOH-typeorCl-typeionexchanger.弱酸性(R–COOH+)

Weaklyacidic(R-COOH+)弱堿性(R≡NH+OH-)

Weaklybasic(R≡NH+OH-)強堿性(R≡N+OH-)

Strongbasic(R≡N+OH-)R代表固體骨架

Rrepresentsasolidskeleton固定基的本性

Thenatureofthefixedbase強酸性(R-SO3-H+)

Strongacidic(R-SO3-H+)按可固定基的本性劃分

Divisionaccordingtothenatureoffixablegroups離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換劑的分類

Classificationofionexchangers有固定的離子基團，并帶有一定的正電荷或負電荷

Hasafixedionicgroupandcarriesacertain

positivechargeornegativecharge

與活動離子（反離子）所帶的等量異號電荷平衡，故整個交換劑保持電中性

Balancewiththeequivalentchargeswithoppositesignsoftheactiveion(counter-ion),sothattheentireexchangerremainselectricallyneutral

帶正電或負電的母體

Positivelychargedornegativelychargedprecursor活動離子

ActivityIons離子交換劑

Ionexchanger

晶體、凝膠、有機高分子空間網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)

Spatialnetworkstructureofcrystal,gelandorganicpolymer結(jié)構(gòu)

Structure不溶予水的固體骨架

Water-insolublesolidskeleton母體

Precursor離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification固定基的本性

Thenatureofthefixedbase離子交換劑的分類

Classificationofionexchangers離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin磺化煤

Sulfonatedcoal離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin有機高分子電解質(zhì)

Organicpolymerelectrolyte橫鍵交聯(lián)物質(zhì)

Cross-bondcross-linkingsubstance離子交換樹脂是不規(guī)則空間網(wǎng)狀物，結(jié)合著相當數(shù)量的活性離子交換基團。Ionexchangeresinisanirregularspatialnetwork,whichcombinesaconsiderablenumberofactiveionexchangegroups.離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin概念

Concept離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification苯乙烯磺酸型陽離子交換樹脂

Styrenesulfonicacidtypecationexchangeresin合成

Synthesis制成樹脂

Madeintoresin硫酸磺化

Sulphuricacidsulfonation苯乙烯和二乙烯苯共聚

Copolymerizationofstyreneanddivinylbenzene導入可離解的黃酸基團

Introductionofdissociablesulfonicacidgroup離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin磺化過程足以在Ag2SO4為催化劑的條件下進行

ThesulfonationprocessissufficienttoproceedwithAg2SO4asthecatalyst

離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin離子交換樹脂不溶于水，但因結(jié)構(gòu)中存在親水基團，所以在水中會發(fā)生溶脹現(xiàn)象，即吸水后體積膨脹，稱為溶脹。Ionexchangeresinisinsolubleinwater,butduetotheexistenceofhydrophilicgroupsinitsstructure,itwillswellinwater,thatis,itsvolumeexpandsafterabsorbingwater,whichiscalledswelling.交聯(lián)劑的橫鍵數(shù)量多，則溶脹小，反之則溶脹大。

Ifthecross-linkingagenthasalargenumberoftransversebonds,

swellingissmall,otherwiseitislarge.離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin每種離子交換樹脂可以含有一種或幾種離子交換基團。Eachionexchangeresinmaycontainoneorseveralionexchangegroups.強性

Strongness弱性

Weakness按離子交換基團的電離難易程度可分為

Theeaseofionizationbyionexchangegroupcanbedividedinto離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin磺酸基(R-SO3H)：強酸性離子交換劑

Sulfonicacidgroup(R-SO3H):stronglyacidicionexchanger羧酸基(R-COOH)：弱酸性離子交換劑

Carboxylicacidgroup(R-COOH):weaklyacidicionexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin季胺基（R≡N+OH-）:強堿性離子交換劑

Quaternaryaminegroups(R≡N+OH-):stronglybasicionexchangers伯胺基(R-NH3+OH-):弱堿性離子交換劑

Primaryaminegroup(R-NH3+OH-):weaklybasicionexchanger離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin巨孔型離子交換劑

Macroporousionexchanger均孔型離子交換劑

Homoporeionexchanger含有永久性的大孔徑孔隙，使交換樹脂具有多孔海綿狀，具有一般吸附劑的吸附作用，其化學穩(wěn)定性與機械強度高于普通樹脂，交換速度與交換容量大于一般樹脂。Itcontainspermanentmacropores,whichmakestheexchangeresinporoussponge-likeandhastheadsorptioneffectofgeneraladsorbents.Itschemicalstabilityandmechanicalstrengtharehigherthanthoseofordinaryresins,anditsexchangespeedandexchangecapacityarehigherthanthoseofordinaryresins.樹脂也是一種人工合成有機吸附劑

Resinisalsoasyntheticorganicadsorbent特點

Characteristics離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification離子交換樹脂

Ionexchangeresin磺化煤

Sulfonatedcoal一種有機離子交換劑，具有大量磺酸基團(-SO3H)的強酸性陽離子交換劑。Anorganicionexchanger,astronglyacidiccationexchangerwithalargenumberofsulfonicacidgroups(-SO3H).褐煤

Lignite無煙煤

Anthracitecoal磺化煤

Sulfonatedcoal概念

Concept離子交換劑及其分類

Ionexchangersandtheirclassification硫酸磺化

Sulphuricacidsulfonation（煤酸比約1:4，反應時間8h）

(Coaltoacidratioabout1:4,reactiontime8h)用水洗滌

Washwithwater（回收稀酸）

(Recoveryofdiluteacid)純堿

Sodiumcarbonate

（碳酸鈉）中和

(Sodiumcarbonate)neutralization二次水洗

Secondarywaterwash（至pH為6.5～7）

(topH6.5-7)干燥和過篩

Dryingandsieving

（分為0.7～1.2mm小粒和0.3～0.7mm細粒）

(dividedinto0.7-1.2mmsmallparticlesand0.3-0.7mmfineparticles)磺化煤的生產(chǎn)過程

Productionpr